动词的被动语态.doc

1. 本讲课程涉及的知识点在高考考试大纲中对应的考点为动词的时态、语态；2. 该考点具体到考核目标与要求为：各种时态及含情态动词的被动形式主动形式表被动意义的用法不能用于被动语态的及物动词和动词短语3. 该考点常出现在单项选择题中，试题的设问大多是在一定的语境中，大体分值为1-2分；在书面表达中也重点考查了学生的语态的使用。点拨一、知识精讲高考必会的9种时态的被动语态，以动词clean为例：被动语态例 句一般现在时的被动语态Our classroom is cleaned every day.一般过去时的被动语态Our classroom was cleaned just now.一般将来时的被动语态Our classroom will be cleaned soon.过去将来时的被动语态She said the classroom would be cleaned soon.现在进行时的被动语态Our classroom is being cleaned now.过去进行时的被动语态The classroom was being cleaned when I came in.现在完成时的被动语态The classroom has been cleaned twice today.过去完成时的被动语态She said the classroom had been cleaned twice today.将来完成时的被动语态The classroom will have been cleaned before you come.（一）动词被动语态的构成1. 被动语态的构成方式：be+ done 2. get常与marry, beat, break, tear, hurt, repair, dress, pay等动词的过去分词连用，构成被动语态，一般指动作的结果。【例句】These workers got paid by the hour. 这些工人是按小时得到报酬的。状元典例I am not going to play football this year, Mum.Thats music to my ears. I was so afraid you _. A. will be hurt B. would get hurt C. had got hurt D. were hurt答案：B思路分析：答语的句意为：那听起来太好了，我是那么担心你会受伤。主句的谓语动词是was，所以可以去掉A选项。根据句意应该用将来时，hurt作“受伤”讲时，要说be hurt， 在此处get等同于be，故选B。 3. 带有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词 + be + 动词的过去分词【例句】Can this radio be repaired here? 这里能修理这台收音机吗？Your composition must be handed in tomorrow. 你的作文明天必须交。状元典例The best use _ our present machine.A. must be made of B. must be made C. must make of D. must make答案：A思路分析：句意为：一定要充分利用我们目前（拥有）的机器。该句中有make use of sth.，变为带情态动词must的被动语态时 ，要用must be done 的结构，use和sth.都可提前作主语。（二）英语中的被动语态常用于以下场合：1. 不知道动作的执行者；不必提到动作的执行者【例句】Street lights are often turned on at six in winter. KThe new text book will be used in the next term.5n状元典例No permission has _ for anybody to enter the building. A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving答案：A思路分析：permission意为“允许，许可”，是“被给予”的，需用被动语态的形式。2. 强调或侧重动作的承受者；动作的执行者很模糊【例句】This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.状元典例Coubertin _ as the founder of the modern Olympic Movement.A. regardsB. is regardedC. has regardedD. was regarded答案：B思路分析：根据句意“顾拜旦被看做是现代奥林匹克运动的创始人”课判断出为被动语态，故选B。（三）要注意以下特殊形式的被动语态1. 带有双宾语的被动语态 如果主动语态的动词后既有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如果是将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for。【例句】Grandma told me an interesting story last night. was told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night.状元典例My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday. An interesting book _ on my birthday. I _ on my birthday.答案：was given to me; was given an interesting book2. 带有宾补的被动语态在主动语态中，如果动词后带有宾语补足语，改为被动语态时，需将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，使其成为被动语态句中主语的补足语。宾补可以有下列几种情况：（1）宾补为带to的动词不定式【例句】They asked her to sing a song. 他们让她唱首歌。She was asked to sing a song.（2）在使役动词，如make；感官动词，如see, hear, feel, watch等词之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可以省略，而在被动语态里不能省。【例句】We saw Tom come out of the lab. 我们看见Tom从实验室出来了。Tom was seen to come out of the lab.状元典例The boss made him work all day long. He was made _ all day long.答案：to work all day long（3）宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。【例句】She kept me busy all the morning. 她让我忙了整整一上午。I was kept busy all the morning.状元典例In warm weather fruit and meat _ long.A. dont keep B. can not be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping答案：A思路分析：句意：水果和肉在温暖的天气中不能存放很久。宾补是形容词，说明动词keep在这里是系动词，不用被动形式，故选A。3. 如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性。【例句】You should pay attention to your pronunciation and spelling. 你应该注意你的发音和拼写。Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.The plan will be given up. 那计划要被放弃了。状元典例Proper care _ such things.A. should be taken B. should take of C. should be taken of D. should be taking答案：C思路分析：句意：要适当地关注这类事情。take care of 是个固定短语，在变为被动语态时不要把它拆开，故选C。二、难点聚焦（一）不使用被动语态的几种情况1. 不及物动词及部分由不及物动词构成的短语不能用于被动语态，常见的词和短语有：happen, break out, take place, run out, give in, come about, come into being, last等。【例句】A big fire broke out at five oclock yesterday afternoon. 那场大火发生在昨天下午五点钟。When did this custom come into being? 这种风俗是什么时候形成的?Ill go to the supermarket for the sugar is running out. 我得去趟超市因为糖快用完了。状元典例The earthquake in Yushu _ roughly one month before the second anniversary of the earthquake in Wenchuan.A. was happenedB. had happenedC. happened D. had been happened 答案：C思路分析：happen为不及物动词，没有被动语态形式，该句讲述的是过去发生的事，故选C。2. 当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash, cook, lock, shut, dry, drink等表示某种性质且动词带状语修饰语时。【例句】The clothes he bought yesterday wash well. 他昨天买的衣服很耐洗。 状元典例This novel _ well. A. sells B. is sold C. will be sold D. has been sold答案：A思路分析：句意：这本小说很畅销。sell在这里表示小说的某种性质，并且带副词well来修饰，故选A。3. 不定式用于某些动词的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语，则用主动形式表被动，反之，仍用被动形式。【例句】Ill go to the supermarket and I have a lot of things to buy. 我要去超市，有很多东西要买。（“我”自己买）Ill go to the supermarket. Do you have anything to be bought? 我要去超市，你有东西要买吗？（“你”请“我”代买）4. 表示归属的动词，如have, own, belong to等。That big house belongs to a famous film star.状元典例No one is sure who the dictionary .A. belonging toB. belongs toC. is belonged toD. is belonging to答案：B思路分析：考查语态。从句缺谓语，belong to不可用于进行时和被动语态，故选B。句意：没有人能确定那本词典是谁的。（二）主动形式表被动意义1. 当feel, look, smell, taste, sound, seem, appear, prove, stay等系动词后接形容词时。【例句】这种材料摸上去很柔软。误：This kind of material is felt very soft. 正：This kind of material feels very soft. 他的理论被证实是对的。误：His theory was proved (to be) correct.正：His theory proved (to be) correct.状元典例How sweet the music _! A. sounds to be B. is sounded C. is sounded to beD. sounds答案：D思路分析：句意：音乐听起来多悦耳呀！sound是系动词，不用被动形式，故选D。2. want, require, need, worth, deserve后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。【例句】These flowers want/require/need watering. 这些花需要浇水。The book is well worth reading. 这本书值得一读。状元典例 His idea, though good, needs _ out. A. being tried B. to try C. tried D. trying答案：D思路分析：need/ want/ require+doing表示被动含义，句意：他的想法虽好，也需要测试一下。need/ want/ require+doing=to be done，所以这个句子也可以写成：His idea, though good, needs to be tried out。3. 有时尽管不定式与其逻辑主语是被动关系，但不定式仍用主动语态。不定式作状语，如果句子中存在heavy, difficult, easy, comfortable, interesting, necessary, dangerous, funny等词时，就应该用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。【例句】The book is easy to understand. 这本书很易懂。English is not hard to learn. 英语并不难学。状元典例 The BBC news is usually not difficult to , but its often too hard to .A. pick up; be understood B. pick up; understandC. be picked; understand D. be picked; be understood答案：B思路分析：在表语形容词difficult, hard后用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。三、状元笔记（一）学习被动语态的关键是：1. 根据句意辨别词义2. 主语与动词构成的主被动关系（二）被动语态理解记忆：被动语态的结构是：be+v.-ed； have/has/had been +v.-ed 完成时的结构：have/has/had+v.-ed完成被动形式：完成+被动 被动语态的结构：be+v.-ed其他时态的被动形式依此类推。（三）被动语态与系表结构的区别：被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。【例句】The glass was broken by Tom yesterday. 这个杯子是昨天被Tom摔碎的。 （被动语态） The glass is broken. 这个杯子碎了。（系表结构）练习1. （浙江卷）Whats that noise?Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine _.A. was tested B. will be tested C. is being testedD. has been tested答案：C思路分析：根据句意，应是机器正在被测试，故要用现在进行时的被动语态。2. （重庆卷）He _ as a national hero for winning the first gold medal for his country in the Olympics.A. regarded B. was regarded C. has regarded D. had been regarded答案：B思路分析：根据句意，因获得金牌而被看作是民族英雄应该是过去发生的事情，主语和regard之间是被动关系，故排除A和C项；本句中“被看作”并不表示“过去的过去”，故排除C项，选B。3. （北师大二附模拟）Will you attend the meeting this afternoon?But I _ told anything about itA. wasntB. am not C. havent beenD. wont be答案：C思路分析：句意没有告知是谁告诉我这件事，那我就应该是被告知此事，句中没有明确的时间状语，故用现在完成时。4. （全国I卷）The water _ cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels答案：C思路分析：此处feel是系动词，用主动形式表示被动意义，再结合后面的jumped可知应用一般过去时，故选C。5. （北京卷）Your job _ open for your return.Thanks.A. will be kept B. will keep C. had kept D. had been kept答案：A思路分析：job 和keep之间是被动关系，根据句意应使用将来时，故选A。6. （安徽卷）I like these English songs and they _many times on the radio.A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been taught答案：D思路分析：第二个分句的主语they指的是these English songs，与teach是被动关系，再由many times 可知应用现在完成时的被动语态，表示“这些英文歌曲已经在收音机里教过许多遍了”。7. （上海卷）During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _ not to touch any unattended bag.A. had always been warned B. were always being warned C. are always warning D. always warned答案：B思路分析：根据句意，people 和warn之间是被动关系，可以排除C，D两项；A项过去完成时没有过去时的动作作为参照，不符合语境；be always doing sth. 表示总是做某事，有强烈的感情色彩。