跨文化交际重点归纳.doc

跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we cant survive in societyA metaphor比喻 of culture We compare culture to iceberg. It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part. “Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into ones privacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please. B. Come here, please. C. Follow me, please. D. Move on. 2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitors “Excuse me”?A. Whats the matter? B. Yes?C. Thats all right. D. Dont worry. 3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “Im terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesnt matter. B. Never mind. C. Dont worry. D. Thats all right. What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons who identify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication?Language difference.(If we understand others language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.)Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc. Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc. Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-basedIntracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said.1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries. 3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode of communication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation.Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesnt know about.Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesnt know.There is an honest misunderstanding.Lee misunderstood what the driver said, or didnt hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself an unreasonably large one.Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs get their own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancys problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG（often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians wont drink alcoholic beverages.Read Frans Response: Not Eating after class and get more information.Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners. Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteins and so on.we would invite many people “the more the better” If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guests bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink. Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist?Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译 of greetings上哪去？Where are you going?Its none of your business!去哪啦？ Where have you been?吃过了吗？Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings中文出去呀？ 吃饭去？ 回来了？忙着呢？ 忙什么呢？在洗车呀？这衣服真漂亮，新买的吧？你看起来气色不错。 英文Whats up?Whats happening? Whats going on? Lovely day, isnt it?Miserable weather, isnt it?Its a heavy rain, isnt it?You look fantastic in this dress!You look very smart in that sweater. Unit 2High-context Low context Gift receiving Self relianceprivacyHigh-context Culture（强交际语境文化）High-context communication can be characterized as being indirect, ambiguous, and understated, with speakers being reserved and sensitive to listeners.Examples of high-context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, Mexico etc.Low-context Culture（弱交际语境文化）Low-context communication can be characterized as being direct , explicit, open, precise, and consistent with ones feelings. Examples of low-context cultures include English, North American, German, etc.Hall arranged low-context and high-context countries on a continuum(连续统一体) as follows.“The nail that sticks up will be pounded down.”Least said, soonest mendedOut of the mouth comes evil. -Japanese saying Low Context ： DirectMinimal non-verbalIndividualismLinear Logic(线性逻辑思维)Highly structuredDetailed High ContextIndirectEmbedded meaningsReads nonverbal Group over IndividualContext and feelingSpiral logic(螺旋式逻辑思维）Ambiguous dialogCommunication style Low-context cultures * place less emphasis on surrounding context than words * take words literally * value straightforwardness * be uncomfortable with silence and impatient with delaysHigh-context cultures * place more emphasis on words describing a negotiation * speak with poetic figures of speech/enjoy plays on words * value evasivenessCase StudyI will do my best to do somethingIn high-context culture1 如果没有意外的话，我会尽量去做。（也就是说我有可能不去做）。2 婉言谢绝（不直接拒绝是为了保全自己的面子，也是为了保全对方的面子）。3 看情况而定。（也许会做，也许不会做）。4我一定会去做。（不管发生什么，我不会食言）。But in low-context culture我肯定去做。Another casein high context cultureIn South India the boys family has visited the girls home in order to look over the potential bride and decide upon the marriage. After the visit , they send an emissary who conveys this message “we really enjoyed meeting all of your family members. Usha is a fine cook and is a very nice young woman. But we wish that tea had been served with the mangos instead of coffee.”What does it really mean?In low context cultureDuring a lunch buffet at a conference in China, Wu Fa, the interpreter of the conference, sat with four foreign participants. They were having a good time talking. When Wu Fa stood up for more food, she asked whether she could bring anything back for them.Everyone thanked her and said “no”. A while later, Wu Fa came back with a plate full of food, and asked whether the others would like to have something from her plate.Again, the four others said , “No”.“ Oh, please take something, I cant eat this much food myself.”The foreigners shrugged and one or two of them even frowned a little.More exampleWe will consider it.I love youFor more information, please read “western communication style”on page 42.Classroom activity 1Read the short passage The Gift on page 13 and answer:Why Ms. Kelsen wont accept the gift? List as many possible explanations as you can think of.Example 2In America:Chris: Happy birthday, Jenny. This is for you. I hope youll like it.Jenny: Oh, thank you, Chris. Mm. What is it? (He opens it.) Oh -its a beautiful cotton shirt. How sweet you are! Thank you-thanks very much. Receiving a Gift in China您这么客气干嘛呢？ 您还是拿回去吧。Chinese with good manners would normally refuse a gift a few times before accepting anything from anyone. When Chinese people finally accept the gift, they do not open the gift in the face of the gift-giver and they say:真不好意思，让您破费了。 下不为例。Receiving a Gift in Western countriesWestern people express themselves in a frank and direct way. They accept others gift quite willingly and say “How sweet you are”. They open the gift immediately and express their appreciation. “Very beautiful. Thank you so much!”U.S. Cultural Note Most of the time Americans do accept gifts that people give to them. But they are more comfortable with being taken out to eat or with a small gift that has more personal significance than monetary value.However, in the workplace, bosses sometimes feel uncomfortable accepting gifts and are not always allowed to do so. The following are some of the reasons: - They do not want to feel that they have to do something special or different for the employee who gives the gift. - They dont want the other employee to think that they have favorites among the employees. - They may find it difficult to criticize their employees work if theyve just received a gift from him/her. - Many companies have a policy saying that the boss is not allowed to accept gifts from employees. Classroom activity 2Read the passage Letter to Fran on page 18 and finish the following task.1. Why do you think the professor became annoyed?2. What cultural values underlie it?Case studyChinese：You look paleWhats the matter?American：Im feeling sick. A cold. Maybe. Chinese：Go and see the doctorDrink more waterDid you take any pill? Put on more clothesHave a good restAmerican：You are not my mother, are you?Case Analysis self-relianceHis response probably had something to do with the emphasis many Americans place on self-reliance. most Americans are taught from an early age that they should take care of themselves , and in general they view self-reliance as a virtue. Because of this, some may even feel a little insulted if someone tries to help them too much - it seems to imply that they cant take care of themselves.AssignmentRead the passage Public and Private Behavior on page 21-22, and give the presentation next week on the topic of differences of privacy between Chinese and Westerners.Unit 3ContentHigh power distanceLow power distanceStereotypes 刻板印象MistakesCultural Dimensions文化维度、尺度Cultural models have been developed to compare the similarities and differences of the two or more cultures in some primary dimensions.Geert Hofstede Prof. Geert Hofstede analyzed a large database of employees, pilots, students, managers, consumers and elites in different countries.Hofstedes model identifies four dimensions of differentiating cultures.What are Hofstedes Four Cultural Dimensions? 1、Power distance 权力距离2、Individualism collectivism （个体主义 集体主义） 3、Masculinity femininity （男性化-女性化）4、Uncertainty avoidance （回避不确定性）Power distance One of the famous saying of Confucius is Let the emperor be an emperor, the subject a subject, the father a father, and the son a son”.君君，臣臣，父父，子子。 Whats the implication? Within the family as within the nation, persons are not equal; each has to mind his/her own position and role and act accordingly. It reflects the degree to which the culture accepts the unequal distribution of power. 权利距离衡量人们接受权利不平等状况的程度。Low-PD countriessubordinates are more likely to challenge bosses bosses tend to respect workers and share decision-making.High-PD countries: subordinates tend to be afraid of their bossesbosses tend to be paternalistic and autocratic(专制的). Power distance index for 53 countriesHofstede 将53个国家和地区的价值观按他分离出来的四个维度计算出他们各自的指数，说明各个国家和地区具有该价值的相对程度。因H1N1被隔离的美国新奥尔良市市长竟然坐经济舱，也不告诉别人他是市长。 北川地震时，“救救我，我是张书记”，被埋在废墟下仍然身份高调。在西方，总理，首相就跟普通人一样。大家过着一样的生活。都会去菜市场，去电影院，去超市，去银行。而在中国，去菜市场的是有权者的保姆，去电影院的是他们的情人，去超市的是他们的亲属，只有去银行的是他们自己。Case study 1 An American professor flew to Paris to give a review of his work. He had been instructed to be formal in his mode of addressing those who attended his talk. The evening before his speech, the American had a wonderful dinner with several key people and established excellent rapport with them. The next day when he gave his formal talk, he sometimes forgot to address those he had met by their titles and last names. Fortunately, the professor had an excellent interpreter. When the Prof. referred to “Wolfgang,” he could hear the interpreter translating the reference as “Herr Doctor Schimidt.” Herr: 法 先生Analysis democratic structure in US. informality ignore a persons title; use first names. More hierarchical cultures in France use titles to insure effective communication Case study 2一个老板和他的秘书面试三个不同的人。老板给了那三个人一项任务。他们是分别面试的，不知道老板分配给他们的任务是一样的。任务是：去外面一个确定的地方买一个确定的产品。第一个人回来说：“对不起，我去了您让我去的地方，但是我没有找到那家商店，我没有买到您要的东西，真抱歉，还需要我去别的地方再找找吗？”第二个人回来说：“对不起，你让我去的那个地方没有那家商店，但是我去了另外一个地方找到了一家店，那儿有您要买的东西。您要不要我去那家店买那个商品？”第三个人也回来了，把买到的产品放到老板的桌子上，把找的钱还给了老板，说：“我不清楚，也许您给了我一个错的地址。在您给的地址那儿根本没有那家商店，可是我自己找到了别的地方买了你要的东西。”秘书问她的老板：“雇佣哪个人？”分析In high PD：第一个人听从我的指示，值得信赖。第二个人不那么听话，去了别的地方，是个靠不住的人。第三个人太聪明了，自己拿主意作主张，不能信赖。In low PD选择第三位因为他是独立自主的，能自己想办法解决问题。结论In most Asian countries, people would like defer to (顺从） group norms and take rank or power into consideration. Task accomplishment becomes a secondary goal. In the West, superiors put more emphasis on individual initiative and achievement; they are expected to take the responsibilities for their own destinies. Case 3:A Chinese student from an inner-city school lowers his head and casts his eyes downward when his foreign teacher looks at him.The foreign teacher is insulted since the young man “refuses” to look at his teacher. Explanation：The foreign teacher had not recognized important cultural reasons for the students lack of eye contact.The student learned that looking away signifies respect for authority, but the teachers culture emphasized respect by direct eye contact which shows the value of equality.Read “difference in Rank and Power” on page 54 after class.Stereotype Stereotype: A fixed, commonly held notion or image of a person or group, based on an oversimplification of some observed or imagined trait of behavior or appearance.?They reflect ideas that groups of people hold about others who are different from them.Stereotypes can be either positive (black men are good at basketball) or negative (women are bad drivers). But most stereotypes tend to make us feel superior in some way to the person or group being stereotyped. Stereotypes ignore the uniqueness of individuals by painting all members of a group with the same brush. STEREOTYPESTEREOTYPE is the making of generalizations about groups of people on the basis of limited information.Stereotypes are equally recognizable, but rather less mythic.They come out of conservative and dominant aspects of ideology. They may distil体现 the characteristics of specific social roles, or of more contemporary occupations. Metrosexual都市美男Mark Simpson invented this term in 1994,and it drifted slowly from one media source to another throughout the rest of 1990s and early 2000s. Metrosexual is a word describing men who has a strong concern for their appearance, and spend a substantial amount of time and money on their images and lifestyles. They look after their hair and skin well, buy expensive clothes and look very fashionable.Hes narcissistic自恋的. But dont call him gay.Metrosexual Beckham is the biggestmetrosexual in Britain because he loves being looked at and because so many men and women love to look at him Retrosexual: The Anti-MetroA retrosexual is a man with a generally poor sense of style - not necessarily a boor（乡下人）; rather, someone who rejects being finicky（讲究，挑剔） about physical appearance. It is the opposite of a metrosexual. stereotypes of the regions?National stereotypeI dont know a single word of Chinese or Mandarin, so that might be a small problem. China will probably be a pretty big cultural shock. I figure I might start looking like this:Case analysis: hollywood movies and stereotypes of chinaChinatown ganster moviesTomb Raider: The Adventures of Lara Croft 2古墓丽影3：劳拉克劳馥的冒险 Lethal Weapon 4Kongfu movies Bruce Lee Ja