2019届高考英语二轮专题--动词与动词词组（含解析）+关于创新的作文：创新与发展

2019 届高考英语二轮专题-动词与动词词组（含解析）+关于创新的作文：创新与发展动词是英语词汇中的核心，而动词及其构成的短语一直是高考中的热点和难点。它的用法最灵活，其种类比较多，形式复杂。每年高考中对动词短语和动词的考查都会出现 2?4 道试题，难度也大。2019 年高考中特别要注意动词及其和介词、副词的搭配，以及构成的固定短语， 要注意这些短语的意思，同时要在具体的语境中灵话地加以使用。动词及其词组的灵活运用是英语的特色之一，也是学生学习中的难点，因此每年均为测试的重点。在历年高考试题中动词所占的 比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用。考点 1 动词词义辨析这类试题的四个选项是在结构上都很相近的动词。要做好这类试题，必须明确各个动词的词义和用法，然后根据题意需要选用合适的动词。【典例】Kids shouldnt have access to violent films because they might _ the things they see.A. indicate B. investigate C. imitate D. innovate【答案】C【解析】句意：儿童不应该接触暴力电影，因为他们也许会模仿他们所看到的。此处 indicate 暗示，表明；investigate 调查；imitate 模仿；innovate 创新。根据句意，故选 C。考点 2 近义动词辨析这类试题的四个选项无论在意义上还是在结构上都是很相近的动词。面对这类试题，必须要从四个动词的语义差别、用法特点等入手才能选出符合题意的动词。【典例】I was able at last to _ my brother to follow my advice.A. suggest B. advise C. persuade D. leave off【答案】C【解析】句意：我终于能够说服我的兄弟听从我的劝告。此处suggest 建议，后面接动名词，不接不定式作宾语补足语的结构；advise 建议,不强调说服；persuade 说服;leave off 停止。根据句意，故选 C。考点 3 考查动词与其宾语的固定搭配英语中有许多动词与其宾语有固定的搭配和习惯用法。碰到这类试题时，解答的关键是弄清题意，然后根据题意选择符合固定搭配或习惯用法的动词。【典例】It took him a long time to _ the skills he needed to become a professional artist.A. display B. acquire C. teach D. test【答案】B【解析】句意：他花了很长时间才获得了成为一名职业舞蹈家所需的技能。display 显示;acquire 获得;teach 教;test 测试,故选 B。考点 4 动词与其宾补的固定搭配英语中有些动词后跟宾补时，有其固定搭配，如 let/have/make sb. do sth.，get/force sb. to do sth.，allow/permit/forbid sb. to do sth.等。解答这类试题的关键是分析句子结构，找到作宾补的不定式，然后看不定式前是否有不定式符号 to，最后确定该用什么动词。【典例】Whenever you see an ad online or in a magazine and think “I need that”, force yourself _ again.A. thinking B. thought C. think D. to think【答案】D【解析】句意：无论何时当你在网上或杂志里看到一则广告并认为“我需要它”时，强迫自己再考虑一下。force sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事,为固定搭配，所以答案为 D。考点 5 系动词动词作系动词用时，后面常接形容词、名词、分词和不定式等，此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。这类动词有：appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, stay, smell, grow, turn, go, come, fall , stand, lie, exist 等。解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。【典例】Why dont you put the meat in the fridge?It will _fresh for several days.A.be stayed B.stay C.be staying D.have stayed【答案】B【解析】句意：你为什么不把肉放在冰箱里呢？那样会保质好几天。stay 是系动词不能用被动语态，故排除 A；系动词一般不用于进行时(feel 除外)，故排除 C；stay 为非延续性动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，故排除 D。所以答案为 B。考点 6 同根动词短语的辨析这类试题的四个选项都是由同一个动词加不同的介词或副词构成。从历年高考试题来看，那些搭配能力强、语义丰富的常用动词短语是命题的重点对象。解答这类试题时，一定要在理解语境的基础上，从语义逻辑、固定搭配、前后关系等角度去确定答案。【典例】Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which _ a clear road map and timetable.A.calls for B.calls on C.calls off D.calls up【答案】A【解析】句意：发展长江经济带是一个系统的工程，需要一个清楚的路线图和时间表。call for 需要；要求；call on 号召；call off 取消；call up 打电话，征召。故答案为 A。考点 7 同根介词或副词的动词短语的辨析这类试题的四个选项是由不同的动词加相同的介词或副词构成。解答这类试题的关键首先还是弄清题意，然后选出符合题意和句子结构需要的动词短语。【典例】When people want to expand their knowledge, they usually _books that offer useful informationA. point to B. turn to C. attend to D. belong to【答案】B【解析】句意：当人们想要拓展知识的时候，他们通常求助于提供相关有用信息的书。turn to 打开（书）；point to 针对，指向；attend to 照顾；belong to 属于，根据句意选 B。考点 8 不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析这类试题的四个选项是由四个不同的动词构成的动词短语。解答这类试题的关键是根据题干意思，选出符合题意的动词短语。【典例】At first Robert wouldnt let his daughter go diving, but eventually he _ as she was so confidence about her skills.A. gave in B. dressed up C. broke in D. turned up【答案】A【解析】句意：起初，罗伯特不让他的女儿去潜水，但最终他还是让步了，因为她对自己的技术很有信心。give in 屈服; dress up 打扮；break in 闯入，打断；turn up 出现。根据转折词 but 及原因 as she was so confident about her skills可知，最终他让步了。故答案为 A。考点 9 “动词+副词+介词”短语的辨析这类试题的四个选项要么是四个不同动词，但副词相同、介词不同的动词短语；要么是四个动词相同、副词相同、介词不同的动词短语。解答这类试题时，弄清题意诚然重要，但还要注意该短语的尾词是介词、副词还是不定式符号 to，切忌想当然。【典例】一 Do you know the plan his daughter will _ spread a lot?一 Really? I don t know it yet.A. get down to B. come up toC. live up to D. look up to【答案】A【解析】分析题意为“你知道他女儿将要着手做的那个计划已经传开了吗？”“真的？我还不知道。”四个选项中，get down to 着手做；come up to 不亚于；相等；live up to 不辜负；达到高标准；look up to 尊敬。由此可知，只有 A 项符合题意。句中的 his daughter will get down to 是定语从句，修饰先行词 the plan。故答案为 C。单项选择1.【2017天津卷】Mr. and Mrs. Brown would like to see their daughter _, get married, and have kids.A. settled down B. keep off C. get up D. cut in【答案】A【解题思路】句意：布朗先生和夫人想要看到他们的女儿安顿下来，结婚生子。A.安顿下来；B.远离；C.起床；D.插嘴。根据句意，故选 A。2.【2017江苏卷】A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help _ your year ahead.A. shape B. switch C. stretch D. sharpen【答案】A【解题思路】考查动词的辨析。A. shape 塑造，决定的形成，影响的发展；B. switch 转变，交换，调班；C. stretch 拉长，拉紧，伸展，伸长，延伸消耗；D. sharpen 提高，使尖锐，变得清晰。句意：快速回顾一年的成败将会决定来年的发展。故选 A。3.【2017江苏卷】Working with the medical team in Africa has _ the best in her as a doctor.A. held out B. brought out C. picked out D. given out【答案】B【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。held out 坚持；提供机会；伸出手；B. brought out 使显现，阐明，出版；C.picked out 使容易看见，找出精心挑选，认出来；D. given out 用完，停止运行，分发，发出，公布。句意：在非洲同医疗队一起工作已经使她表现出了作为医生最好的一面。这里取“使显现”之意，故选 B。4.【2018天津卷】Its easy to get lost when you drive in a new city, so its important to _a good map before you set out.A. study B. display C. deliver D. publish【答案】A【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：行驶在一座陌生城市很容易迷路，所以出发前钻研一份好地图是很重要的。study 学习，钻研；display 展示；deliver 递交，发表；publish 出版，结合句意，选 A。5. 【2018江苏省常州市田家炳中学】If you use too much force, youll _ the key, bending it out of shape.A. breakB. seizeC. twist D. split【答案】C【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：如果你太用力，你会扭弯钥匙，让它变形。A. break 折断；打破；B. seize 抓住；C. twist 拧，扭曲；D. split 分裂；根据句意可知 C 项正确。6.【2018江苏省常州市田家炳中学】Looking at old photographs of yourself on social websites can improve your mood, and this finding _ previous researches, which suggested otherwise.A. conducts B. contradictsC. confuses D. condemn【答案】B【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：在社交网站上看旧照片能够改善你的情绪，这一发现与之前的研究相矛盾，之前研究的说明与之相反。A. conducts 引导，指挥；B. contradicts与矛盾；驳斥；C. confuses 使困惑；D. condemn 谴责，判刑；根据“which suggested otherwise”可知之前的研究与现实情况相反，所以使用 contradict 说明前后结果相矛盾。故 B 项正确。7.【2018江苏省常州市田家炳中学】They have _ a few newspapers to keep themselves informed of the hot issues of the changing time.A. subscribed to B. corresponded toC. responded to D. contributed to【答案】A【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。A. subscribed to 订阅；赞同；B. corresponded to 与一致；C. responded to 回应，回复；D. contributed to 做贡献，导致。句意：为了让自己知道一直变化的时代的热点问题，他们订阅了一些报纸。根据句意可知 A 项正确。8.【2019江苏省南京市调研考】-Whats up, Kim? You look very excited!-Sorry, just a moment ago I ran into Taylor Swift so I was a bit_.A. given up B. have their hands upC. carried away D. driven away【答案】C【解题思路】考查动词短语的辨析。根据句意：刚刚我撞见了Taylor Swift（著名歌手），我有点激动（失去控制力）。A. given up 放弃；B. have their hands up 举起手来； C. carried away 拿走，失去自制力；D. driven away 赶走，离开。故选 C。9.【2019江苏省南京市调研考】 What a lucky dog! Hes just_a starring role in Spielbergs next movie.A. landed B. lostC. arranged D. accepted【答案】A【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：多么幸运呀！他在斯皮尔伯格（美国著名导演）的下一部电影中获得主演的角色。A. landed 着陆；B. lost 失去；C. arranged 安排；D. accepted接受。故选 A。10.【2018江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】Our leader officially _ the plan to develop the Bay Area in his government work report delivered at the start of the National Peoples Congress session in March.A. laid out B. laid offC. laid down D. laid up【答案】A【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在三月份的全国人民代表大会开始的时候发表的政府工作报告里我们的领导人拟定了发展大亚湾的计划。A. laid out 设计，拟定；B. laid off解雇，停止；C. laid down 放下，放弃；D. laid up 储备，暂停使用；根据句意可知 A 项正确。11.【2018江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】A number of questions _ by parents at the meeting, but the school leaders could not _ any proper answer.A. came out; end up with B. came up; come up withC. put up; come up with D. put forward; come down with【答案】B【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在会议上家长们提出很多问题，但是学校领导无法想出任何合适的答案。come out出版，发行；开花；come up 出现，发芽，走近；put up 张贴，搭建；put forward 提出；end up with 以结束；come up with 提出，想出；come down with 患病；其中 come up 没有被动语态，根据句意可知 B 项正确。12.【2018江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】 The MP3 _ young people _ a bit of decline recently with the appearance of the MP4.A. intending to; has entered into B. intended for; has gone intoC. meant to; takes on D. meant for; opens up【答案】B【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析和时态。句意：随着 MP4 的出现，为年轻人设计的这款 MP3 的销量已经下滑了。短语 be intended for 为设计，be meant for 本应为，be meant to do sth.打算做某事，enter into 参与，go into 进入（某种状态），take on 呈现，open up 开发，本句最后使用短语intended for做定语修饰 the MP3；副词 recently 意为“近来”，通常和现在完成时连用。结合句意，故 B 项正确。13.【2018江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】I know this is not quite the right word, but I cant be _ to think of a better one.A. disturbed B. botheredC. troubled D. worried【答案】B【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意:我知道这个词不完全准确,但我不想费事再想一个更恰当的。disturb 常指“精神上的混乱”;bother 指“费心;麻烦”;trouble 常用于“麻烦别人”;worry指“焦躁不安”。故选 B 项,cant be bothered to do“嫌麻烦而不为”。故选 B。14.【2018江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】 Shall I _ some music?Youd better not. Im _ on my lessons.A. put on; bent B. put up; bendingC. put in; bent D. put out; bending【答案】A【解题思路】考查短语辨析。句意： 我可以播放一点音乐吗？你最好不要，我正在用心学习。put on 穿上，戴上，演出，播放；put up 张贴，搭建；put in 插入；put out 熄灭；be bent on专心于；根据句意可知 A 项正确。15.【2018江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】Two lawyers have donated $50,000 to _ our schools campaign “Help the Needy”, which was started by our former headmaster three years ago.A. sponsor B. launch C. organize D. plan【答案】A【解题思路】考查动词辨析句意：两位律师捐赠了 50,000 美元赞助我校“帮助贫困生”活动A 项意为“赞助”，符合句意；B 项意为“发射，开办”，C 项意为“组织”，D 项意为“计划”，都与句意不同。故 A 项正确。16.【2018江苏省南菁高级中学期中考】I kept _ the incident, asking myself again and again how it could have happened.A. chewing on B. sticking toC. referring to D. relying on【答案】A【解题思路】考查动词词组。句意：我不停地细想着这件事，一次又一次地问我自己是怎么发生的。A. chewing on 细想；B. sticking to 坚持；C. referring to 提及；D. relying on 依赖。故选 A。17.【2018江苏省泰州中学调研考】Recent research findings have _ the origin of our universe, which has puzzled the scientific world.A. cast light on B. given rise toC. seized control of D. kept company with【答案】A【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：最近的研究结果揭示了我们宇宙的起源，这使科学界感到困惑。cast light on 使显得非常清楚，阐明，使人了解；give rise to 引起，导致；seize control of 掌控；keep company with 与交往, 与结伴。结合所给语境可知，A 选项切题。18.【2018江苏省扬州中学】The boy _on the ground _ to his father that the hen _ two eggs that day.A. laying ;lied; laid B. lying; lied; laidC. lying; lay; lied D. lay; lied; laid【答案】B【解题思路】考查动词 lie 和 lay 的用法。句意：那个躺在地上的男孩对他的父亲撒谎说那只母鸡那天下了两个蛋。第一个空，lie（平放，躺卧），这里是现在分词做后置定语，答案为lying；第二空，lie（说谎），过去式是 lied，lie to sb.向某人说谎，答案为 lied；第三空，lay（下蛋，安置），其过去式、过去分词是 laid，根据 that day 可知用一般过去时态，故选 B。19.【2018江苏省扬州中学】The test we held last time is obviously bad because it _ lack of many students self-confidence.A. relies upon B. leads toC. refers to D. depends on【答案】B【解题思路】考查动词短语。句意：我们上次进行的测试显然是不好的，因为它导致了许多学生缺乏自信。A. relies upon依赖；B. leads to 导致；C. refers to 提出，谈到，参考；D. depends on 取决于。故选 B。20.【2018江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】A good competitor will cause you to grow. He will _ you beyond your former skill level. If you want to get good at chess, play against somebody better at chess than you are.A. serve B. shelterC. stretch D. support【答案】C【解题思路】考查动词辨析。A. serve 服务，服役；B. shelter 保护，庇护；C. stretch 伸展，延伸，张开；D. support 支持。句意：一个好的对手会让你成长，他会让你超越以前的水平。根据句意可知 C 项正确。完形填空（广东省广州市 2018 届高三二模）The way in which children learn is an ever-growing area of study. It is1 that children differ from adult learners in many ways, but what is interesting is that there are also quite a number of unexpected2 across learners of all ages.For much of the 20th century, most psychologists3 the traditional theory that a newborns mind is a/an4sheet of paper upon which the record of experience is gradually impressed. During that time, scientists believed that oral 5 was necessary for abstract thought. In its 6 , scientists assumed that a baby could not have7 of abstract concepts. As babies are born with a/an 8 range of behaviors and spend most of their early months sleeping, they certainly appear passive and 9 . Therefore, it was commonly thought that babies10 the ability to form complex ideas. Until recently, there was no obvious way for babies to prove anything to the _11_ to the researcher.In time, however, challenges to this12 arose. It became clear that with13 designed scientific procedures, psychologists could find ways to14 rather complex question about how much infants and young children know and what15they have. Psychologists began to employ new methods to16 a large amount of data about the remarkable abilities that young children17 . Their research findings stood in great contrast to the earlier18 in the field that focused almost19 on what children lacked. The20 of young children came to life through this research. It became clear that very young children are both competent and active when it comes to their mental development.1. A doubtful B. necessary C. obvious D. surprising2. A. examples B. personalities C. possibilities D. commonalities3. A. accepted B. resisted C. studied D replaced4. A. accessible B. blank C. concrete D. dark5.A. agreement B. communication C. suggestion D. treatment6. A absence B. disappearance C. return D. sense7. A. adaption B. burden C. comprehension D. satisfaction8. A. averaged B. unexpected C. limited D. reasonable9. A. confident B. unbelievable C. lovely D. unaware10. A. learn B. require C. lack D. remember11. A contrary B. good C. equal D. truth12. A. action B. proof C. problem D. view13. A automatically B. carefully C. naturally D. similarly14. A. take away B. show off C. turn down D. put forward15. A. advantages B. abilities C feelings D. reasons16. A. collect B. mark C. restrict D. support17. A. find B. process C recognize D. lose18. A. scientists B. questions C. studies D. traditions19. A. entirely B. highly C. relatively D. slightly20. A. difference B. focus C. idea D. mind【答案】1. C 2. D 3. A4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C8. C 9. D 10. C11. A12. D13. B14. D15. B 16. A17. B 18. C 19. A 20. D【解题思路】本文为说明文本篇探讨了儿童学习模式的话题，比较了传统的观点与最新的研究发现。两者的差异主要在于幼儿时期的婴儿是否能处理复杂的概念。1.根据句意：很明显，儿童在很多方面与成年人不一样。故选C。A. doubtful 怀疑的；B. necessary 必要的；C. obvious明显的；D. surprising 令人惊奇的。2.根据逻辑连词 but 可知，前文提到儿童与成人学习模式不一样，转折词 but 后面应该是相反的意思，他们也有很多的共同点。commonalities 共同之处，因此选 D 。3.从下文科学家可知(scientist believe)可知，科学家们赞同接受传统的观点，所以选 A。4.从下文的定语从句 upon which the record of experience is gradually impressed 可知，新生婴儿的大脑是一张白纸。blank 空白的，所以选 B。5.科学家认为口头交流是抽象思维的前提，和思维 thought 相对比,此处应该是口头交流。6. in its absence, it 指代前面的 oral communication, 在口语交流缺乏的情况下，科学家认为幼儿无法理解抽象的概念。7.科学家认为婴儿不能理解抽象概念，comprehension 理解。8.从下文可知婴儿大部分时间在睡觉，可知婴儿的活动范围有限。limited 有限的，因此选 D。9.和并列连词 and 前面的 passive 感情色彩一致，所以选unaware, 无意识的。10.根据前文的 passive, 可知婴儿缺乏处理复杂概念的能力。11.根据下文 In time however, challenges to this _ arose. 可知，直到最近没有任何与此研究相反的证明。所以选contrary。12.根据前文的动词 believed, thought 等词可知，这是一个观点。view 观点，因此选 D。13.根据句意可知，有了详细的研究步骤，心理学家可以找到方式提出复杂的问题，因此选 carefully。automatically 自动地；naturally 自然地；similarly 相似地，均不符合题意。14.根据后面的名词搭配 question，表示提出问题，因此选 put forward。15.根据下文 the remarkable ability，可知此处应选 B。16.心理学家开始运用一些方法去收集数据，因此选 A。17.根据搭配，要填的这个动词后面的宾语时 abilities，可知孩子们拥有的能力，因此选 possess 拥有。18.他们的研究发现与早期的研究不一样。19.早期的研究几乎完全聚焦于幼儿所缺乏的东西。副词修饰动词。20.通过这项研究，科学家发现幼儿的 mind 不是 a black sheet of paper, 而是活跃的，婴幼儿的心智也渐渐为世人所熟知。完形填空（广东省广州市 2019 届高三调研考）Why study history?People live in the present. They plan for the 1 . History, however, is the study of the past. Given all the 2 and pressures that come from living in the present and 3 what is yet to come, why bother with what has been? Given all the available branches of knowledge, why insist as most 4 systems do on history? And why urge many students to study even more history than they are 5 to?Any subject of study needs 6 : supporters must explain why it is worth 7 . Like most widely accepted 8 , history attracts people who simply 9 the information and modes of thought involved. But for people who are less interested in the subject and more 10 about why they should bother with it, a clearer explanation of its purpose is required.11 do not perform heart transplants, improve highway design, or arrest criminals. In a society that quite correctly expects education to serve 12 purposes, historys functions can seem more difficult to 13 than those of engineering or medicine. History is in fact very useful, actually 14 , but the products of historical study are often less15 and immediate than those of other subjects. History helps us understand people, societies and how they 16 . For example, how can we 17 past wars (and future threats) without using historical materials? Unfortunately, major aspects of a societys operation cannot be set up as precise experiments. 18 , history must serve, however imperfectly, as our 19 , helping us understand who we are , why we do ,and what we do. This, fundamentally, is why we cannot 20 history.1. A. process B. result C. future D. environment2. A. causes B. demands C. choices D. orders3. A. avoiding B. fearing C. celebrating D. anticipating4. A. financial B. social C. educational D. political5. A. required B. invited C. forced D. permitted6. A. direction B. exploration C. justification D. revolution7. A. assessment B. attention C. expectation D. mention8. A. subjects B. concepts C. topics D. concerns9. A. provide B. receive C. share D. like10. A. doubtful B. worried C. thoughtful D. certain11. A. Supporters B. Historians C. Audiences D. Teachers 12. A. public B. multiple C. different D. useful 13. A. define B. expect C. satisfy D. ignore14. A. optional B. attractive C. accessible D. essential15. A. valuable B. interesting C. obvious D. instructive16. A. imagine B. behave C. fight D. fade17. A. prevent B. remember C. evaluate D. declare18. A. Consequently B. Alternatively C. Fortunately D. Admittedly19. A. library B. laboratory C. clinic D. museum20. A. make up for B. give in to C. get close to D. stay away from【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. A11. B 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. D【解题思路】1.根据前文的 present 和后文的 past 可以推断出这里是future。2.根据并列结构 and 后的 pressure，这里需要填与其感情色彩一致的词，因此选择 demands 要求。句意：既然要面临现在和未来的要求和压力，为什么还要不厌其烦地去了解过去所发生的事儿呢？3.and 提示并列结构，与 living in the present 并列，因此选 anticipate the future 期盼未来。4.句意：既然已有所有的知识分支，我们为何还要坚持学历史，像大多数教育体系一样。这里所提到的历史是一个学科，属于教育体系 educational，因此选 C。financial 金融的；social 社会的；educational 教育的；political 政治的。5.为何要促使众多的学生去学习比他们要求的更多的历史呢？因此选 require 要求。6.通过冒号后面的解释 supporters must explain why it is worth可以得知任何一个科目的学习都需要一个正当的理由。因此选 C。7.支持者必须解释为什么这个学科值得关注，因此选 B。8.根据 like 可得知，要填的空和句子主干 history 是属于同一概念的词，历史是一个科目，因此选择 A。9.历史吸引那些仅仅是喜欢历史和历史所涉及的思维模式感兴趣的人。根据下文的逻辑与 but 后面的连接的内容 less interested in，可得知前文是 like。10.但是对于那些对历史不感兴趣或者不确定（doubtful）为什么要学历史的人。我们需要给出一个合理的解释。故选 A。11.历史学家们（Historians）不会做心脏移植手术，也不会设计公路布局，更不会逮捕罪犯，本题的 historians 和历史最显密切相关，因此答案选 B。12.社会期望历史能够充当有用的（useful）功能和目的，后文也出现了 history is in fact very helpful,所以答案选 D。13.相比于工程和药学，历史的功能更加难定义（define）。故选 A。14.历史事实上是非常有用的，实际也很重要（essential）。optional 可选择的，随意的；attractive 有吸引力的；accessible 可接近的。15.但是历史研究的成果并没有像其他学科那么明显（obvious）和见效快。valuable 宝贵的；interesting 有趣的；instructive 有建议性意义的。16.历史帮助我们了解人的言行举止（behave）和社会是如何运转的。imagine 想象；fight 打架斗争；fade 褪色，淡入。17.例如，如果没有历史材料我们如何评估（evaluate）过去所发生的历史和未来存在的威胁。 prevent 避免；remember 记住；declare 宣布。18.结果（consequently），历史一定会像是我们的实验室，虽然可能不太完美。 alternatively 或者，非此即彼；fortunate幸运地；admittedly 公认地；无可否认地。19.结果，历史一定会像是我们的实验室（laboratory），虽然可能不太完美。由前文的 experiment 可知答案是实验室。library 图书馆，clinic 诊所，museum 博物馆。20.这就是我们为什么不能远离（stay away from）历史的原因。make up for 弥补；give in to 向屈服； get close to 靠近。关于创新的作文：创新与发展创新，意味着创造出新的、领先世界的技术，推动国家，乃至世界发展。创新，决定了一个人，一个企业，甚至一个民族和国家的发展方向。比亚迪公司正是基于自主的研发充电电池的创新技术，才奠定了整