2019届高考英语二轮专题--非谓语动词（带解析）+关于创新的作文：创新才会赢

2019 届高考英语二轮专题-非谓语动词（带解析）+关于创新的作文：创新才会赢非谓语动词是动词用法中最为复杂的部分之一，它不仅有时态的变化、语态的不同，而且还要格外注意它所表达的逻辑关系，这些都已经成为非谓语动词用法的难点。近年来，高考对该语法现象的渗透日趋明显和突出，所牵扯到的焦点问题主要有：现在分词和过去分词基础知识；现在分词和过去分词句法功能；现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析；现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成；现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联系和纽带作用等。另外，对于动词不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能；对于动名词主要考查在一些动词后作宾语的用法等。考点 1 非谓语动词作状语1不定式作状语不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用 so as to/in order to 替换，但 so as to 一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结果，常为 only to do)。We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(结果)2现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用 being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didnt hear the sound.他陷入深深的思考中，没有听到声音。【典例】Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way_ the sun and the stars.A. used B. having used C. using D. use【答案】C 【解析】句意：像古代的水手，鸟能利用太阳和星辰来找到它们的路。using 是伴随状语。考点 2 非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语1非谓语动词作主语(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语)(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主语)(3)It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it 作形式主语)(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it 作形式主语)2非谓语动词作表语(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答 what 引导的问句。(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。3非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen 等动词后跟不定式作宾语。(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest 等动词后跟动名词作宾语。(3)以下动词后接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。动词 接动名词作宾语 接不定式作宾语remember 记得曾做过某事 记得要做某事forget 忘记曾做过某事 忘记要做某事try 尝试做某事 努力做某事regret 对做过的事表示后悔 对要做的事表示遗憾mean 意味着做某事 企图(打算)做某事cant help 禁不住做某事 不能帮助做某事go on 继续做未完成的事 做完一件事后，接着做另一件事stop 中断正在做的事 中断正在做的事，去做别的事【典例】Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mothergood care of at home.A. taking B. taken C. take D. be taken 【答案】B【解析】句意：在非洲医疗援助两年回来后，Dr. Lee 很高兴看见妈妈在家被照顾得很好。his mother 和 take care of 是被动关系，用过去分词做宾语补足语，所以选 B。考点 3 非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。You are the third one to enter the room.(主谓关系)I have something important to say.(动宾关系)He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位关系)2动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。a reading room( a room for reading)3现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。The question being discussed (which is being discussed) now is important.4过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。The question discussed(which was discussed) yesterday is important.考点 4 非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式1非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加 not。He pretended not to see me.I regret not following his advice.Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.2不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。The boy pretended to be working hard.当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。I happened to have seen the film.当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。The patient asked to be operated on at once.3动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。We remembered having seen the film.He came to the party without being invited.He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.His not knowing English troubled him a lot.4现在分词的完成式和被动式。当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。Having done his homework，he played basketball.当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。The problem being discussed is very important.Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.【典例】The NO.5 subway line，in October，2007，has greatly improved the traffic conditions in BeijingAopened Bwas opened Cbeing opened Dto be opened【答案】C【解析】根据“has greatly improved the traffic conditions in Beijing”可以推断出 The NO.5 subway line已经建成，表示“已经发生的动作”应该用过去分词。一、语法填空1.【2018全国 I】You dont have to run fast or for long_62_(see)the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of _63_ (die) early by running.【答案】to see;dying【解题思路】前一空考查非谓语动词的不定式作目的状语。句意：你不必跑得太快或时间太长就能看到它的好处。此处不定式作目的状语，故填 to see。第二空考查动名词。句意：你也许喝酒、吸烟或超重，但仍然可以通过跑步减少早亡的风险。此处 of 是介词，其后用动名词。故填 dying。2.【2018全国 II】The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_ (improve) water quality.【答案】to improve【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以连接且谓语动词是encourages，故 improve 应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填 to improve。3.【2018全国 III】I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid _64_(look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel_65_(challenge).【答案】looking；challenged【解题思路】第一空考查非谓语动词。动词 avoid 后要加动名词 doing 作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。故填looking。第二空考查非谓语。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视他的眼睛，他就不会感到被挑战。feel 为系动词，用过去分词challenged 作表语，表示“被挑战”。4.【2018全国 III】Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _70_ (stay)and watch.【答案】to stay【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处为固定结构 allow sb to do sth.“允许某人做某事”，不定式作宾补。故填 to stay。5.【2018浙江】I still remember _59_ (visit) a friend whod lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time.【答案】visiting【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处为固定结构 remember doing sth.“记得做过某事”，动名词作宾语。故填visiting。6.【2017全国卷】Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required _63_ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.【答案】to process【解题思路】考查不定式。require 表示“要求”， require to do sth 表示“要求做某事”，被动形式为 be required to do sth，表示“被要求做某事”。故填 to process。7.【2017全国卷】This included digging up the road, _63_ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over _64_ top.【答案】laying；the【解题思路】前一空考查非谓语动词。此处用 lay 的动名词形式 laying 与前面的 digging 形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明 lielying/lay/lain 和 laylaying/laid/laid等特殊词形变化会导致错误。后一空考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。8.【2017全国卷】She looks like any other schoolgirl, freshfaced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new Alevel course. But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm _61_ (rest).【答案】resting【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。spend(in) doing sth 是固定句式，意为“花做某事”。二、句子改错9.【2018全国 I】My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.【答案】sell 改成 selling 【解题思路】考查动名词。去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词 by 后用动名词，故用 selling。10.【2018全国 II】As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me.【答案】the 改成 a; watching 改为 watch【解题思路】第一处考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the 表示特指。故把 the 改为 a。第二处考查非谓语动词的不定式。句意：无论我要求多少次要去看（卡通片）。用不定式表示目的。故把 watching 改为watch。11.【2018全国 III】Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.【答案】wait 改成 waiting; and 改为 or【解题思路】第一处考查非谓语动词。根据句子成分分析，本句有谓语为 was，而且没有连词，wait 与主语是主动关系，所以 wait 要用非谓语 waiting，表伴随。第二处考查连词。句意：每个人都沉默了，等着看谁会被要求大声朗读他或她的段落。一次只能叫一个人，男女两者是选择关系，故把 and 改为 or。12.【2017全国卷】The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”【答案】word 改为 words；Turning 改为 Turn【解题思路】第一处考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。 word 表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将word 改为 words。第二处考查非谓语动词。分析语境可知教练的话“加速”“减速”“左转”都是祈使句，根据前文“Speed up！” “Slow down！”也可以看得出来。祈使句应该用动词原形开头，故将 Turning 改为 Turn。13.【2017全国卷】About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.【答案】took 改为 taken；become 改为 became【解题思路】第一处考查过去分词。根据逻辑关系可知照片是被拍，故用被动语态，被动语态的构成是“be过去分词”，故把 took 改为 taken。第二处考查动词的时态。因为 become 和前面的 entered 是并列谓语，故也用一般过去时。一、语法填空（湖北省黄冈市 2018 届高三上学期期末考试）A group of classmates got together to visit their old teacher. These classmates all had good jobs and made lots of money. They talked _1_ (happy). The teacher asked them the difficulty they had _2_ (achieve) their dreams. Then their talk soon turned to complaining about the stress in work and life. The teacher went to _3_ kitchen and came back with a large pot of coffee and many cups-china ones, plastic ones and glass ones. Some are plain looking, some are expensive and some are lovely. The teacher told them to help _4_ (they) to the coffee.When all the students had a cup of coffee in hand, the teacher said, “Can you notice that all of you took nice-looking expensive cups, leaving _5_ the plain and cheap ones? You want only the best for yourselves, _6_ is the source of your problems.”“What all of you really wanted was coffee, not the cup, _7_ you went for the best cups and then began looking at each others cups.”“Now think about this: life is the coffee, and the jobs, money and position in society _8_ (be) the cups. They are just _9_ (tool) to hold, and do not change the life. Sometimes, by caring only about the cups, we fail _10_ (enjoy) the coffee. So dont let the cups drive you, and enjoy the coffee instead.”【答案】1. happily 2. achieving 3. the 4. themselves 5. behind6. which 7. but8. are 9. tools10. to enjoy【解题思路】1.考查副词。句意：他们聊得很开心。这里用副词 happily 修饰动词 talk。故这里用 happily。2. 考查非谓语动词。句意：老师问他们实现梦想的过程中遇到的困难。这里考查 have difficulty (in) doing sth 的结构，故这里用 achieving。3. 考查冠词。go to the kitchen 去厨房。故这里用 the。4. 考查反身代词。句意：老师让他们自己倒咖啡。help oneself 自取，自用。这里是让“他们”自己倒咖啡，故用themselves。5. 考查固定短语。句意：你们所有人拿的都是漂亮昂贵的杯子，留下了普通便宜的杯子，你们注意到了吗？leave behind 留下，丢弃，使落后。根据句意可知这里用 behind。6. 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：你们只想要给自己最好的，这就是你们问题的根源。根据句意和结构可知，这里构造了非限制性定语从句，用关系代词指代上面的句子，在定语从句中作主语，故用 which。7. 考查连词。句意：你们真正需要的是咖啡不是杯子，但是你们都去拿了最好的杯子，然后开始看其他人的杯子。根据句意可知，这里前后句是转折关系，故用 but。8. 考查主谓一致。句意：生活是咖啡，工作，钱和社会地位是杯子。主语是 the jobs, money and position in society，根据主谓一致的原则，可知这里用 are。9. 考查名词的数。句意：它们只是握着的工具，不要改变了生活。根据句意可知这里用名词复数形式，故用 tools。10. 考查非谓语动词。句意：有时，因为只关心杯子，我们没有享受到咖啡。fail to do 未能（做），没能（做）。故这里用 to enjoy。二、短文改错（河南省中原名校 2018 届高三第三次质量考评）Dear sir/ Madam,As a Chinese high school student to graduate in this year, I sincerely apply to a chance to study in your university. Im eighteen but will finish my three years of study in high school soon. I studied Chinese, English, math, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history and other subject, of which science subjects are my favorites. I Im also good at English. I can communicate fluent with native speakers in English.Beside, I go in for various out-of-class activities. I like play football, table tennis, and so on. Im also member of many clubs for music and opera. Im a volunteer in my neighborhood.Im looking forward to hear from you. And please contact me by e-mail: lihuaqq.com.Yours sincerely,Li Hua【答案】1.删去 this 前的 in 2. apply 后的 to 改成for 3. but 改成 and 4. studied 改成 study5. subject 改成 subjects 6. fluent 改成 fluently7. Beside 改成 Besides 8. play 改成 playing9. member 前加 a 10. hear 改成 hearing【解题思路】本文是作者想要去读大学的一封申请信。1.考查介词。“今年毕业”直接说 graduate this year，所以删去 this 前的 in。2.考查介词。我真诚地申请去你们大学学习的机会。apply for申请，是固定用法，所以 apply 后的 to 改成 for。3.考查连词。我今年 18 岁并且很快就要完成我三年的高中学习。表示并列关系，所以 but 改成 and。4.考查时态。表示主语现在的状态，用一般现在时，所以studied 改成 study。5.考查名词单复数。有 other 修饰，所以用名词复数，subject 改成 subjects。6.考查副词。修饰动词 communicate 用副词，fluent 改成 fluently。7.考查连词。此外，我参加了各种各样的课外活动。Beside 改成 Besides。8.考查非谓语动词。Like doing 喜欢做某事，是固定用法。Like 后接动名词作宾语。play 改成 playing。9.考查冠词。a member of中的一员，是固定用法。member前加 a。10.考查非谓语动词。look forward to 后面接动名词作宾语，所以 hear 改成 hearing。一、语法填空（2019 届湖北省十堰市第二中学高三上学期检测）Im not sure _1_ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere. Im walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, Im face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _2_ top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears. He screams the _3_(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid _4_(look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel_5_(challenge).My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a _6_(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching _7_ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find _8_(they) alive. True to a gorillas unaggressive nature, the huge animal _9_(mean)me no real harm. He was just saying: “Im king of this forest, and here is your reminder!“ Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _10_ (stay)and watch.【答案】1. who 2. the 3. loudest 4. looking 5. challenged 6. scientist 7. for 8. them 9. meant 10. to stay【解题思路】1.考查宾语从句。句意：我不确定谁更害怕,我或者突然凭空出现的大猩猩。根据句意可知，这里表示“谁”，故填 who。2.考查冠词。句意：出乎意料的是，我和大猩猩面对面，她开始大声尖叫。此处 at the top of her lungs 为固定短语，表示“用尽全力”，故填 the。3.考查最高级。句意：他叫得最响。此处由“of all”可知要用最高级，故填 loudest。4.考查非谓语动词。句意：我迅速低下身子，低下头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会觉得受到了挑战。此处 avoid 后要接动名词作宾语，故填 looking。5.考查非谓语动词。句意：我迅速低下身子，低下头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会觉得受到了挑战。此处过去分词作表语，表示被动，故填 challenged。6.考查词性转换。句意：我是研究猿类和猴子等动物的科学家。根据句意可知，此处要填表示人的名词，故填 scientist。7.考查介词。句意：我在寻找我观察到的这三只西部低地大猩猩。此处 search for 为固定短语，表示“寻找”，故填 for。8.考查代词。句意：当我和大猩猩吓到彼此时，我很高兴发现它们还活着。此处作 find 的宾语，代替前面的大猩猩，故填them。9.考查动词时态。句意：由于大猩猩天性温和，这种巨大的动物对我并没有真正的伤害。此处作谓语与本段的时态一致，故填 meant。10.考查非谓语动词。句意：他的消息一发出，他就让我留下来看。此处不定式作宾补，allow sb to do sth 为固定短语，表示“允许某人做某事”，故填 to stay。二、短文改错（武威一中 2019 届秋季学期阶段性考试高三年级英语）Dear Mr.Smith,Im Li Hua,the Chinese student taking summer courses in youruniversity.Everything is going smooth.I enjoy all the courses here butone offering by Professor Martin.I have difficulty understand him inclass.He has a very strong accent, that makes it hard for me to follow himin class.I have told that I can go to the learning center for help.I wonder if I could come in Wednesday or Friday.I had no class and can come forhelp and suggestion.Please let me to know which time is OK with you. Looking forward to your reply.Yours,Li Hua【答案】1.the 改成 a 2.smooth 改成 smoothly3. offering 改成 offered 4.understand 改成understanding5.that 改成 which 6.told 前加 been7. in 改成 on 8. had 改成 have9.suggestion 改成 suggestions 10.去掉 know 前的 to【解题思路】1.考查冠词。句意：我叫李华，是一名在贵校上暑期班的中国学生。此处为泛指，故把 the 改为 a。2.考查词性转换。句意：一切都很顺利。此处修饰动词 go，所以要用副词，故 smooth 改为 smoothly。3.考查非谓语动词。句意：除了马丁教授的一门课外，我喜欢这里所有的课程。此句过去分词作定语修饰 one，表示被动，故把 offering 改为 offered。4.考查非谓语动词。句意：我在课堂上很难听懂他的话。此处have difficulty（in）doing 为固定结构，表示“做某事有困难”，故 understand 改为 understanding。5.考查定语从句。句意：他的口音很重，这使我在课堂上很难听懂他的话。此处代替前面整个句子的意思，故 that 改为which。6.考查被动语态。句意：我被告知我可以去学习中心寻求帮助。这里 I 和 told 之间是被动的关系，故把 have told 改为 have been told。7.考查介词。句意：我想知道我星期三或星期五能不能来。此处星期的前面要用介词 on，故把 in 改为 on。8.考查动词时态。句意：我没有课，可以来寻求帮助和建议。文章通篇用一般现在时，而且描述客观事实，故这里要用一般现在时，故 had 改为 have。9.考查名词复数。句意：我没有课，可以来寻求帮助和建议。此处 suggestion 为可数名词，故 suggestion 改为suggestions。10.考查非谓语动词。句意：请告诉我什么时间可以。此处 let为使役动词，其后接省 to 的不定式作宾补。故 know 前的 to 省略。关于创新的作文：创新才会赢在如今高速发展的时代，新产品新概念的生产应接不暇。你在前一秒所掌握的知识，可能在后一秒就会被淘汰。所以跟上时代的步伐，开启创新的大脑，创新才会赢。创新是这个时代的口号，它引领着企业发展，助其走在变化莫测的市场最前沿。在 2003 年，比亚迪作为全球第二大充电电池生产商本可以保守发展，但它却看到汽车行业绿色发展的前景，开创了新能源汽车的发展路线，成为了中国龙头企业。不仅实现了自己的企业价值，又引领中国科技的发展。比亚迪拥有最先进的电池技术，却仍然投身更有前景的三元锂电池技术，为国家的科技腾飞助力。创新帮助比亚迪一步步变革，每一次变革象征着一次蜕变，让企业走在市场顶端，引领着整个行业的发展。创新在企业发展中如此重要，但我们还是痛心地发现有些企业并不会创新。中华老字号的逐个关门倒闭，数码巨头摩托罗拉的轰然倒下，都令世人叹惋。究其原因，我认为这不仅源于领导人的不敢于创新，太过于保守，更是因为他们没有意识到“逆水行舟不进则退”。中华老字号如果不去创新，努力融入当今社会，适应当今人们的生活需求，那最终只有关张倒闭，“生于忧患，死于安乐”。摩托罗拉正是安于按键手机的霸主地位，忽视了智能手机的兴起，轻视了创新的力量，才惨遭淘汰。创新引领企业发展，那么如何才能创新至关重要，私以为创新基础源于技术的保障，只有企业技术过硬后才能创新，假使一个企业连自主技术都没有，谈何创新？技术的发展是一个企业创新的先决条件。同时，领导者还要有胆量，有高度。有胆量，敢于创新，有高度，才能按正确的道路创新。创新并非易事，因为盲目创新而失败的案例数不胜数。领导者判断的何时创新，如何创新，均源于他的认知、胆量与高度。所以，不畏惧创新、正确创新至关重要。在如今，创新是这个时代的标志。“大众创业，万众创新”的决策的提出，带动了无数年轻人的创新之路。希望中国能在创新中突破自我，走向辉煌。