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1、1994年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) In short , a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. (73)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses . Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.精美译文新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。（71）他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。（72）新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。（73）工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。鼓吹技术第一、天才第二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密;了精心创立的太空体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。（74）伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。但是，在新学派科学家看来，这件事中真正重要的因素是制造镜片的机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。（75）政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。题目解析：(71 ) 、Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.结构分析：宾语从句的主句Science / moves forward, / 主句 插入结构they say, / 并列结构1 not so much 原因状语结构through / 多重定语the insights / of great men / of genius / 并列结构2 as 原因状语结构because of / more ordinary things / 举例like / improved techniques and tool.词义推敲：move forward：向前发展。they say：间接引语作插入结构前置。they：指代the new school of scientists技巧：单复数对应：according to saynot so much. as. 是as as （和一样多）的否定形式，理解为：“与其倒不如”。through因为技巧：not so much. as是个并列结构，也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于because of因为，由于。the insights / of great men / of genius：天才伟人的真知灼见。多重后置定语后浪推前浪，从后往前翻译。insights：the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation; penetration 洞察力；心智的敏锐真知灼见，远见卓识genius：天才more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool这是结构是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词more ordinary things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。like：such as参考译文：新学派科学家们说，科学之所以发展，与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。得分重点：插入结构，并列结构，原因状语结构(72)、 In short , a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. 结构分析：直接引语作宾语从句 介词短语作状语“In short,” / 主句a leader / of the new school / contends, / “直接引语中的主语the scientific revolution, / 插入结构as we call it, 直接引语中的谓语/ was largely / 多重定语the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments / 定语从句 主语that / 谓语expanded / the reach / of science / 介词短语作方式状语in innumerable direction.”词义推敲：in short 简而言之a leader of the new school contends：新学派的一位领导人物说/认为school学派。contend：to maintain or assert 主张或声称the scientific revolution：科学革命revolution：A sudden or momentous change in a situation 大变革在一情况下的突然或瞬时改变as we call it我们所称之谓的，我们所说的largely：for the most part; mainly 大部分地；主要地the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments 一系列器具的改进、发明和使用。a series of一系列expand扩大，张开reach range or scope of influence or effect. 影响力产生影响或效果的范围或领域参考译文：“简而言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说，“我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而（这些改进、发明和使用 / 这）（使科学发展的范围无所不及 / 使科学发展无所不及 / 在无数方面拓展了科学的领域）。”得分重点：插入结构，定语从句，方式状语(73 )、Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.结构分析：73) 介词短语作时间状语Over the years, / 主语tools and technology / 反身代词themselves / 后置定语as / 多重定语a source of / fundamental innovation 谓语 / 被动结构have largely been ignored / 方式状语by historians / and philosophers of science.词义推敲：over the years 多年来a source of fundamental innovation：根本革新的源泉fundamental：of or relating to the foundation or base; elementary 基础的基础或基本的或与此有关的；根本的innovation：the act of introducing something new 革新介绍新东西的行为tools and technology.have largely been ignored by . 很大程度上被忽视philosophers of science 科学思想家们参考译文：多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉（多年来）在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。得分重点：反身代词，被动结构(74)、 Galileo s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.结构分析：74) 主句 专有名词Galileos greatest glory / was / 表语从句that 时间状语in 1609 / 从句主句he / was / the first person / 多重定语to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens / 目的状语to prove / 宾语从句that 并列结构1 主语the planets / 谓语revolve / around the sun / rather than 并列结构2 省略结构（revolve）around the earth.词义推敲：Galileo 伽利略专有名词greatest glory was that：最伟大的成就是glory：a highly praiseworthy asset 引以为豪的东西 成就，业绩，贡献that：引导表语从句不做成分，没有实际含义。而汉语又没有这样的形式上的要求，所以不译。turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens 把新发明的望远镜对准天空turn on 转向对准，观察to prove that：用以证明，去证明that 引导宾语从句，既不作成分，也没有实际含义。rather than而不是the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth 行星围绕太阳转，而不是围绕地球转revolve：绕转，旋转参考译文：伽利略的最（光辉业绩/伟大的成就）在于（他在1609年/在1609年他是）第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以（证实/证明）行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。得分重点：表语从句，宾语从句，专有名词，并列结构(75)、Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.结构分析：（75)、并列结构1 主语从句 Whether / 主语the Government / 谓语should increase / 多重定语the financing of / pure science 介词短语作状语结构/ at the expense of / technology / 并列结构2 or / 固定短语vice versa / 状语结构often / 谓语depends on / the issue / of 宾语从句which / （指代关系） 被动结构is seen / as the driving force.词义推敲：whether or 究竟是还是the Government：特指Federal Government。increase the financing of：增加对的资金投入finance：to supply funds to 给提供资金pure science 纯理论科学at the expense of 由付费，以为代价vice versa 反之亦然 relations being reversedincrease the financing of pure science at the expense of technology vice versa （还是通过 / 以减少对纯理论科学的投入而增加对技术的投入 / 还是相反）the issue of：问题issue：a point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute 争议，辩论争议、争论、争执的要点或事件of which：它们中的（pure science 和technology中的）哪一个引导宾语从句，因为：1、which 是宾语从句的主语，而不是定语从句的宾语；2、of which 的结构无法还原到后面的从句；3、which不等于issue，不是定语从句引导词，而是疑问代词。is seen as：被动结构，可以翻译成主动结构“把哪一方看成”the driving force 驱动力参考译文：政府究竟是以（减少对技术经费的投入/牺牲技术作为代价）来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。得分重点：主语从句，并列结构，宾语从句，被动结构2、1995年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.精美译文：标准化教育测试或心理同在广泛应用于协助选拔、委派或提拔学生、雇员和军事人员;这些测试一直是某些人近年来在书本、杂志、日报，甚至国会中进行抨击的目标。（71）把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到其弊病来自测试使用者对测试不解或使用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具。它的各种特性可以在规定条件下用适当的精度来测定。测试的结果是在有价值的、无意义的、还是误导的，部分取决于这种工具本身，但主要取决于测试使用者。所有对未来表现的有见识地的预测都是以在某种程度上了解有关过去的表现为基础的:学校学习成绩、研究效益、销售记录或任何符合需要的信息。（72）这些预测在多大程度上为的后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道，所得到的信息总是不完全的，而且这些预测也总是会有错误的。应该根据这种观点去考察标准化测试。标准化测试提供了快速、客观地得到某些信息的方法，这些信息是有关一个人所学到的知识、他所获得的技能，或者他是属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息，从性质上讲，与其它种类的信息一样具有优点或缺点。（73）因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。（74）一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。这些测试如能恰当使用，就能提供一种快速的方法来获得有关许多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生，他们很高的潜在能力过去一直没有被承认。但是也有入场多事情这些测试是不能胜任的。（75）例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。题目解析：71 )、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.结构分析：71) 主句The target / is / wrong, / 原因状语从句for / 状语结构in / attacking / the tests, / 从句的主句critics / divert attention from / the fault / 定语从句 主语that / 谓语 固定短语lies with / ill-informed / or incompetent users.词义推敲：The target 根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试for in attacking the tests：因为在抨击测试的过程中for：因为in：在过程中attack：攻击，抨击。critics：one who forms and expresses judgments of the merits, faults, value, or truth of a matter 评论家形成并表达对某一事物的优点、错误、价值或真实性的判断的人divert attention from 原义是引开，引申为没有注意到，忽略lies with 在于ill-informed 不甚了解，消息不灵通的参考译文：把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有（注意到 / 忽略了）（测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当 / 批评家没有注意到错误是由消息不灵通或者不能胜任的使用者造成的）。得分重点：插入结构，原因状语从句，定语从句72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.结构分析：72) 主语从句How well / 从句的主语the predictions / 从句的谓语 被动结构will be validated / by later performance / 谓语 并列结构1 固定短语depends upon / 多重定语the amount, / reliability, / and appropriateness / of the information / used / 并列结构2 and 省略结构（depends）on / the skill / and wisdom / 定语从句with which / （指代关系）it / 被动结构is interpreted.词义推敲：How well the predictions will be validated by：在多大程度上为所证实be validated by：为所证实。被动结构最好少用“被”字。validate：to establish the soundness of; orroborate 证实建立的正确性；确证depends upon 取决于the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used：所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性amount：a number 数字；数量reliability 可靠性，信度validity效度appropriate：suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting 适合于的适合于某特定的人，条件，事件或地点的；适宜的with which it is interpreted定语从句Which指代the skill and wisdom。it指代the information。参考译文：这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。得分重点：主语从句，被动结构，并列结构，省略结构，定语从句73)、Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.结构分析：73) 主语 并列结构1 Whether / to use / tests, / other kinds of information, / 并列结构2 or 省略结构（to use）指代关系both / 方式状语in a particular situation / 谓语 固定短语 并列结构11depends, / 插入结构therefore, / upon / 多重定语the evidence / from experience / concerning comparative validity / 并列结构22 and 省略结构（depends）upon / 举例such factors / as cost / and availability.词义推敲：Whether to use ., or (to use) 究竟是使用还是（使用）or both：或是两者兼用both：指代前句的tests, other kinds of informationin a particular situation 在某一特定情况下particular：separate and distinct from others of the same group, category, or nature 特定的，个别的与同一团体、范畴或种类的其他部分分离和区分出来的the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity：多重后置定语后浪推前浪，可以翻译为：“关于相对效度的来自经验的证据”such factors as. 诸如等因素参考译文：因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，（须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定/取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据），也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。得分重点：并列结构，省略结构，插入结构74)、In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.结构分析：74) 介词短语作状语结构In general, / 主句 并列结构1 the tests / work / most effectively / 时间状语从句when / 从句的主语the qualities / 非谓语作后置定语to be measured / 谓语 被动结构can be most precisely defined / 并列结构2 and 省略结构（the tests work）least effectively / 时间状语从句when / 从句中的主语从句what / （指代关系）is to be measured or predicted / 谓语 被动结构can not be well defined.词义推敲：In general 一般的说，大体上work most effectively 最为有效the qualities to be measured：所要测定的特征qualities：特征，特性，品质，品德。作“质量”解时，是抽象名次，没有复数。measure：测量, 测度, 估量, 分派, 权衡, 调节 be most precisely defined：很精确界定。precisely 精确地，恰好地，明确地definite：to specify distinctly 清楚地规定and least effectively：测试效果最差。省略了前面的the tests workwhat is to be measured or predicted not be well defined：当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地定义时参考译文：一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。得分重点：并列结构，时间状语从句，被动结构，省略结构，主语从句75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.结构分析：75) 状语结构 举例For example, / 主语 they / 并列结构1 do not compensate for / gross social inequality, / 并列结构2 and thus / do not tell / 宾语从句how able / 从句的主语an underprivileged youngster / 谓语might have been / 虚拟条件句的倒装结构had he grown up / 介词短语作状语结构under more favorable circumstances.词义推敲：they 指代“测试”compensate for 弥补compensate：to serve as or provide a substitute or counterbalance 补偿，弥补作为代替品或平衡物使用或提供gross social inequality 明显的/巨大的社会不公gross：glaringly obvious; flagrant 公然的十分明显的；罪恶昭著的inequality：不公平，不平等tell：说明，表明underprivileged youngster：物质条件差的/处于社会底层的/没有特权的年轻人had he grown up = if he had grown up（虚拟语气中条件句的倒装）grow up：成长，兴起，形成under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下circumstance：the sum of determining factors beyond willful control 客观形势，情况除意志控制外的决定因素的总和favorable：有利的，赞成的，讨人喜欢的参考译文：例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明（如果）一个物质条件差的年轻人，（如果）在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干/多么的有本事/多么的能干。得分重点：并列结构，宾语从句，虚拟语气的倒装结构3、1996年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.(71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some , how-ever , are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. (72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scien-tific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.(73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support , like all government support , requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting good as opposed to bad science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. (74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects. (75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.精美译文：科学研究的各种领域的相关发展，存在若干原因。（71）在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求。另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。然而，有些发展速度的差异其原因就不尽合理，这是因为某些权威人干对科学理论研究应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法，这些想法起了改变不同科学领域的发展模式的作用。这是一个新问题，也许并非是不可避免的问题，但其趋势却令人担忧。（72）这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而，人们可以预见，往往会出现一些问题要求科学做出具体的回答。因此，将科研机构视为一种资源或一台机器，应维持其良好的运行状态。这样做通常是很有价值的。（73）给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。此种资助也与所有政府资助一样，需要决定合适的投资对象。根据某一项目是否有效来做出决策是明确无误的。但是在几个都没有直接效用的项目中，要做出抉择就特别困难。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的科学，而不资助“坏”的科学，那是值得赞扬的。然而要做出正确的抉择却是困难的。人们往往将好科学与该科学是否有能力提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。（74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。（75）同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。题目解析：71 )Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.结构分析：71) 并列结构1 Some of / these causes / are / completely 多重定语reasonable results / of social needs. 简单句 并列结构2 Others / are / 多重定语reasonable c
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