国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案.doc

Key Chapter1 I. Answer my questions 1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental. 2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies. 3. To gain profit. 4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement. 5. There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise. 6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year. 7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing. 8. Yes. There are great differences between them. 1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties. 2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments. 9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation). 10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest. 11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate. 12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase. 13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources. 14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising. 15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business. II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right 1. J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.H III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese 1 购买力 11 经济复苏；恢复 2 潜在销售量 12 经济衰退 3 加价，涨价 13 间接投资 4 国内市场 14 有形货物 5 制成品 15 有形进出口 6 边际利润 16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出 7 市场占有率 17 超额能力 8 贸易歧视 18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人 9 时机选择 19 全部包建的工程承包方式 10 经销周期 20 许可证协定 IV Translate the following into English 1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment. 2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities. 3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area. 4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade. Chapter2 I. Answer the following questions (Omited) II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text: 1.meeting/satisfying; 2.agent, foreign/overseas; 3.commission; 4.own; 5.setting; 6.patent; 7.profits; 8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiary III.Translate the followings into English 1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet. In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically. Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States. 2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers. Chapter3 I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English: 1 terms of payment 2 written form of contract 3 execution of the contract 4 sales contract 5 purchase confirmation 6 terms of transaction 7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract 9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract 11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract 13 the contracting parties 14 special clause 15 general terms and conditions II. Answer the following questions in English: 1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation. 2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers. 3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners. 4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties. 5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc. III. Translate the following into Chinese: 合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结 果。商务谈判有口头谈判和书面谈判两种形式。口头谈判是通过参加商品交易会， 派遣贸易小组，出国或邀请客户本国进行的面对面讨论，而通过国际长途电话所 进行的商务讨论也属于口头谈判。 IV. Case Study 1 The law of the United States of America applies to this contract because: (a) this was a CIF contract; (b) the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA; (c) the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA. The seller completed this responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA. 2 This contract was not concluded effectively. Item 1 of Article 19 of the CISG indicates, " A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection to the offer and constitutes a counter-offer. In this case, though Mr. Johnson accepted Mr. Andersons offer, his acceptance contained some additions to and modifications of the offer; for example, Mr. Anderson asked for " telegraphic transfer", Mr. Johnson sent the money to the bank to be kept there. According to Item 3 of Article 19 of the CISG, alteration to the mode of payment is material one, thus Mr. Johnson might keep silent and reject the acceptance. Chapter4 I (Omited) II 1) F. Price terms, or trade terms, are used to indicated the different liabilities, cost and risks of the buyer and the seller. 2) F. Warsaw-Oxford rules specialize in explaining CIF contracts. 3) T. 4) T. 5) F. On CIP terms the seller’s responsibilities end when he hands over the goods to the carrier at the place of shipment, although he has to pay the freight rate and insurance premium. 6) T. 7) T. 8) F. By CFR Landed is meant that the seller pays for unloading the goods at the port of discharge. 9) T. 10) F. On FAS terms the seller needs only to put the goods within the reach of the ship’s tackle. He is not responsible for loading the goods on board. III. Judgment a) Incorrect. On FOB terms the seller’s responsibilities end when he delivers the goods at the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports in China. b) Incorrect. On CIF terms the seller pays for transportation and insurance till the goods reach the destination; the terms should be followed by the port of destination. c) Correct. d) Incorrect. On CIP terms the seller pays for transportation and insurance till the goods reach the destination; the terms should be followed by the port of destination. e) Correct. f) Correct. g) Incorrect. On FOB terms the seller’s responsibilities end when he delivers the goods at the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports in China. h) Incorrect. On DES terms the seller must put the goods under the actual control of the buyer at the port destination; a port of destination should be attached to DES. i) Incorrect. On DDP terms the seller must physically deliver the goods to the buyer at a named place in the import country, that is, a named place of destination should be added to DDP terms. j) Correct. IV. Translation 1) please refer to INCOTERMs (19900 2) you must load the goods on board in accordance with the stipulations of the INCOTERMS 3) In reference to the consignment of June 5 4) but our business is on cash payment whether the customs are new or old 5) meeting each other halfway and allowing you a 10% discount 6) the lowest FOB Liverpool prices of the following articles. 7) Our prices are subject to change without notice 8) As this is a big order, we hope you can make a 5% discount off the list price 9) Because of the frequent change of the market prices, it is not possible for us to keep the prices open for a whole week 10) to receive your cable offer of July 15 for 300 dozen shirts of sample No.1302 CIF New York at USD 35 per dozen V. Case Study 1) It was not right for the buyer not to take delivery of the goods. In this case, the contract concluded between the seller and the buyer was on CIF terms, according to which, the seller’s responsibilities ended when he loaded the goods on board the ship and paid the freight and insurance premium; the risk separation was the side of the ship; that is to say, the risks were transferred to the buyer or the other parties concerned after the seller put the goods on board the ship. Since the documents presented by the seller were right and proper, the seller could directly get paid form the Issuing Bank of the L/C. However, part of the goods got lost because of rough sea. Does this mean that the buyer suffered loss? It is definitely not the case because there are other two sub-contracts existing on CIF terms-I/P and Bill of Lading. In this case the buyer could claim damages with the insurance company, but he had to take delivery of the goods. Obviously, the actual reason for the buyer’s refusal to accept the goods in this case was that the prices of the goods were going down. This is, certainly, unjustified. 2) In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB term, according to which the seller (Company E) ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment. He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium. Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Repaid” on the Bill of Lading. The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E. However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods. In this case, E might comply with W’s request, but he had to indicated that the freight should be borne by W. Chapter5 I. Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms: 1 本身所具有的特性 2 光泽、造型、结构 3 耐用性 4 可销售性 5 社会属 6 消毒 7 适用性 8 卫生 9 规格 10 水产品 11 跨国公司 12 保证生活质量 II. Two columns are given for you to decide which method is best suited for a certain commodity. Please match them. 1 A , 2 C, 3 D, 4 E, 5 B, 6 G, 7 F, 8 H III. 单项选择题 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.C 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.C 21.D 22.D 23.A 24.A 25.D 26.B IV. 多项选择题 1.AE 2.ABE 3.ABC 4.CDE 5.AC 6.ABD 7.BCE 8.ACDE 9.BD 10.AC 11.BC 12.AC 13.BCDE 14.CD 15.AB 16.CDE 17.ABCDE V. 案例分析 1、答：买方的要求不尽合理。理由如下： 采用FOB 术语成交，一般由买方负责租船订舱。卖方可以接受卖方的委托代为 租船订舱，但卖方不承担租不到船的责任和风险。就此案例来说，因公司代为租 船没有租到，买方又不同意更换条件，因此，该公司不承担因自己未租到船而延 误装运的责任，买方也不能因此提出撤消合同。所以，买方的要求不合理，责任 和风险应该由买方自己承担。 2、答：我方不能因床单受潮而拒付货款，也不能向卖方提出索赔。理由如下： （1）采用CIF 术语成交时，属于象征性交货，卖方是凭单交货，买方是凭单付 款，只要卖方如期向买方提交了合同规定的全套合格单据，即使货物在运输途中 损坏或灭失，买方也必须旅行付款义务。反之，如果卖方提交的单据不符合要求， 即使货物完好无损地运达目的地，买方仍有权拒付货款。就此案例而言，卖方提 交了全套合格单据，我方应支付货款。 （2）在CIF 条件下，买卖双方风险转移界限以船舷为界。货物越过船舷后的风 险应由买方负担。就本案例可以看出，货物越过船舷之前是完好的，因此卖方不 承担风险。我方据此不能向卖方提出索赔，可依据所投险别向保险公司提出索赔。 3、答：该公司可向卖方提出索赔。理由如下： 按CFR 条件成交时，尽管货物在海运途中的风险已转移给买方，但买方为降低 自己的风险可办理货运保险，这取决于卖方是否及时向买方发出装运通知。据惯 例解释，如果卖方未及时向买方发出装运通知，导致买方未能及时办理保险手续， 由此引起的损失由卖方负担。就本案例而言，该公司货物部分丢失是由于卖方未 发出装船通知而公司未办理保险手续而引起的损失，故此，该公司应向卖方提出 索赔。 4、答：此项损失应由买方承担，买方不应该向该公司提出索赔。 以CPT 术语成交时，风险转移以货交承运人为界，即卖方将货物交给指定承运 人，风险即由卖方转移至买方，买方可投货物保险以确保损失最小。就本案例而 言，该公司已将货物交给承运人，运输途中及后期风险均由买方自己承担，因此， 该公司可拒绝买方的索赔要求。 5、答：按照CIP 条件成交，卖方要承担保险费和运费。因为CIP 条件适合于各 种运输方式，风险是在承运人控制货物时转移，所以卖方要负责办理交货地点到 指定目的地的全程运输，而不仅仅是水上运输，因此卖方应支付全程运费。就本 案例而言，卖方支付了海上运输的费用，但并没有将货物送往指定目的地，因此 还需支付铁路运输的费用。由此，我方应支付货款，但不需支付铁路运费，卖方 行为不尽合理。 Chapter6 I.Here given in the following are short forms for some units of measure and weight. Please give the complete form of each: 1)吨 2)盎斯 3)磅 4)品脱 5)码 6)加仑 7)令 8)公斤 9)克 10)平方米 II. Please read the statements carefully, and then give your choice True or False. 1. T 2. F where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port. 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F a letter of indemnity is issued by the shipper to the shipping company in exchange for a clean-on-board shipped bill of lading. 7. F according to article 23 of the UCP NO.500,” IF A Credit calls for a bill of lading covering a port to port shipment, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in Credit, accept a document, however named, which ……contains no indication that it is subject to a charter party ……” 8. T 9. F dispatch money is an amount paid by the ship-owner to the shipper for the shipper’s quicker loading and unloading of the goods. 10. T III. Please give the following definitions for the names in English: 1. Gross weight is the sum of total weight of the commodity itself and the tare (the package weight). That’s to say it refers to the net weight plus the tare weight of the goods. 2.Net weight is the actual weight of commodity without the addition of the tare. In international trade if the goods are sold by weight, the net weight is often used. 3. Actual tare: The actual weight of packages of the whole commodities. 4. Average tare: In this way, the weight of packages is calculated on the basis of the average tare of a part of the packages. 5. Customary tare: The weight of standardized package has a generally recognizer weight which can be