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七、词句猜测 词义猜测题(2017江苏，B)Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it es to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化)New-born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A puter analysis blindly pared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies begging calls.In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的) strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？” Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”语篇解读这是一篇科普类的说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚的一位生物学家通过研究发现，鸟儿在孵化时会进行胎教，幼鸟会用胎教时学会的鸟叫声来引起鸟妈妈的关注。鸟儿在胎教方面比人类更出色。58The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “ ”Abe the worst Bbe the bestCbe just as bad Dbe just as good答案B解析词义猜测题。画线部分前面的语境说，婴儿在出生之前就能分辨很大的声响与人的嗓音(tell the difference between loud sounds and voices)；画线部分后面的语境说，有些鸟妈妈在鸟儿被孵化出来之前，就可能教它们啼叫(teach their young to sing)。通过对比画线部分的前后我们发现，这里说的是与人类相比，鸟妈妈在胎教方面表现得最好(be the best)，因此选B。59What are Kleindorfers findings based on?ASimilarities between the calls of moms and chicks.BThe observation of fairy wrens across Australia.CThe data collected from Queenslands locals.DControlled experiments on wrens and other birds.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第三段的研究过程和第四段的研究结果可知，他的发现基于A项(鸟妈妈与幼鸟叫声的相似之处)。60Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which .Acan receive quality signalsBare in need of trainingCfit the environment betterDmake the loudest call答案C解析推理判断题。文章最后两段说，研究结果发现，叫声与鸟妈妈的声音很接近的幼鸟得到的食物最多(the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food)，这表明，有效的胎教能够把孩子神经系统的优点发信号给母亲(signal neurological strengths of children to parents)。从这些信息判断，胎教能帮助鸟妈妈识别出更能适应环境的幼鸟，因此选C项。一、题型解读词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解中每年必考的题型。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些生词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，对于生词的理解是否准确，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。词义猜测题的命题方式有：1The word “.” refers to/probably means .2The underlined word “.” could best be replaced by .3What do you think the expression “.” stands for?4By saying “.” we mean .5“.” as used in the passage can best be defined as .6Which of the following words can take the place of the word “.”？7What does the underlined word/phrase “.” in Paragraph.mean?8The underlined word “.” is closest in meaning to .二、解题技巧巧用线索猜词义1根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测有些文章，特别是科技说明文，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。有时，需要猜测的单词或短语后面会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。有时，文章会用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。例如：(2018江苏，B)When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.试题：The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .Anot aware of eating more than usualBnot willing to share food with othersCnot conscious of the food qualityDnot fond of the food provided分析：所猜测短语none the wiser后面出现了破折号来进行解释说明，我们可推知那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。2根据构词法进行猜测英语中通过词根加词缀或两个单词合成的方式可以构成新词。因此，掌握了一定的构词知识，再结合上下文语境，也可以快速猜测词义。例如：A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。3根据因果关系进行猜测在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中，若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系，这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because，so，thus，therefore，as a result of，since，so that，so/such.that.等。例如：My son could not follow the teachers directions，he told me，and thus，Scola was disrupting the class.Didnt he know my son did not speak English yet?试题：What does the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?ABreaking. BFollowing.CAttending. DDisturbing.分析：画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“因此，我儿子Scola干扰了课堂秩序”，故选D项。其余三项都不符合这一因果逻辑关系。4根据同义或近义关系进行猜测在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and，or，like，as well，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida.试题：What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?AArtworks. BProjects.CDonations. DDocuments.分析：画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了the fine selection of the major works (精选的重要作品)，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴。故选A项。5根据反义，转折和对比关系进行猜测有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语，运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多，常见的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead (of)，on the other hand，rather than，on the contrary等。例如：In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals ing out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.试题：What does the underlined word “sedate” probably mean?AWild and romantic.BSlow and peaceful.CHungry and thirsty.DActive and excited.分析：画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们 ，但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻”。由though可知前后两句是转折关系，再结合前一句中提到的“at a more relaxed and unhurried pace”可知，应选B项，sedate意为“慢悠悠的，安静的”。6根据上下文进行猜测有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。例如：(2016全国，C)There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.试题：What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?AA practical idea. BA vain hope.CA brilliant plan. DA selfish desire.分析：由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it.”可知，尽管Orleans Reinette是很好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人种植它的希望会落空。故选择B项。A(2018黑龙江齐齐哈尔一模)83-year-old Antonio Vicente has spent the last four decades of his life fighting against the trend.As Brazilian landowners 9cut down rainforests to make room for 1profitable plantations(种植园) and cattle grounds，he struggled to bring the jungles of his childhood back to life.“When I was a child，the peasants cut down the trees to make grasslands and charcoal，and the water dried up and did not e back，” he told the reporters.“I thought：Water is valuable，no one makes water and the population will not stop growing.What is going to happen? We are going to run out of water.”With only some donkeys and a small team of hired workers，Antonio Vicente set about bringing back the forest to his land.What started out as a weekend hobby soon became a 2permanent way of life，and Antonio recalls often spending whole days and nights in his young jungle，surrounded by rats and foxes，and eating banana sandwiches for breakfast，lunch and dinner.Over the last 40 years，he has planted an estimated 50,000 trees on his 31-hectare land，which now make up a small but unique area of rainforest，and a haven for wildlife.As the forest grew，the water returned，and Antonio says that there are now over 20 water sources on his land that were no longer there when he bought it.Then the animals started making a home there.Today，the forest is alive with the sounds of birds and 3insects living there，and more species are settling in every year.“There are toucans(巨嘴鸟)，all kinds of birds，squirrels，lizards，and even the boars are returning，” 83-year-old Vicente says.“If you ask me who my family are，I would say all is right here，each one of these that I planted from a seed.”1What do we learn about the Brazilian peasants?AThey wasted much water on farming.BThey focused on short-term profits.CThey cared much about the environment.DThey relied heavily on rainforests for a living.答案B解析推理判断题。根据第一段中的“As Brazilian landowners cut down rainforests to make room for profitable plantations.”及第二段中的“the water dried up and did not e back”可知，巴西的农民关注的是短期的利益。故选B。2What used to be young Antonios biggest concern?AOverpopulation. BPolluted water.CLoss of grasslands. DWater shortage.答案D解析推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句可知，年轻的Antonio最关心的是水的短缺。故选D。3What does the underlined word “haven” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?ATrap. BDisaster.CShelter. DBalance.答案C解析词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“insects living there，and more species are settling in every year”可知，昆虫生活在这里，每年更多的物种在这里定居，由此可推断出这里成了野生生物的“安居地，避难所”。故选C。4In the last paragraph，Antonio mainly expresses his .A4affection for his forestBthanks for his familyCdeep love for rare birdsDpride as a successful farmer答案A解析推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可推知，Antonio主要在表达他对森林的爱。故选A。B(2018广东茂名一模)Have you ever lost your car on a parking lot? It happens.You park and go shopping.When you get back，you have no idea where your car is.It can be discouraging.You dont need to install(安装) an expensive GPS system to keep 10track of your car.Thats too expensive.You would need to pay a monthly 5subscription fee just to use it.But is there a way to track your 6vehicle without spending a fortune? Yes，now there is! A California-based start-up pany is able to make this a reality.They have created a tiny device(装置) that works with your smartphone，and it can be exactly what youre looking for! Its called TrackR Bravo.Its changing the way we keep track of the important things in our lives.7Install the free TrackR app on your smartphone，connect the app to your device and youre ready to go! Simply attach TrackR to whatever you want to keep an eye on.The entire process of setting it up only takes 5 minutes or less.You can attach it to your keys，wallet and anything else you dont want to lose.Then use the TrackR app to find where your missing items are in seconds.Forget expensive GPS systems or tracking services.Nobody wants to pay expensive monthly subscription fees.We understand how stressful these things can be，and this is the reason why the pany created TrackR.This device is your VIP when you need to take care of important things.If you forget where you park your car，take out your smartphone and open the TrackR app.Tap on the “lost item” sign on the screen and the app will tell you the exact location.This device is by no means expensive.TrackR only costs 29，a small price to pay for peace of mind.The device is small enough that you can attach it to your pets.Put it on their collar，and you will never lose track of them! Attach it to your key or wallet，and never waste a minute rummaging the whole house for it.Since youve been informed about this brilliant invention，now attach it to everything thats important to you.5Why does the author mention the lost car in the first paragraph?ATo explain how terrible the situation is.BTo stress the importance of being cautious.CTo lead to the topic concerning finding lost items.DTo provide one mon example about theft.答案C解析推理判断题。由第一段及下文中的内容可知，提到丢失的汽车是为了引出寻找丢失物品的话题。故选C。6Whats the feature of the TrackR app?AThe process of setting up the app is plex.BThe cost of setting up the app is rather high.CThe app is available in any electronic equipment.DThe app helps locate the lost items in a short time.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，这个应用软件可以帮助你在短时间内找到丢失的物品。故选D。7The TrackR was created because .Alife is full of all kinds of pressureBtracking services cause 8financial burdenCpeople want to keep their important items safeDGPS systems can not provide specific location答案B解析细节理解题。根据第四段前三句可知，跟踪服务会带来经济负担。故选B。8Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “rummaging” in Paragraph 5?ASearching. BDestroying.CCleaning. DMoving.答案A解析词义猜测题。根据第五段可知，该装置足够小，你可以将它固定到你的宠物上。把它放在它们的项圈上，你就不会与它们失去联系！把它固定在你的钥匙或钱包上，就不用浪费时间搜寻整个房子寻找它。画线词的意思应该是“搜寻”，故选A。.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1Drug manufacturing is the most profitable business in the US.赚钱的；赢利的2This choice is not a permanent situation，however，as many people have chosen to change the values of their lives.永久的3An insect is a small animal that has six legs and most of them have wings such as flies，butterflies.昆虫4Say “I love you” often.Express your affection and appreciation to friends and family.感情；喜爱5Some of these stories are part of a monthly subscription package.订阅6The red traffic light indicates that every person and vehicle must stop.车辆7It shows you where to download the server and how to install it.安装8The government predicates that the market collapse was caused by Asian financial crisis.金融的(二)一词多义9cut down削减，减少；缩短，降低；砍倒(1)You can cut down on the number of ads and still reach more people.削减(2)Avoid unhealthy food and cut down on sugar and salt.减少(3)If you cut down more trees than you grow，you will run out of trees.砍倒10track n轨道；足迹；小道；vt.追踪(1)The first thing that I had to do to understand how I use my time was track almost everything.追踪(2)This is the one who tries to force every guy she dates onto the marriage track.轨道(3)We set off once more，over a rough mountain track.小道(4)The only evidence of pandas was their tracks in the snow.足迹.长难句理解1Over the last 40 years，he has planted an estimated 50,000 trees on his 31-hectare land，which now make up a small but unique area of rainforest，and a haven for wildlife.句式分析本句是一个复合句，句子的主干部分是简单句的主谓宾结构，主语是he，谓语是has planted，宾语是an estimated 50,000 trees；Over the last 40 years是时间状语，on his 31-hectare land是地点状语，which now make up a small.是定语从句，修饰trees。精美译文在过去的40年里，他已在他31公顷的土地上种植了大约5万棵树，这构成了一个小但独特的热带雨林，它是野生生物的避难所。2We understand how stressful these things can be，and this is the reason why the pany created TrackR.句式分析本句是一个并列句，由并列连词and连接；and前面的句子是主谓宾结构，宾语是宾语从句；and后面的句子是主系表结构，表语是the reason；why the pany created TrackR是定语从句。精美译文我们理解这些事情会产生多么大的压力，这就是这家公司创造TrackR的原因。
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