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Unit 4 Helping people around the world(一)课前自主学习.阅读单词知其意1troublesome adj.麻烦的，讨厌的，棘手的2victim n. 受害者3vacant adj. 空着的，未被占用的；(职位)空缺的4staff n纵联1 全体员工5political adj. 政治的；政府的6chaos n. 混乱，杂乱，紊乱7mountainous adj. 多山的 8assistant n. 助理，助手adj. 助理的，副的9shelter n. 住所；藏身之处10wage n. (通常指按周领的)工资11damp adj. 潮湿的12muddy adj. 多泥的，泥泞的13heating n. 供暖；供暖系统；暖气设备14bacteria n(pl.) 细菌15angle n. 角度.重点单词写其形1urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的2expand vi.& vt.纵联2 扩展，发展(业务)；扩大，增强3possession n. 个人财产；拥有，具有4worthy adj. 令人敬重的；值得的，相称的； 有价值的5alternative adj. 可供替代的n. 可供选择的事物6means n. 手段，方法7acquire vt. 购得；获得，得到；学到8worthwhile adj. 重要的，令人愉快的；值得花时间(或花钱、努力等)9obtain vt. (尤指经努力)获得；赢得10barrier n. 障碍，隔阂；屏障，障碍物11colleague n. 同事12fetch vt.纵联3 售得，卖得(某价)；取来，去拿来13remote adj. 偏远的，偏僻的14export n.vt.& vi.纵联4 出口产品，输出品；出口，输出出口，输出.拓展单词通其变1lack n. & vt.缺乏lacking adj.缺乏的；短缺的 2description n描写(文字)，形容，说明describe vt.描述，形容；描绘describer n描写者3addition n增加；添加add vt.& vi.添加；相加，求和；增加additional adj.附加的；另外的4equal adj.平等的；同等的n.同等的人；相等物vt.与相同或相等equality n平等；同等equally adv.相等地5voluntary adj.志愿的；自愿的，主动的volunteer n志愿者v.自愿做，无偿做6contribute vt.& vi.捐献，捐赠，捐助；贡献；促成，导致contribution n贡献；捐献；投稿contributor n贡献者；捐献者；投稿人7starvation n饥饿；挨饿；饿死starve vt.& vi.(使)饿死，(使)挨饿8mitment n承诺，保证；投入，奉献；不得不做的事mit v犯罪，做错事；把托付给；使承担义务9crowd n人群 vi.& vt.挤满，塞满；使拥挤crowded adj.拥挤的10remind vt.提醒，使想起reminder n暗示；提醒人的事物纵联1.由staff想到的personnel n. (全体)人员crew n. 全体船员，全体乘务员clerk n. 职员，办事员纵联2.“伸开，扩展”训练营expand 扩展，扩大extend 伸出，延伸spread 伸开，传播stretch 伸展，拉长enlarge 扩大纵联3.各种“带/拿”都不同take 从这里拿走carry “拿，提，扛”，无方向性bring 从别处带来fetch 到别处去带回来纵联4.“经济生活”高频动词export 出口；输出import 进口；输入invest 投资bid 出价；投标distribute 分配；分布单元话题助人为乐子话题1灾难与援助catastrophic adj. 灾难性的donation n. 捐赠，赠送support v. 赞成，支持；提供rescue vt. 营救，救援undergo vt. 经历；遭受，承受supply n. 供给物devote vt. 把奉献(给)子话题2过程及影响fort vt.& n. 安慰relief n. 宽慰，安心grateful adj. 感激的，感谢的distribute vt. 分配；分发generosity n. 慷慨，大方financially adv. 金融上地rebuild vt. 重建available adj. 可获得的promote vt. 促进，推进warmth n. 温暖；热情学考对接活学活用高考采撷(一)阅读中的词汇应用1(2015全国卷阅读七选五)Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. It is putting confidence in someone. Trust is a risk. But you cant be successful when theres a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.写出加黑词在本单元的同义词：obtain，相关的同义词还有：get,_acquire写出加黑词块的汉语意思：缺乏信任2(2015安徽高考阅读D)In fact, when it es to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are pletely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overing their target. Such is their devotion to the mon good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.写出加黑词块的汉语意思：无可匹敌，无可比拟，其同义短语还有：beyond_pare/beyond_parision写出加黑词在本单元的同义词：mitment，本词常和介词to搭配。高考采撷(二)写作中的词汇应用(根据汉语及提示词翻译句子)1(2014辽宁高考书面表达)你的贡献肯定会使活动取得巨大成功。(contribution)Your_contribution_will_certainly_make_the_event_a_huge_success.2(2013重庆高考书面表达)与父母交谈不仅是了解他们和避免误解的一种手段，而且是学习如何爱他们以作为回报的完美方式。(means)Talking_to_parents_is_not_only_a_means_of_knowing_them_and_avoiding_misunderstanding_but_also_a_perfect_way_to_learn_how_to_love_them_in_return. (二)课堂重点释疑1lack n& vt.缺乏记牢(1)lackn.缺乏not lack for sth. 某物应有尽有，不缺某物 (2)(a) lack ofn. 缺乏for lack ofn. 因缺乏(3)lacking adj. 短缺的；缺乏的be lacking in (在抽象事物方面)缺乏练通单句语法填空More and more highrise buildings have been built in big cities for lack of space.Though lacking (lack) money, his parents managed to send him to a university.Lack of exercise can lead to feelings of depression and exhaustion.You will not lack for money while I am alive.Though Jack was lacking in experience, he made up for it in enthusiasm.一句多译她不受欢迎的原因是缺乏幽默。A_lack_of_humor accounts for her unpopularity. The reason why she is not popular is that she_lacks_humor.Lacking_in_humor,_she is not popular.用准lack作名词时常与介词of连用；作动词时可用作及物动词直接加宾语(不用被动语态)，也可用作不及物动词；形容词lacking常与in连用。写美(2013重庆高考书面表达)由于缺乏人类保护，长江江豚(Yangtze Finless Porpoise)的数量正变得越来越少。For_lack_of_human_protection,_the_number_of_Yangtze_Finless_Porpoise_is_being_smaller_and_smaller._2worthy adj.令人敬重的；值得的，相称的；有价值的辨清写出下列句中worthy的含义You must first have shown yourself worthy in several battles.有价值的I could be faithful to you without injuring a worthy person.令人敬重的 Yuan Longping have made great contributions to our country and his achievements are worthy of the highest praise.值得的记牢(1)be worthy(2)worth adj. 值钱；值得的be worth(3)worthwhile adj. 值得花时间/金钱/精力的值得做某事练通选词填空(worthy/worth/worthwhile)This article is well worth reading, but it is not worthy of being translated. So I feel that all your effort isnt worthwhile.一句多译这本参考书值得买，因为它对你的学习很有帮助。The reference book is_worth_buying,_because it is a great help for your study.(worth)The reference book is_worthy_to_be_bought,_because it is a great help for your study.(worthy)The reference book is_worthy_of_being_bought,_because it is a great help for your study.(worthy)It_is_worthwhile_buying/to_buy the reference book, because it is a great help for your study.(worthwhile)写美(2015全国卷书面表达)既然你对传统的中国文化感兴趣，我认为这个节日很值得你体验。Since_you_are_interested_in_traditional_Chinese_cultures,_I_think_this_festival_is_well_worthy_to_be_experienced/of_being_experienced.3equal adj.平等的；同等的，相同的；胜任的 vt.与相同或相等 n同等的人；相等物记牢(1)be equal to (doing) sth. (in .)(在方面)等于；能胜任(做)某事equal sb./sth. in (doing) sth. 在(做)某事上比得过、敌得过某人/物without equal 无与伦比(2)equality n. 平等，同等；均等equally adv. 相等地，相同地 练通单句语法填空Any man will be equal to the task, so long as he is careful.Its said that nobody can equal him in intelligence.Men and women must be treated equally (equal) in education and employment.We Chinese people have persistently urged the equality (equal) of nations, big or small.单句改错I dont think Bob is equal to be a manager, for he has little knowledge about management. bebeing完成句子I am_not_equal_to (不能胜任) the position, so I dont apply for it.His paintings are without_equal (无与伦比) in the Western world.写美(2014江西高考书面表达)其次，要积极向上、心情愉快，因为你的心理健康和身体健康同等重要。For_another,_be_positive_and_cheerful,_for_your_mental_health_is_equal_to_your_physical_health.4contribute vt.& vi.捐献，捐赠，捐助；贡献；促成，导致；投稿记牢(1)contribute . to/towards .(把)贡献给；(向)捐款；投稿contribute to促成，导致；有助于；是的原因(2)contribution n. 贡献；捐款；稿件make contributions/a contribution to/towards (doing) . 对(做)作出贡献练通单句语法填空(2017江苏高考)Located where the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.Failure can make a positive contribution (contribute) to your life once you learn to use it.单句改错Their invention has contributed to develop electrical engineering.developdeveloping用准contribute to和make a contribution/contributions to中的to都是介词，后面要接名词、代词或动名词。写美(2015全国卷书面表达)如果你想往我们报纸投稿，请在最后期限前把文章寄给我。If_you_want_to_contribute_to_our_newspaper,_please_send_me_your_article_before_the_deadline.联想表示“引起；导致；有助于”的词语还有：cause, lead to, result in, bring about等。5alternative adj.可供替代的，供选择的；其他的n.可供选择的事物；选择对象记牢(1)have no alternative but to do sth.别无选择只好做某事have the alternative of doing sth. 有做某事的选择an alternative to . 的替代品(2)alternatively adv. 可供选择地练通单句语法填空Natural gas is another abundant fuel that experts consider an alternative to gasoline.If you dont like the school lunch, you will have the alternative of bringing your own. 完成句子If he wants to go to Hong Kong tonight, he has_no_alternative_but_to_go by air.如果他今晚想去香港，除了坐飞机外别无选择。用准“别无选择只好做”的其他表达形式还有： have no choice but to do sth.; cant do sth.but do sth.; can do nothing but do sth.。在这些结构中若but之前出现实义动词do的某种形式 (does, did, done), but之后要用省略to的动词不定式。写美(2011北京高考书面表达)在追求梦想的过程中，我们可能只关注实现梦想的一种方式，忘记可能有其他选择。In_pursuing_a_dream,_we_might_focus_on_only_one_way_of_making_it_e_true,_forgetting_that_there_may_be_alternatives.6means n手段，方法记牢(1)a means of (doing) sth.(做)某事的方法、途径means of production/transport/munication生产工具/运输工具/通信手段(2)by means of 用，依靠；通过by all means 无论如何；当然可以(口语)by no means 决不；无论如何都不(位于句首，句子要倒装)练通单句改错Every means have been tried to save the environment.havehasThere is no doubt that the mobile phone is an important means to munication.toof句型转换The problem is by no means as simple as we first thought.By no means is the problem as simple as we first thought.完成句子Students build up their vocabularies by_means_of_reading_more.学生们通过更多的阅读来积累词汇。Can I e and have a look at your house?Yes, by_all_means.我能过来看看你的房子吗？好的，当然可以。用准means是单复数同形的名词，类似的单词还有series(系列)，species(种类)等。写美(2015重庆高考书面表达)通过定向分享，我只需要把书传递给其他参与者。By_means_of_controlled_release,_I_only_need_to_deliver_books_to_other_participants.7remind vt.提醒，使想起记牢remind sb. of sth.使某人想起某事remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事remind (sb.) that/how/what . 提醒(某人)练通单句语法填空You must remind him to_take (take) his medicine, in case he forgets.Passengers are_reminded (remind) that no smoking is allowed on this train.This reminds me of what we did together during our holiday.I always remind myself that time and tide waits for no man.完成句子Please remind_me_to_write an email to my mother tomorrow, for its her birthday.请提醒我明天给我母亲写一封电子邮件，因为明天是她的生日。写美(2015广东高考书面表达)这个结果有助于你预测一些重大疾病和食物偏好，并提醒你合适的锻炼方式。The_result_will_help_to_predict_some_major_and_severe_diseases_and_your_preference_for_diet_and_remind_you_of_suitable_ways_to_exercise.词汇过关综合训练.单词拼写1Would you tell me the general description (描写) of your present job?2Many young workers gave up their days off to do voluntary (志愿的) labour.3If you want to acquire (学得) profound knowledge, you must start from the ABC.4China exports (出口) many raw materials to foreign countries every year.5The matter is urgent (紧急的) and something has got to be done about it at once.6All over the world many people still suffer from starvation (挨饿)7He spent his childhood in the remote (遥远的) mountain area.8Unfortunately, they lost all their possessions (财产) in the fire.9We have obtained (得到) permission from the directors to use some of our funds.10He can always get on well with his colleagues (同事).单句语法填空1He just graduated from the university last month, so he is lacking in working experience.2I dont think I am worthy of such an honourable title.3You must have a good education, but practical training is equally (equal) important.4I have no alternative but to_report (report) him to the police.5At every moment I was reminded_of the difficulties we have.6He has made an important contribution to the panys success.7This is by no means a good way to make a living. 8I made a mitment (mit) to him to pay all of the debts.单句改错1She reminded me of that I had a meeting to attend that evening.去掉of2The fact that the miners there work in dreadful conditions attracts the publics attention and contributes to make laws to protect the miners rights.makemaking3To be punctual one has to have selfdiscipline, and the lack for it affects others.forof4When she was forty, she still kept a good figure by the means of exercising regularly and sticking to a diet.去掉the5He is a man worthy of to be trusted.We can count on his support.去掉of.句型转换/一句多译1He is seen as having contributed significantly towards the eradication (消除) of corruption.He is seen as having made a significant contribution towards the eradication of corruption.2由于缺乏资金，那位科学家放弃了他的研究工作。The scientist abandoned his research for_lack_of_fund. (for lack of)Lacking_fund,_the scientist abandoned his research.(分词短语作状语)Because_he_lacked_fund,_the scientist abandoned his research.(原因状语从句)3他在会议上提出的建议值得考虑。His suggestion put forward at the conference is_worth_considering.(worth)His suggestion put forward at the conference is_worthy_of_being_considered.(worthy)His suggestion put forward at the conference is_worthy_to_be_considered.(worthy)It_is_worthwhile_to_consider/considering his suggestion put forward at the conference.(worthwhile)(一)课前自主学习1refer_to谈及，提到；与相关，涉及； 查阅，参考2in_addition串记1 除以外(还)，此外3draw_someones_attention_to串记2使(某人)察觉到4under_the_umbrella_of 在的保护下，在的管理下5if_only 但愿6break_down 出故障；抛锚7in_chaos 处于混乱状态8get_hold_of 得到；抓住9remind_sb._of 让某人想起，提醒某人10think_back_to串记3 回想11make_a_difference 有作用(关系、影响)12contribute_._to_. 把捐献给13far_from 离远；远非，远不是14put_up 建造，搭起；张贴15take_on 雇用，承担，呈现16stop_sb._from_doing_sth. 阻止某人做某事17look_up 查阅，向上看18be_made_up_of 由构成/组成同根短语串记串记1.“除以外”家族apart from除外(还有/没有)aside from 除外(还有/没有)except for 除了(不好的部分)except 除之外(不包括)besides 除外(还有)in addition 此外(单独使用)in addition to 此外as well as 除之外串记2.attention短语展示draw someones attention to . 使某人察觉到call ones attention to . 提醒某人注意fix ones attention on . 集中注意力于bring . to ones attention 使某人注意pay attention to 注意串记3.think短语大团圆think back to 回想think about 考虑think over 仔细考虑think of 想起；考虑think twice 再三考虑think highly of 高度重视think up 想出，构思出think out 仔细考虑1international political conflicts 国际间的政治冲突2human rights 人权3increase peoples knowledge 增加人们的知识4promote world peace 促进世界和平5transform peoples lives 改变人们的生活6provide for themselves and their families 为自己和家人提供所需7primary education 基础教育8working conditions 工作条件1This_land_was_difficult_to_farm but now water has been pumped into the fields. 这块地过去难以耕种，但现在水已经被抽进了地里。2I_would_rather_you_hadnt_told me about it.我宁愿你还没有把那件事告诉我。3If_only there were more people donating money to charities!但愿有更多的人给慈善机构捐款！学考对接活学活用高考采撷(一)阅读中的词块和句式(完成句子)1(2017北京高考完形)Hannah is one of many examples of young people who are making_a_difference (有影响，起作用)in the world. You can, too!2(2016全国卷完形)Larry pulled over, set the brake and got_hold_of (抓住) the fire extinguisher (灭火器). Two good bursts from the extinguisher and the fire was put out.高考采撷(二)写作中的短语和句式(根据提示翻译句子)1(2017全国卷书面表达)外国学习者很难理解唐诗的真实含义和文化。(主语beadj.to do sth.)The_true_meaning_and_the_culture_of_Tang_poems_are_difficult_to_understand_for_a_foreign_learner.2(2015重庆高考书面表达)要是我能回到过去重新设定我的目标该多好！(if only)If_only_I_could_go_back_and_reset_my_goals!(二)课堂重点释疑短语集释1refer to指的是；谈及，提到；与相关，涉及；查阅，参考辨清写出下列句中refer to的含义When I study English, I like to put my dictionary within my reach so that I can refer to it when necessary.查阅，参考I mention this point now in passing and shall refer to it again.提到The new law does not refer to land used for farming.涉及What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refer to？指的是记牢(1)refer to .as .把称作refer . to . 把提交给(2)reference n. 谈到，提及；参考，查阅in/with reference to 关于练通单句语法填空The scientist referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field.(2015天津高考书面表达)The textbooks and dictionaries can be used as reference (refer) books while the magazines serve as reading materials.完成句子We were pletely in the dark in/with_reference_to his future plans.关于他的未来计划我们全然不知。用准(1)refer的过去式、过去分词和现在分词都要先双写“r”，再加上“ed”或“ing”。类似的词还有prefer。(2)“查词典”的表达方式还有：refer to a dictionary; look sth. up in the dictionary。写美(2011安徽高考书面表达)当我遇到困难时，我通常会选择参考相关的学习资料或网页。When_I_am_faced_with_a_difficulty,_I_usually_choose_to_refer_to_relevant_learning_materials_or_web_pages.2make a difference有作用(关系、影响)记牢make no/little difference to对没有影响/作用make some/much difference to 对有些/很大影响/作用tell the difference between A and B辨别A和B练通完成句子The sea air has made_some/a_difference_to her health. 海上的空气改善了她的健康状况。That will make_no_difference_to him, whatever you may decide.无论你做什么决定，对他都没有影响。Johnson didnt seem to be able to tell_the_difference between right and wrong.约翰逊似乎不能分辨是非曲直。写美(2013安徽高考书面表达)我不仅不会到处乱丢垃圾和吐痰，而且无论何时都会帮忙清理路边的垃圾。我希望我的行为能起到作用。Not_only_will_I_keep_from_littering_or_spitting_anywhere,_but_I_will_also_help_clean_up_the_roadside_litter_whenever_possible._I_hope_my_behavior_will_make_a_difference.3break down出故障，抛锚；(身体、精神)垮掉；坍塌；崩溃；(谈判、计划等)失败，破裂；(化学)分解；将分成若干部分；消除，破除辨清写出下列句中break down的含义Martin Luther King tried to break down racial discrimination.消除Lets break down the project into smaller parts in order to deal with them one by one. 将分成若干部分Men are left idle when machines break down.出故障You will break down if you take on more work than you can.身体垮掉Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.失败，破裂记牢break in 破门而入；打断(谈话等)break into 强行闯入；突然起来break out (战争、火灾等)爆发；发生(无被动语态)break up 破裂，分手；结束；拆分，分裂break through 突破break away from 脱离，挣脱练通选用上述短语填空We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken_into the office during the night.Dark clouds were gathering in the skies over Europe. War was soon to break_out.Only then did I realize that it was foolish of me to break_away_from all of my friends and never contact them. Scientists think they are beginning to break_through in the fight against cancer.写美(2014北京高考书面表达)我的自行车半路出了故障，我从上面摔了下来，使得左脚受伤了。My_bike_broke_down_halfway_and_I_fell_off_it,_making_my_left_foot_injured._句式集释1主语beadj.动词不定式教材原句This_land_was_difficult_to_farm but now water has been pumped into the fields. 悟拓展例句(1)The story is very interesting for the students to_read.这个故事对学生来说读起来很有趣。(2)Although the lady looks elegant, actually she is hard to_get_along_with.尽管这位女士看上去很优雅，但实际上却很难与之相处。析用法规则用法归纳本句属于“主语beadj.动词不定式”结构，在此结构中，动词不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的用于此结构的形容词有：difficult, hard, easy, fortable, (im)possible, pleasant, interesting, exciting等。注意事项动词不定式和句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系；若动词不定式为不及物动词，其后必须要加相应的介词。The armchair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very fortable to sit in.这把扶手椅看上去很硬，但坐上去很舒服。背写作佳句(1)(2018北京高考写作佳句)Beijing Language and Culture University is ideal for you to learn Chinese culture.(要点句)(2)(2014四川高考写作佳句)Though some of the questions seem unfamiliar to me, they are easy to answer.(要点句)2if only引导的虚拟句教材原句If_only there were more people donating money to charities!悟拓展例句(1)If only she would_listen_to_me carefully at the meeting tomorrow.但愿在明天的会上她能仔细听我讲话。(2)If only it were possible for me to see her once more!但愿我还能再见她一次！(3)Its too bad that I failed in the math exam. If only I had_worked hard at it!我数学考试不及格真是太糟糕了。要是我之前努力学习就好了！析用法规则用法归纳if only意为“要是就好了，但愿”，常用来表示强烈的愿望和遗憾，它引导的句子要用虚拟语气。if only句式中虚拟语气的三种情况：(1)表示与将来事实相反的愿望时使用if only sb. would/could do .(2)表示与现在事实相反的愿望时使用if only sb. did/were .(3)表示与过去事实相反的愿望时使用if only sb. had done sth. .注意事项only if表示“只有”，引导条件状语从句。only if本身不是一个固定词组，only是副词，用来修饰整个if从句。若其引导的从句置于句首，且与主句之间没有逗号隔开，则主句要用倒装语序。In a word, only if you learn English by using it can you learn it well.总之，只有通过使用英语的方法学英语，你才能学好它。背写作佳句(1)(2013北京高考写作佳句)If only he had kept on trying, he would have got a bigger fish.(要点句)(2)(2011江苏高考写作佳句)If only I had seen the picture earlier, I would have helped my parents more.(总结句)词块、句式过关综合训练.选词填空far from, get hold of, think back to, break down, refer to, in chaos, under the
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