2019高考英语 语法突破四大篇 第四部分 专题2 名词性从句讲义.doc

专题2名词性从句框架结构图名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)中的连接词名词性从句中的连接词有从属连词that/whether/if等，连接代词what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever等，连接副词where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever等。1.that的用法：(1)主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。That they are good at English is known to us all.The problem is that we dont have enough money.The report that there will be a severe storm in the northern area is false.(2)一般情况下，宾语从句中的引导词that可省略，但在以下几种情况中that一般不省略：当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入语时；有多个that引导的从句时，第一个that可以省略，而其他的that常不可省略；介词except，but，besides，in等后跟that引导的宾语从句时；当when，who，what，where，why，how等引导的从句与that引导的从句作主句谓语动词的并列宾语时。He judged that，because he was a child，he did not understand wine.The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.(3)that和what的区别。that引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不担当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词关系代词”，即常说的“先行词that/which/who”。Its a shame that he has made such a mistake.I will do what I can (do) to help him.(4)同位语从句与定语从句中that的区别。同位语从句中的连接词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而定语从句中的关系代词that在句中作宾语或主语，与先行词有修饰关系。如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连接词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释说明名词的含义或内容，如以下名词：news，fact，suggestion，truth，plan，belief，doubt，possibility，idea等，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。They expressed the hope that they would e to visit China again.(同位语从句)The hope that they expressed is that they would e to visit China again.(定语从句) 2.whether和if的用法：(1)whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether。It all depends on whether they will e back.(2)后面直接跟or not 时用whether。I didnt know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.(3)主语从句、表语从句中只能用whether。Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.The question is whether they have so much money.(4)whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if则不能。We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.(5)whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这样用；whether也可与动词不定式连用，但if不能。The question of whether they are male or female is not important.I have not decided whether to go or not.(6)宾语从句位于句首时或者宾语从句提前时用whether不用if。Thank you，but whether Ill be free Im not sure at the moment.(7)whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。Whether he es or not，we will begin our party on time.3.“疑问词-ever”和“no matter疑问词”的区别：(1)“疑问词-ever”可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的成分。Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.You can choose whatever you like in the shop.(2)“疑问词-ever”还可引导让步状语从句。Whoever breaks the rule，he must be punished.Whatever you do，you must do it well.(3)“no matter疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。No matter what you do，you must put your heart into it.No matter who es late，he must be punished.4.when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：when和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则为同位语从句。This is the place where the accident happened.(定语从句)They put forward the question where they could get the money.(同位语从句)主语从句的核心考点1.主语从句在复合句中充当主语，大多数主语从句都可以用it作形式主语而把主语从句置于句尾。2.that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省；what引导的主语从句表示“的东西”时，一般不用it作形式主语；whatever，whoever，whichever一般也不用it作形式主语。That she will succeed is certain.It is certain that she will succeed.What he needs is more experience.常见的it替代that引导的主语从句的句式主要有以下几种：(1)It系动词形容词(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)that从句It is certain that most of the farmers have brought in more money by all means.(2)Itbe名词(短语)(a pity，a shame，good news，a fact，an honour，a wonder，no wonder等)that从句Its no wonder that youve achieved so much success.(3)Itbe过去分词(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，well-known，announced等)that从句It is said that the professor has already succeeded in carrying out the experiment.(4)It特殊动词(seem，appear，happen，matter)that从句It happened to me that I had been away when he called.注意：(1)在“It is necessary/important/strange/natural.that从句”结构中，从句谓语常用“(should)动词原形”。(2)在“Itbesuggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required.that从句”结构中，从句谓语应用“(should)动词原形”。宾语从句的核心考点1.动词的宾语从句(1)大多数动词(hope，tell，say等)可以带宾语从句。We all expect that they will win，for members of their team are stronger.I dont think you are right.I dont suppose he cares，does he?(2)动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后有宾语补足语时，则常用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.(3)有些动词(短语)带宾语从句时习惯上需要在宾语从句前加it。这类动词(短语)有hate，enjoy，like，love，dislike，see to等。I hate it when they talk with their mouths full.2.一般情况下介词后只能用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句。We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.注意：(1)where引导的从句有时也可用作介词的宾语。We could see the temple quite clearly from where we lived.(2)that引导的从句作介词的宾语是很少有的，只有在except，in，but等介词后偶尔可能用到。Your position is quite good except that the organization is a bit loose.(3)sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，surprised等表示“情感”的形容词后也可带宾语从句。Im sure that they will make it in spite of the terrible weather.表语从句的核心考点1.主句的主语是idea，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等名词时，表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，即“(should)动词原形”的形式。His suggestion is that we (should) change our course.2.主语为名词reason时，表语从句中的连接词要用that，而不用why或because。The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was too careless and drank too much.3.because，as if，as though，as，like等连接词也可引导表语从句。He has lung disease.That is because he has been smoking too much.同位语从句的核心考点同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词的内容的从句。1.能接同位语从句的名词有：belief，fact，hope，idea，doubt，news，conclusion，suggestion，problem，order，answer，decision，explanation，information，thought等。2.同位语从句一般用that引导，但也可以用连接代词(what，which，who)、连接副词(when，where，why，how)或whether引导。I have no idea what has happened to him.3.有时同位语从句不紧跟在它所说明的某个名词后，而是被别的词隔开。The story goes that William Tell did kill the king with that sword.1.语序问题(误)These pictures show you whatdoesourvillagelooklike.(正)These pictures show you whatourvillagelookslike.宾语从句的语序应用陈述语序，而不是特殊疑问句的语序。(误)Doyouthink which of these is the most useful invention?(正)Which of these doyouthink is the most useful invention?在疑问句中，宾语从句的连接词应担当特殊疑问词的角色位于句首。2.what和that的运用(误)America was that was first called “India” by Columbus.(正)America was what was first called “India” by Columbus.在名词性从句中，连接词that既不作任何句子成分，也没有意义；而连接代词what则相反，它既充当从句的主干成分也有其自身的意义。另外，我们可以把what解释为：the名词that/which。3.whether和if的运用(误)If well hold the party has not been decided yet.(正)Whether well hold the party has not been decided yet.whether适用于任何情况；if(作“是否”讲)仅限于动词宾语从句中，但discuss，decide等动词后的宾语从句除外。4.连接词的使用易受汉语干扰(误)The reason why I was late is because I was trapped in the traffic jam.(正)The reason why I was late is that I was trapped in the traffic jam.第一句通过提取简化可得出：The reason is because.在英语中显然造成了重复现象。考向1宾语从句中的连接词.单句语法填空1.The gold medal will be awarded to whoeverwins the first place in the bicycle race.(2018天津)解析句意为：无论谁获得自行车比赛第一名，金牌将授予他。分析句子可知，空格处作to的宾语，同时在后面的从句中作主语，再根据句意可知，从句主语指人，且意为“无论谁”，故用whoever。2.Im not sure who/which is more frightened，me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.(2018全国)解析句意为：我不确定谁(哪一个)更害怕，我还是突然出现的雌性大猩猩。此处为宾语从句，空格处表示“谁”或“哪一个”，故用who/which。3.As natural architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015全国)解析分析句子结构可知，这是一个宾语从句。根据形容词thick及结构可知，这里的意思是印第安人算出土坯墙的确切厚度。空格后为形容词，因此空格上应用副词，故填how。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to I live.(2016全国)解析由句子结构可知，介词to之后为宾语从句，而宾语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导。2.After looking at the toy for some time，he turned around and found 或where his parents were missing.(2015全国)解析句意为：他转过身发现父母不见了。由句意可知，宾语从句句意完整且不缺少成分，所以应该用that引导从句或省略。考向2表语从句中的连接词.单句语法填空1.Without his support，we wouldnt be where we are now.(2018北京)解析句意为：假如没有他的支持，我们就不会取得现在的成就。“ we are now”是表语从句，结合句子的意思可知，此处表面意思是指我们所处的位置，故该从句应用where引导。2.This is what my father has taught meto always face difficulties and hope for the best.(2018北京)解析句意为：这就是我父亲教我的总是要直面困难，并且抱最大的希望。“ my father has taught me”是表语从句，该空在从句中作teach的直接宾语，且表示“父亲教我的道理”，故该从句应用what引导。3.40 grams of meat per day is what people should consume in order to stay fit.(2018北京海淀区二模)解析句意为：为了保持健康，人们每天应该消耗40克肉。“ people should consume”是表语从句，该从句中consume缺少宾语，且表示“所需消耗的东西”，故要用what引导该从句。4.Earthquakes worry people a lot.The reason is that we often do not know when they are ing.People can not prepare for it. (2017河南中原名校联考)解析设空处引导表语从句，从句的结构和意义完整，所以用that引导。.单句改错(仅有1处错误)I believe hard work is it takes to acplish my goal.(2018河北石家庄二中一模)解析本句中what引导表语从句，并在句中作动词take的宾语。that引导表语从句不作句子成分。考向3主语从句和同位语从句中的连接词.单句语法填空1.Every year，whoever makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.(2017北京)解析句意为：每年，在风筝节上风筝做得最漂亮的人会赢得奖品。whoever无论谁，表泛指，在句中作主语，相当于anyone who。2.Your support is important to our work.Whatever you can do helps.(2016北京)解析句意为：你的支持对我们的工作很重要，无论你们做什么都会有帮助。从句谓语动词do后面缺少宾语，且此处引导主语从句，故用whatever。3.It is often the case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.(2016江苏) 解析句意为：通常情况下，对于那些心存希望的人来说，一切皆有可能。本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的名词性从句，从句结构完整，不缺成分，故要用that引导。4.What you can learn from the ant philosophy is: Never give up，look ahead，stay positive and do all you can.(2017江西上饶模拟)解析分析句子结构可知，设空处引导主语从句，且从句中learn后缺少宾语，故填What。.单句改错(仅有1处错误)Its a great pity we wont be able to finish the task on time.(2017唐山模拟)解析It作形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的从句。.单句语法填空1.How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.2.A ship in harbor is safe，but thats not what ships are built for.3.Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?Yeah，but I have no idea why he did it；thats one of his favorite universities.4.The panies are working together to create what they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.5.It doesnt matter whether you turn right or left at the crossingboth roads lead to the park.6.As many as five courses are provided，and you are free to choose whichever suits you best.7.Jerry did not regret giving the ment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.8.The notice came around two in the afternoon that the meeting would be postponed.9.A farmer once organized a petition between his dog and his rabbit.He dug a hole in one of his biggest fields，and hid a carrot and a bone in it.He wanted to see which animal would find them first.10.It can be really upset trying to ask for something in a store or to tell the taxi driver where you are going.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1. Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.2.It was never clear the man hadnt reported the accident sooner.3.It is still under discussion the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.4.He said a lovely girl she was.5.The villagers have already known well do is to rebuild the bridge.6.What he should do is he stays at home and waits for his mother from work.7.The reason why he was late was his bike went wrong.8.Id like to start my own businessthats Id do if I had money.9.He came late.That was he got up late.10.The question that why so many people would choose to live in the countryside but to work in the city is still under discussion.语法填空(名词性从句专练)1.What worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is 2.that she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill.She has some doubts 3.whether she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar.Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she bees more stressful and she cant sleep well these days.Maybe this is 4.why she bees fatter these days，she thinks.5.How she bees slimmer and healthier has been her main task.So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions.But where she could get better suggestions and 6.who will give her better advice also puzzle her.It is her parents suggestion 7.that she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital.Professor Wang suggests 8.that she keep a balanced diet first.She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein.Whats more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day.Mary asked Professor Wang 9.when she should take exercise.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 oclock in the afternoon.That is 10.because she will have more time to do sports.It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has bee much healthier now.