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名词基础保分篇第一讲名词第一课时知识过关课1.不可数名词与可数名词的转化(1)表示种类时：various fruits(各种水果)。(2)表示“一场/段/件”时：a timely rain(一场及时雨)。(3)表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea，coffee，beer等：two beers(两杯啤酒)。(4)表示不同意思时：room房间(可数)；余地，空间(不可数)。注意有些不可数名词无论什么情况下也没有复数形式，即使受形容词修饰也不能加不定冠词，可称作“绝对不可数名词”。例如：fun，housework，homework，advice，information，news，progress，equipment，furniture，baggage/luggage，jewellery，machinery等。2.抽象名词具体化表示某种特性、状态、情感、情绪的抽象名词，可以具体化为可数名词，表示这样的“人或物”。常见的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物fort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事或人3.具体名词抽象化具体名词可以部分丧失其一般意义，具有抽象名词的特征，因此无单复数形式。(1)by后跟表示交通工具一类的名词，名词抽象化表概念，名词前无限定词，也不用复数；否则要用相应的介词。如：by bus/car/train/bikeon a bus/in a car/on the train等。(2)在go to school/church/hospital和at school, in prison等短语中，名词抽象化表示概念。4.ofuse/value/help/difference/importance/benefit等某些抽象名词，其含义相当于对应的形容词useful，valuable，helpful，different，important，beneficial在句中可作定语、表语、补语等。The book is of great use.(The book is very useful.)这本书很有用。(表语)This is a book of great use.这是一本非常有用的书。(定语)I find the book of great use.我觉得这本书非常有用。(宾补)5.名词前的修饰语。(1)several，(a) few，many，many a，a great/good many，a large number of，scores of，dozens of等只能修饰可数名词；除many a后接单数可数名词外，其余要接复数名词。(2)a bit of，(a) little(少)，much，a great deal of，a large amount of等只能修饰不可数名词。(3)some，any，plenty of，a lot of，lots of，a large quantity of，quantities of，masses of等既可修饰可数名词的复数，也可修饰不可数名词。读语篇，悟语法。反复朗读下列短文，领悟画线黑体之名词的类别。Born on August 23, 1988 in America1, Jeremy_ShuHow_Lin2 is a_professional_basketball3 player4 with the_Huston_Rockets_of5 the_National_Basketball_Association6 (NBA). But, to some degree, many Chinese fans7 and coaches8 take him as a_Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him as a_Chinese9 just because he has a typical Chinese face and his_parents10 were born in China. Jeremy Lin has recently bee a_success11 and attracted the_worlds12 attention, which gives Chinese people13 a lot of imagination14 and pride. As we know, in_most_peoples_eyes15, Jeremy is a_miracle16.In June, 2012, when Jeremy took his_third_trip17 to China, a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some families18，some children19 and even some women_players20. They brought cameras21 to take photos22 with their idol. Jeremy had fun23 with his supporters and expected to e back again.1.专有名词表示地点，第一个字母要大写。2.专有名词表示人名。3.名词作定语，修饰另一名词。又如a book store。4.表示职业或职位的单数可数名词player作表语，前面用不定冠词，表示“一个”。5. 因the Huston Rockets和the National Basketball Association都是由普通名词构成的专有名词；of the National Basketball Association是名词所有格，因无生命的东西的名词所有格一般用“of名词”表示，又如：the cover of the book(书的封面)。6.专有名词表示事物，这里指美国职业篮球联盟，常缩写为NBA。7.fans为fan的复数形式，可数名词的复数形式一般在后面直接加s。8.coaches为coach的复数形式，以s，x，sh，ch结尾的可数名词，复数形式加es。又如boxes，dishes，buses等。9.句中a Chinese是名词作补语。Chinese指中国人，这里为单数；但它的复数与单数同形，类似的单词有deer，sheep，fish，aircraft，means，works，Japanese等。10.“形容词性物主代词名词”表示“某人的”。11.这里的a success为抽象名词具体化，指“一个成功人士”。12.有生命的人或物的所有格，一般用“名词s”表示。又如the teachers name。13.people为集体名词，表示复数意义。又如police，class，group等。14.不可数名词imagination作宾语，在a lot of，some，any等限定词后面通常接名词。15.名词eyes作介词in的宾语。16.在冠词(a，an，the)后通常应有名词。17.在序数词后通常加名词。18 families为family的复数形式，以辅音字母加y结尾的名词复数形式是变y为i再加es。又如countrycountries。19.children为child的复数形式，属于不规则变化。又如oxoxen。20.man或woman两个词作定语时，其单、复数与所修饰的名词的单、复数一致。又如three men teachers。21.个体名词，表示某类人或东西中的个体。又如puter。22.photos为photo的复数形式，以o结尾的词一般加s。在中学英语里，以o结尾有生命的名词，如hero，tomato，potato，其复数是加es。23.抽象名词表示状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。又如anger。.完成句子(填入括号内词的正确形式)1.Two months(month) ago，three heroes(hero) caught four thieves(thief).They made them plant some potatoes(potato) and bamboos(bamboo) in two zoos(zoo).They also made their wives(wife) return the four big boxes(box) with some precious photos(photo) and brushes(brush) in them.2.Two editorsinchief(editorinchief)，three men_teachers(man teacher) and five women_doctors(woman doctor)，together with their children(child)，went to the market.They decided to buy two sheep(sheep)，three deer(deer)，four oxen(ox)，five geese(goose)and six white mice(mouse) with three feet(foot) and six teeth(tooth).单句填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。)1.Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives(knife) out of childrens reach.2.In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in examinations(examine) because it breaks the rules of schools.3.In my opinion, no one agrees that a wealthy(wealth) person without good health can be happy.So, just do our best and keep fit.4.Upon arrival(arrive), we began to work immediately.5.There are more visible changes in our gestures and facial expressions(express).6.Lang Lang is a worldclass young pianist(piano) who grew up in Shenyang.单句改错(下列每句中有一处错误，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改，请指出并改正。)1.I have only been there a couple of time.timetimes2.When you visit London, one of the first thing you will see is Big Ben.thingthings3.Mr. Wang gave us some advices on how to remember English words.advicesadvice4.I have no time to take exercise because I have a lot of homeworks to do.homeworkshomework5.This happened four and a half century ago.centurycenturies6.More care would insure you against making so much mistakes.muchmany7.Its about an hour drive from here to my office.hourhours8.Li Ming, a threeyearsold boy, is very lovely.threeyearsoldthreeyearold9.We are having dinner at my aunt tonight.auntaunts10.In our school, there is a new lab building with lots of teaching equipments in it.equipmentsequipment.语篇填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号中单词的正确形式。)A high school history teacher once told us, “ If you make one close friend in school, you will be most lucky.1._ true friend is someone who stays with you for life. ” Experience shows that he was right.Good 2._ (friend) are just not easily formed.To most of us, friendships are thought very important, but we need to have the kinds of friendships we want. Are they to be close or kept at arms 3._ (long)? Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface? For some people，many friendships on the surface are quite enough and thats all right. But at some point we need to make sure that our expectations are the same as our 4._ (friend) expectations.The sharing of 5._ (person) experience is the surest way 6._ (deepen) friendships.But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there are signs of interest and action in return.What are some of the difficulties in forming friendship? The greatest is to expect too much too soon. Deep relationships take time.7._ main difficulty is the 8._ (selfish) to think one “owns” the other, including his time and attention. Similarly，friendships need actions in return. In other words, you must give as much as you take. Finally there is a question of taking care of each other.9._ you spend reasonable time together, talking on the phone，writing 10._ (letter) or doing things together，friendships will die away.【语篇导读】本文主要讲如何加深友谊(how to deepen friendships)。1.A由语境可知，此处指类别，泛指“一个”真正的朋友，故填不定冠词A。2.friendships在句中作主语，用名词形式；又根据谓语动词are formed是复数及搭配可知，作主语的复数名词应当是“友谊”，而不是“朋友”，故填friendships。3.length在名词所有格后，要用名词形式。keep sb at arms length意为“不使自己太靠近某人；与某人保持距离”。4.friends根据语境，应当指“我们的朋友的”，应当用复数形式的所有格，故填friends。5.personal在名词前作定语，用形容词形式。6.to deepen在way后用不定式作定语。7.Another根据前面的The greatest和后面的Finally可知，此处是指多者中的“另一个”，故填another。8.selfishness在冠词后，要用名词。9.Unless根据“you spend.”和“friendships will die away”两个句子的逻辑关系可知，应填unless引导条件状语从句。10.letters名词作宾语。因为是可数名词，且没有限定词，故用复数。第二课时高考研究课名词在语法填空中的考查点规律方法1.由位置知词性：若所给名词处于主语或宾语的位置，则考虑使用名词的适当形式。2.由语境定词形：语境中含有下面要素时，常常使用名词的复数形式：含有one of；含有few, several, many, all, both等词；所填空后的谓语动词使用复数形式；使用名词的复数形式表示一类。真题验证11.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work. (2017全国卷)答案crowds根据空前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有不定冠词a，所以用复数形式。2.This development was only possible with the _(introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.(2017全国卷)答案introduction根据空前面的with和定冠词the可知此处需要填名词。with the introduction of表示“随着的引进”。3.This trend, which was started by the medical munity(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _(effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical munity was trying to fight.(2017全国卷)答案effects此处根据空前面的some以及空后面列举的两个副作用可知，用effect的复数形式。4. She is determined to carry on with her _(educate).(2017全国卷)答案education前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。5.She has turned down several _(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(2017全国卷)答案invitations由于前有several，故应该使用名词复数invitations，表示“邀请”。6.Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _(carrot)and was about to throw them away.(2017浙江卷)答案carrots根据前面的a handful of可知，此处要用复数形式。7.The nursery team switches him every few _(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mumshe never suspects.(2016全国卷)答案days此处表示每隔几天。8.Recent _(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016全国卷)答案studies由空前形容词recent断定所填词性为名词；由谓语动词show确定所填名词的形式为复数。9.Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _(painting).(2015全国卷)答案paintingspainting意为“图片，图画”，是可数名词，由于其前有so many修饰，故使用其复数形式。名词在短文改错中的考查点规律方法第一步：寻找名词；第二步：以该名词为中心，搜寻其辐射区域的关键信息；第三步：根据所搜寻的信息，确定名词的正确形式。其信息形式常常有以下形式：1.使用可数名词的复数形式的相关信息(1)可数名词前面有数词，several, many或复数意义的不定代词(some, both, these)等修饰；(2)通常以复数形式出现的单词；(3)上下文语境暗示应使用可数名词的复数形式；(4)有些名词作为可数名词和不可数名词时意义不同，如可数名词time意为“次数”，不可数名词time意为“时间”。2.使用可数名词单数形式的相关信息(1)不定冠词a/an后用可数名词单数；(2)上下文语境暗示应使用可数名词单数。3. 两类不可数名词(记牢答对)(1)抽象名词不可数；(2)物质名词不可数。真题验证21.Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.(2017全国卷)_答案informationsinformationinformation是不可数名词，所以没有复数形式。2.The instructor kept repeating the word，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turning left！”(2017全国卷)_答案wordwords根据后面的几处话语可知，此处用word的复数形式。3.If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. (2017全国卷)_答案knowledgesknowledgeknowledge是不可数名词，所以没有复数形式。4.The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016全国卷)_答案yearyears由“from 13 to 19”及谓语were可知此处year应该使用复数形式。5.When I was a very young children, my father created a regular practice I remember well years later.(2016浙江卷)_答案childrenchild由children前面的冠词a可知此处应该使用单数形式。6.The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015全国卷)_答案airsairair是不可数名词，所以没有复数形式。7.One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.(2015全国卷)_答案parentparentsparent指代父母两人，故要用复数形式。第三课时写作增分课名词在写作中的增分点一、利用抽象名词具体化写美句子1.被邀请来参加这次聚会我深感荣幸。(consider, invite)I_consider_it_a_great_honor_to_be_invited_to_this_party.2.结果试验成功了。(turn out, experiment)It_turned_out_that_the_experiment_was_a_success.3.作为一名作家他是失败的。(failure)As_a_writer,_he_was_a_failure.4.新汽车是全家人引以为豪之物。(pride)The_new_car_is_the_pride_of_the_whole_family.二、利用“be of抽象名词”靓化句子1.我的确希望这些建议会对你有用。I_do_hope_these_suggestions_will_be_of_great_use/useful_to_you.2.学好英语对我们大家都大有益处。Learning_English_well_will_be_of_great_benefit_to_us_all.3.这次考试对我来说非常重要。The_exam_is_of_great_importance_to_me.三、巧妙表达名词的量1.我们学校占地400亩。(an area)Our_school_covers_an_area_of_400_mu.2.他收集了许多邮票。(collection)He_has_a_large_collection_of_stamps.3.他月收入上万，过着富裕的生活。(ine)With_an_ine_of_more_than_ten_thousand_yuan_a_month,_he_lives_a_rich_life.4.这个城市人口超过200万，是这个国家的第二大城市。(a population)With_a_population_of_over_2_million,_the_city_is_the_second_largest_in_the_country.5.建于20世纪50年代末，我们学校有将近70年历史。(a history)Set_up_in_the_late_1950s,_our_school_has_a_history_of_nearly_70_years.
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