江苏专用2019高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破10主旨大意-标题归纳题优选习题.doc

十、主旨大意 标题归纳题(2018浙江，B)Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter，including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台)The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds，plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers arguments：many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is，the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However，longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists dont dispute(质疑) these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.语篇解读本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍了环境科学家史蒂文斯坦支持提倡使用塑料袋的做法，由此引出了对于塑料袋、纸袋、可重复使用袋的讨论。24What has Steven Stein been hired to do?AHelp increase grocery sales.BRecycle the waste material.CStop things falling off trucks.DArgue for the use of plastic bags.答案D解析细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句和第二段最后一句可知，塑料购物袋制造商雇用像Stein这样的科学家来说明他们的产品并不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有那么大的危害，所以D项“据理支持使用塑料袋”正确。25What does the word “headwinds” in Paragraph 2 refer to?ABans on plastic bags.BEffects of city development.CHeadaches caused by garbage.DPlastic bags hung in trees.答案A解析词义猜测题。画线单词所在句意为“看到这种逆风，塑料购物袋制造商雇用像Stein这样的科学家来说明他们的产品不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有那么大的危害。”联系上一句“The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in.”可知，A项“禁止使用塑料袋”为正确选项。26What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?AThey are quite expensive.BReplacing them can be difficult.CThey are less strong than plastic bags.DProducing them requires more energy.答案D解析细节理解题。根据题干信息“可重复使用的购物袋的缺点”可定位到倒数第二段倒数第二句“.longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.”，这种可长期重复使用的购物袋的生产需要更多的能源，故选D项。27What is the best title for the text?APlastic，Paper or NeitherBIndustry，Pollution and EnvironmentCRecycle or Throw AwayDGarbage Collection and Waste Control答案A解析标题归纳题。本文主要叙述了三方面的内容：塑料购物袋产生“白色垃圾”；塑料购物袋制造商想出了对策用可重复使用的购物袋；环保专家希望塑料袋和纸袋都不用。故A项“塑料袋、纸袋或者两者都不用”可作为文章的最佳标题。一、题型解读记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。设问形式常有：(1)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?(2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text?(3)What is the best title for this passage?(4)The most suitable title of this passage is .一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括准确而又简短；针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目能引发读者的阅读欲望。二、解题技巧1“高度概括”定标题(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。2文章标题三特点(1)一般为单词、短语或句子形式，短语居多；(2)短小精悍，精确性强；(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。例如：【真题感悟】中第27题，要求概括标题，本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题；纸袋容易回收，但生产成本高；环保专家认为塑料袋和纸袋都不要用。对这三个方面进行了对比，Plastic，Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题。A(2018河南六市第一次联考)In the fall of 1988，I visited many Buddhist temples，but after a while they all began to 9fade from my memories.However，there was one temple that left a great impression in my heart.It is called the Temple of the Golden Buddha.After walking around it and taking some photos，I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art.Back in 1957 a group of monks from a monastery(修道院) had to 5relocate a 1clay Buddha from their temple to a new location.The monastery was to be relocated to make room for the development of a highway.When the crane(吊车) began to lift it，the weight of it was so large that it began to 2crack.Whats more，rain began to fall.The head monk decided to lower the statue back to the ground and cover it with a large oilcloth to protect it from the rain.Later that evening the head monk went to check on the Buddha.He shined his flash-light under the oilcloth to see if the Buddha was staying dry.As the light reached the crack，he noticed a little beam shining back and thought it strange.As he took a closer look at this beam of light，he wondered if there might be something underneath the clay.He went to fetch a chisel and hammer from the monastery and began to chip away at the clay.As he knocked off pieces of clay，the little beam grew brighter and bigger.Many hours of labor went by before the monk stood face to face with the extraordinary solid-gold Buddha.Historians believe that several hundred years before the head monks discovery，the army was about to invade the country.The monks，realizing that their country would soon be attacked，covered their precious golden Buddha with an outer covering of clay in order to keep their treasure from being robbed by the enemy.Unfortunately，it appears that the enemy killed all the monks，and the well-kept secret of the golden Buddha remained uncovered until the day in 1957.As I flew home I began to think to myself，“We are all like the clay Buddha covered with a shell of hardness created out of fear，and yet underneath each of us is a golden Buddha，a golden Christ，or a golden spirit，which is our real self.Somewhere along the way，between the ages of two and nine，we begin to cover up our golden spirit，our natural self.Much like the monk with the hammer and the chisel，our task now is to discover our true spirit once again.”语篇解读本文作者通过讲述金佛寺中金佛不同寻常的历史，说明我们都像被一层坚硬的外壳覆盖着的泥佛，要发现自己真正的金色。1What made the monks cover the Buddha with a large oilcloth?AHiding it from being stolen.BProtecting it from the rain.CProtecting it from being damaged.DAvoiding being seen.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第三段末句“The head monk decided to lower the statue back to the ground and cover it with a large oilcloth to protect it from the rain.”可知，修道士们在金佛上盖上一块大油布是为了保护佛像不被雨淋。故选B。2Why was the author greatly impressed by the golden Buddha?ABecause he likes it very much.BBecause it differs from others.CBecause of its history.DBecause of the protection of the monks.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第二段末句“.I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art.”及下文的具体介绍可知，这个金佛给作者留下了深刻印象是因为它的不寻常的历史。故选C。3What might be the best title of the passage?AVisiting Buddhist TemplesBThe Golden BuddhaCProtecting Their CountryDRelocating the Buddha答案B解析标题归纳题。作者通过讲述金佛寺中的金佛出于保护被涂上一层粘土，经雨淋后露出本来面目，揭开了其不同寻常的历史。作者以此说明我们都像被一层坚硬的外壳覆盖着的泥佛，要发现自己真正的金色。“The Golden Buddha(金色的佛)”贯穿全文，适合作为标题。故选B。4What advice is given to us according to the passage?ACovering up ourselves.BFinding the truth.CDiscovering our true spirit.DBuilding up our belief.答案C解析细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句中的“our task now is to discover our true spirit once again”可知，作者建议我们要发现自己真正的精神。故选C。B(2018山东枣庄一模)3D printing is being more and more popular.We are now able to create things we need very quickly and easily using 3D printers.But can you imagine printing food?Some scientists are trying to 3revolutionize the dining experience by doing this.They hope that having a 3D printer in the kitchen will be as mon as the microwave oven or blender.Scientists say that itll be quite easy：you simply have to select a 4recipe and put the raw food inks into the printer.You can also modify the instructions to make the food exactly how you want it.This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals.Using 3D printers to create your meals would also be saving the environment.There would be less need for traditional growing，transporting and packaging processes as food production would be a lot more efficient.For example,6alternative ingredients(原料) such as proteins from algae，beetroot leaves and insects could be 7converted into tasty products.Printing food could also help people who suffer from dysphasia (a swallowing disorder)They could program the printer to print softer versions of their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them.However，some people think that a future of 3D food printing would be a disaster.It could take away many jobs，including those for growing，transporting and packaging food.Imagine a world where there was no need for farming or growing crops and the same tastes could be printed from a raw “food ink”.8Likewise，traditional cafes and restaurants might lose business.Also，there are concerns about the nutritional value of printed food：is it really possible to get the nutrients we need from food-based inks and gels(凝胶)?Whats more，cooking and eating together with family and friends has long been a traditional and enjoyable activity.It is hard to imagine a world where the pleasure of cooking is dead and meals can be created at the touch of a button.语篇解读本文介绍了一项新技术3D食物打印，它是一种能像打印文件一样把食物“印”出来的技术。5Which of the following best describes 3D food printing?AQuick and popular.BEasy and efficient.CNutritious and tasty.DSoft and convenient.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals.”可知，3D食物打印很快、很容易就能创造出好吃、有营养的食物。故选B。6Why do some think that 3D food printing would be a disaster?ATraditional food would disappear.BMany people could lose their jobs.CIt would affect the peoples health.DWe could all eat the same food.答案B解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段前两句“However，some people think that a future of 3D food printing would be a disaster.It could take away many jobs，including those for growing，transporting and packaging food.”可知，一些人认为3D食物打印在未来将会是一个灾难，因为它会抢人们的饭碗比如食物的种植、运输、打包工作，故选B。7What can we infer from the last paragraph?A3D food printing will replace traditional cooking.BThe future of 3D food printing is uncertain.CIt would hurt our tradition of food culture.D3D food printing would be a failure.答案C解析推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，烹饪和聚餐是人类的传统活动，很难想象3D食物打印带来的按钮世界，由此可推知，3D食物打印的应用会破坏我们的传统饮食文化。故选C。8Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A3D Food Printing：ing to the KitchenBCan 3D Printing Create Everything?C3D-Printing Food Will Be in Fashion!DThe Disadvantages of 3D Food Printing答案A解析标题归纳题。根据全文大意可知本文讲述了一项新技术即将进入厨房的3D食物打印。故选A。.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1The aged walls are made out of clay from the earth and wood.黏土2A gas main had a crack under my neighbours garage and gas had seeped into our homes.裂缝3Over the past forty years，plastics have revolutionized the way we live.彻底改变4Its her turn to cook this evening so she looks up a recipe for tomato soup on the Internet.菜谱(二)同义词语替换5If the pany was to relocate，most employees would move.remove6He said there is no alternative for him but to maintain order under any circumstances.choice7You can use these transformations to convert the data from one model to another.transform；shift8The fish were delicious. Likewise，the eggplant was excellent.Similarly(三)一词多义9fade褪色；枯萎，凋谢；(逐渐)消失(1)All memory of the childhood faded from her mind.(逐渐)消失(2)Coloured cloth often fades when it is washed.褪色(3)The roses he planted in the garden faded after three days.枯萎，凋谢.长难句理解1After walking around it and taking some photos，I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art.句式分析本句话是一个复合句，句子的主干部分I walked over to a glass case是简单句的主谓结构；After walking around it and taking some photos是时间状语；next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art是定语从句，修饰a glass case；describing the history of this magnificent piece of art为现在分词作定语，修饰a typewritten page。精美译文围着它走了几圈并拍了几张照片以后，我走向一个玻璃箱子，在它的旁边是一张打印的纸张，描述了这件壮丽的艺术品的历史。2They could program the printer to print softer versions of their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them.句式分析本句话是一个复合句，主句是简单句的主谓宾结构；so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them为目的状语从句。精美译文他们给打印机输入程序，让它打印出较软的食物，以便他们吞咽的时候没有困难。专题强化练(二十四).单项填空1To our great surprise，the little girl from the countryside because of her excellent English and quick wit after several rounds of petition.Astood out Bpicked outCturned out Dcame out答案A解析句意为：让我们吃惊的是，这个来自乡下的小女孩凭借出色的英语和敏捷的反应，在几轮比赛后便脱颖而出。stand out突出；pick out挑出；turn out结果是；e out出现，出版，结果是。故选A。2There is growing concern among the parents using puters to write articles has a bad effect on childrens handwriting.Awhat BthatCwhy Dwhen答案B解析句意为：家长们越来越担心，用电脑写文章会对孩子的书写产生不良影响。空格后的句子内容是对前面名词concern的具体说明，且句意完整不缺成分，应用that引导同位语从句。故选B。3We have seen many wonderful strategies for the peace-loving people， China is bringing in solving the plicated problems.Awho BwhereCwhich Dwhen答案C解析句意为：我们已经看到中国正在为爱好和平的人民带来许多解决复杂问题的良策。分析句子结构可知，此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词strategies，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用which，故选C。4Having wrestled with his for a whole night，the young man decided to go to the police station to confess his crime.Aconscience BrequestCprivilege Dappetite答案A解析句意为：经过一整夜的良心挣扎，这个年轻人决定去公安局坦白自己的罪行。conscience道德心，良心；request请求，需要；privilege特权，优待；appetite食欲，嗜好。故选A。5The economy of the country began to years after the big earthquake broke out.Arecycle BrecoverCcount Dbine答案B解析句意为：在那场大地震爆发后的几年里，这个国家的经济开始复苏。recycle重复利用，循环；recover恢复，复原；count计数，有价值；bine联合，结合。这里的recover是熟词新义，表示“从不愉快的事情中复原或恢复常态”的意思。故选B。6On Teachers Day，we all went to school to see our teachers.Aespecially BspeciallyCparticularly Dattentively答案B解析句意为：教师节那天，我们专程到学校去看望老师。specially特别地，专门地，强调为了某一目的，符合题意。7The news that some provinces are going to cancel their independent colleges in 2018 ，so situation will change.Ahave been confirmed Bis confirmingChas been confirmed Dis being confirmed答案C解析句意为：部分省份打算在2018年取消三本院校的消息已经得到证实，因此情况要有变化。由句意可知confirm的动作已经发生，应该用现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响；又因news与confirm之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，故选C。8The Chinese government has been pushing various effective reforms all its citizens.Ain charge of Bfor the purpose ofCin honor of Dfor the benefit of答案D解析句意为：为了所有公民的利益，中国政府一直在推行各种有效的改革。in charge of掌管，负责；for the purpose of为了(目的)；in honor of为了纪念；for the benefit of为了的利益。故选D。9How did you get the information，Helen? ，but Im not sure whether it is true or not.ADont put on the dogBA little bird told meCLet the cat out of the bagDIm all ears答案B解析句意为：你是怎么得到信息的，海伦？听别人说的，但我不能确定这是真的还是假的。Dont put on the dog不要摆架子；A little bird told me听别人说的；Let the cat out of the bag泄露秘密；Im all ears洗耳恭听。故选B。10Some subjects，such as math，physics and English，are for the senior high school students in China but some of them are unwilling to learn English.Aparable BpulsoryCconsiderable Dplex答案B解析句意为：一些学科，如数学、物理和英语，是中国高中生的必修课，但有些学生不愿意学英语。parable可比较的，比得上的；pulsory义务的，必修的，被强制的；considerable相当大的，重要的，值得考虑的；plex复杂的。故选B。.阅读理解AShenzhen traffic police recently posted a set of photos of the citys first 3-D zebra crossing on Weibo，sznews. reported Sunday.Located on Lianhua Branch Road in Futian District，the zebra crossing is about 30 meters away from the front entrance of the citys traffic police bureau.Different from the ordinary zebra cossing，the 3-D version has added two colors.Blue blocks are added parallel to the white blocks.And yellow blocks are painted on the two ends.Therefore，whether seen from afar or nearby，or from a vertical or horizontal angle，the three-colored zebra crossing looks like its rising up from the ground and is very eye-catching.The appearance of the citys first 3-D zebra crossing has sparked a heated discussion among the public and netizens.“It looks like a deceleration(减速) belt from a distance.Vehicles will slow down in advance，so I think it has a certain effect on protecting pedestrians as they cross the street，” a taxi driver surnamed Zheng told reporters.He added，“For taxi drivers like us，most of us slow down or stop at zebra crossings，as we have driving experience.But for a novice driver or a driver who isnt familiar with the road conditions，the zebra crossing could easily influence their judgment and make them stop in time.” However，one citizen，surnamed Huang，expressed some doubts.“When a driver sees this zebra crossing and is tricked by optical illusions，or if the driver cannot notice it in a timely manner and has to slam on the brakes，but mistakes the accelerator for the brake，or steers the wheel abruptly，wouldnt the consequences be more serious？” Huang said.Netizens have given mixed opinions about the 3-D zebra crossing.Advocates think that it is a kind of innovation that can strengthen drivers awareness of needing to slow down and giving priority to the pedestrians.While opponents worry that drivers will be disturbed and the original intention will backfire by increasing new security risks.It has been reported that 3-D zebra crossings are not new things，and have already appeared in many cities in China.11Why does the 3-D zebra crossing in Shenzhen feature three colors?ATo make it more striking.BTo classify passengers by color.CTo relieve the stress of passers-by.DTo indicate different road conditions.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段可知，这条3-D斑马线新增了蓝、黄两种颜色，因此人们无论是从远处还是从近处，从垂直的角度还是从水平的角度看，它都像是从地面上凸起的，非常引人注目。由此可知，应选A项。12What may the taxi driver surnamed Zheng think of the 3-D zebra crossing?ADangerous. BConfusing.CRidiculous. DEffective.答案D解析观点态度题。根据第三段可知，这位姓郑的司机认为这条3-D斑马线从远处看起来就像是一个减速带，司机会提前减速，这在保护行人方面有一定的效果，且他认为这条3-D斑马线很容易影响司机的判断，让他们能够及时停下来。由此可推知，他认为这条3-D斑马线是有效的(Effective)。13Which is the best title of the passage?A3-D Zebra Crossings Are Popular WorldwideBThe First 3-D Zebra Crossing Appeared in ShenzhenCHow Different People React to 3-D Zebra Crossings?DWhy 3-D Zebra Crossings Can Catch Peoples Eye Quickly?答案B解析标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Shenzhen traffic police recently posted a set of photos of the citys first 3-D zebra crossing on Weibo，sznews. reported Sunday.”可知，本文主要介绍的是出现在深圳的第一条3-D斑马线。故选B项。B(2018山东淄博一模)The Detroit Symphony Orchestra will be performing works by Georges Bizet on Friday morning.You might enjoy classical music and like to attend the performance，but live far away from Americas Motor City.On Saturday，the GoGo group Curtis Johnson is performing at the Kennedy Center in Washington DC.If you live overseas，going to that show is probably out of the question.But there is a solution! These and other concerts are available “live” on the Internet.You can hear them in real time with an electronic device.Both performances will be available on the World Wide Web.They are part of a growing number of concerts broadcast on puters，tablets and smart phones.These digital concerts are known as live-streaming.Technology expert Michael Antonoff says better and less costly equipment is making it easier for performers and theaters to offer music “live” online.“The quality of the sound and video pictures are improving all the time，”he says.“Those online concerts now have as many as 40,000 viewers per show.People in 100 nations are watching.It is a huge part of our increasing global reach.”“For international performers，Kennedy Center officials see a jump in online viewership from the h