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专题11 阅读理解易错点1 只见树木不见森林，误把细节当主题（2018新课标III卷）Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to munications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never fortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had e. Today, people still e and go to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City its present population is 762.27. What is the text mainly about?A. The rise and fall of a city.B. The gold rush in Canada.C. Journeys into the wilderness.D. Tourism in Dawson.【错因分析】一篇文章都是围绕着一个中心思想或一个话题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。通读全文可知，文章主要围绕Dawson的发展展开，Dawson反复出现，再根据每一段的段首句可以总结出，文章第一段通过城市发展的原因引出Dawson，第二段介绍Dawson发展的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，从而总结出文章的主旨大意。【参考答案】 A近几年的高考阅读理解越来越倾向于从语篇的角度考查能力，考生在做题时也要相应地转变为整体思维，要从整体把握文章的大意，不可过于纠缠细节。利用文章的细节内容进行干扰是命题人常采用的干扰方式，考生千万不可被其迷惑。遇到主旨大意题或是标题归纳题，切忌只见树木，不见森林。Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one ofSteins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists likeSteintomake the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers argument: many cities with bans still allow shopperstopurchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energytoproduce and transport. And while plastic bags may be uglytolook at, they represent a small percentage of allgarbageon the ground today. The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energytomake. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists dont dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shopperstouse the same reusable bags for years.27. What is the best title for the text?A. Plastic, Paper or NeitherB. Industry, Pollution and EnvironmentC. Recycle or Throw AwayD. Garbage Collection and Waste Control【答案】A易错点2 主观臆断，忽视逻辑Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing. turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing bines both. Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the real and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce BookCrossing.C. To stress the importance of reading. 【错因分析】 考生容易做错的原因是忽视本题上下文的逻辑关系和所涉及的相关信息，单一地、孤立地分析某句内容从而不能全面总结。【参考答案】B 回归原文，重视逻辑考生做阅读理解题的唯一依据就是文章，所有的判断都应围绕文章进行。每篇文章都是完整的语篇，上下文之间的逻辑关系非常紧密。在做此类题时，考生需要通过上下文之间的逻辑关系揣测作者所要表达的真正意图。 （2018浙江）In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a centurymost experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.”Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad.In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. Its partly true that Dickens style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. Its partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But its also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible and important for our own cultureto understand how he made himself a lasting one.22. Dickens is pared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress_.A. his reputation in FranceB. his interest in modern artC. his success in publicationD. his importance in literature【文章大意】本文是一篇人物传记，主要介绍了Charles Dickens在英国小说方面的重要贡献和深远影响。在他200年诞辰之际，让我们永远记住这位对文学艺术做出重大贡献的小说家。【答案】D易错点3 信息错位，忽视题干 Carri Kessler and her husband Will named their daughter Ottilie after a friend from the U.K., who helped them a lot. However, right after their baby girl was born, the couple noticed a big problem. No one could remember her name and no one could pronounce it. Were going to keep having to introduce her! Kessler told Today.The situation then grew worse as Kesslers grandmother admitted to sticking Post-it notes around the house to help remind her of Ottilies name which can be pronounced either Ott-ill-ee or Oh-teel-ya. Three months after Ottilie was born, the Kesslers decided to legally change their daughters name. The couple came up with two possible names. They then settled on Margot after talking to a name expert.The Kesslers situation is not unmon as an increasing number of parents experience the same as the Kesslers. According to BabyCenter Canada, 11% of its users wish they could change their childs name due to being overpopular, mispronounced or simply unfitting. Parents care a lot more and think a lot more about names now than their parents.To deal with this, a number of name experts now offer services to help parents choose the right name. Couples have also sought help from the Internet to choose their babys name. However, parents can change their childs name in the event that they regret their choice. In Canada, the rules vary in each province. For instance, in Ontario, the child must have lived in the province for the past 12 months, or since birth if under the age of one. Each of the childs legal guardians (监护人) must also give permission.3What can we learn from the third paragraph?A. The Kesslers experience is no exception.B. Unfitness is the main reason for changing the name.C.11% of Canadians are unsatisfied with their babys name.D. Parents always pay more attention to childrens name.【错因分析】根据第三段中的due to being overpopular, mispronounced or simply unfitting可知,家长想给孩子改名字的原因有名字太普通、发错音或者只是不适合,但文中并没有说不适合是改名字的最主要原因,故可排除B项。根据第三段中的According to BabyCenter Canada, 11% of its users wish they could change their childs name可知,11%的BabyCenter Canada的用户想要给他们的孩子改名字,由此得不出11%的加拿大人都对他们孩子的名字不满意这一结论,故可排除C项。根据第三段中的Parents care a lot more.than their parents可知,现在的父母对他们孩子的名字的关注度要比他们自己的父母对自己的名字关注度高,但这并不等于说父母一直都很关注孩子的名字,故可排除D项。【参考答案】 D 审清题干，锁定范围考生在做阅读理解题时，一定要看清题干，即所问的问题是什么，切忌答非所问。更改原句词汇，偷换概念，变换时态以及颠倒是非都是命题人经常采用的干扰方式。由于题干或选项不是照抄文章中的句子，而是用其同意词句进行表达的，所以考生一定要仔细对照文章，做出正确判断。(2017全国新课标II)I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul he stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our relationship off the screen.We shared the brief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didnt talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first?A. Paul Newman wanted it.B. The studio powers didnt like his agent.C. He wasnt famous enough.D. The director remended someone else.【答案】C 易错点4 断章取义，忽视语篇You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years, this association，founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty(贫困) and sickness, promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the worlds most promisingchangemakers seeking to solve(解决) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.Drayton believes that anyone can bee an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy contributing adult. In fact, it is many young peoples ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city, helped local farmers and provided an ine for poor people there.When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhakas streets, attracting rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to post(把制成堆肥) this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilizers(化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first, they were refused, but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made, the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14，000.Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.The authors attitude towards Ashokas programme can be described as _Achanging BforgivingCcautious Dpositive【错因分析】 文章介绍了Bill Drayton创办的机构Ashoka，该机构旨在让每一个公民都成为changemaker。如果考生不通篇理解，只注意到文章的某些细节内容，可能误选A或C。【试题解析】文章对Ashokas programmechangemakers自始至终充满着赞赏之词，显然作者对此是持积极态度的。故选D。【参考答案】 D 重视语境，挖掘信息近几年的高考阅读理解题中出现了不少夹叙夹议类文章，或者是先叙述后议论、或者在叙述中夹有议论，无论是哪种类型的文章，作者都不直接表明自己的观点或态度，而是将自己的情感贯穿于文章之中。考生在做题过程中，要从语篇的角度推断作者的情感。遇到猜测词义或句意类试题，考生要依据上下文进行综合推断，不宜只根据某一处细节或某个句子下结论。 Why College Is Not Home The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are being an extended period of adolescence, during which many of todays students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves trying on new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide safe spaces within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college munity(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and plex munity. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. Every college discussion about munity values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.1.Whats the authors attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?A. Sympathetic B. DisapprovingC. Supportive D. Neutral 【答案】A高考阅读理解试题解题误区第一大误区，阅读文章时逐字逐句，力争读懂每一句话。很多同学都觉得阅读理解时间不够，往往是采用的这种阅读方法。在高考或者我们平时高考模拟考试中，英语阅读一共应分配的时间是35分钟。平均每篇文章7分钟，那么这每篇文章的7分钟又应该大致如何分配呢？我问过一些中学生同学，不少同学都认为文章读5分钟，题做两分钟。他们的理由很简单，读完这样一篇高考文章，没个5分钟不太可能。那么我可以肯定的说，花5分钟读文章的同学2分钟绝对做不完题。于是在考试中这些同学只得采取牺牲写作文的时间这样一种拆东墙补西墙的方法以求在阅读上多拿分。这样的做法往往收效甚微，感觉时间不够的同学很多时候是因为采取了错误的阅读方法，这样的话即使补进去10来分钟时间，其实也不见得能多拿几分。一场考试下来，同学发现英语阅读错了很多，开始反思的时候，会这样想，我是阅读速度太慢，文章没有读懂，我应该继续努力提高我的英文水平，争取下次考试能把文展轻松读懂。这样一个努力方向是不现实的，就高考文章而言，要在7分钟内把文章读的清楚明白，还要把题作对，基本是一个不可能任务。而且出题人也根本没指望一个中学生能把高考阅读文章读的通通透透。高考阅读主要考查的是同学们两方面的能力，一个是把握文章主旨大意，另一方面是把握文章的某些细节。考纲中说阅读理解测试学生好几方面的能力，其实都可以归到这两类里，它不过写到更具体一些而已，比如根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申，这些推理引申不是没有根据的，其根据也只能根据两点，要么文章主旨，要么文章某个细节。 因此根据高考阅读考查的特点，我们在读文章时不是应该每个细节都不放过的去读，而是应该读文章的结构，读出结构，主旨题就能解决，而其他细节题再回文章定位做出。平时我们在复习的过程中就要注意了，我们读文章时要读文章的结构，不要在细节上做过多的纠缠。高考文章中的说明文占的比重较大，难度也大，而偏偏是这类文章结构鲜明，同学们应该注意把握。我们把阅读的重点转移到文章结构之后，建立起正确的时间分配方法就不是难事了，那就是读文章3 分钟，做题4分钟。其实你熟悉了把握结构这种读文章的方式之后，3分钟足够你把握文章的大致结构。第二个误区，读文章时断章取义。这个误区实际是第一个误区的延伸，就是同学对文章缺乏大局观，仅仅根据本段来理解本段。比如这样一篇文章，后面有道题问的是段落主旨。我们把其他段的大意翻译出来，只留下一二两段：1、One of our biggest fears nowadays is that our kids might some day get lost in a sea of technology rather than experiencing the natural world. Fear-producing TV and puter games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoors, which will changes the wild places of the world, its creatures and human health for the worse, unless adults get working on childs play.2、Each of us has a place in nature we go sometime, even if it was torn down. We cannot be the last generation to have that place. At this rate, kids who miss the sense of wonder outdoors will not grow up to be protectors of natural landscapes. If the decline in parks use continues across North America, who will defend parks against encroachment（蚕食）? asks Richard Louv, author of Last Child in the Woods.3. 接近自然好处多。4. 不是孩子的错。5. 每个人都有责任来让孩子重返自然。题目：The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that_A. kids are missing the sense of wonder outdoorsB. parks are in danger of being gradually encroachedC. Richard Louv is the author of Last Child in the woodsD. children are expected to develop into protector of nature这个题目正确答案是D，而很多考生误选了A。纠其原因，就是根据本段理解本段，没能体会这个段落在文章中的作用。这篇文章结构很清晰，先讲了一个现象（孩子脱离自然），然后表明了自己的态度，最后提出解决方案。好了，文章很明显的是，第一段讲了现象，第三段讲了态度，第4、5段讲解决方案。那问题就出来了，第二段它要干吗，是做为第一段的延续把这个现象更一步描述呢，还是表明了作者的态度，并引出了第三段的阐述？这样就能看出第2段文章的主旨了，它不是在描述现象，
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