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专题13 人物传记、故事类2018年高考题A【2018浙江卷】 In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a centurymost experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.”Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad. In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa. How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. Its partly true that Dickens style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. Its partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But its also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a singular writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible and important for our own cultureto understand how he made himself a lasting one.21. Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century?A. They were difficult to understand.B. They were popular among the rich.C. They were seen as nearly worthless.D. They were written mostly by women.22. Dickens is pared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress_.A. his reputation in FranceB. his interest in modern artC. his success in publicationD. his importance in literature23. What is the authors purpose in writing the text?A. To remember a great writer.B. To introduce an English novel.C. To encourage studies on culture.D. To promote values of the Victorian age.【答案】21. C 22. D 23. A【解析】本文写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，介绍了Charles Dickens在英国小说方面的重要贡献和深远影响。22. 推理判断题。根据第二段Dickens greatness is unchallenged.和列举的Charles Dickens小说的影响可知，把他和Mona Lisa相比是为了说明Charles Dickens在英国小说方面的重要性和Mona Lisa在绘画方面的重要性是一样的，故选D。23. 写作意图题。根据文中对Charles Dickens及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible and important for our own cultureto understand how he made himself a lasting one.可知本文是写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故选A。【点睛】推理判断题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，做出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含的意思和深层的意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息，上下逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。本文推理判断题的考法：1. 推测文章的观点或结论。小题1要求判断18世纪英国小说的现状，根据第一段对当时情况的描写nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy rate in England was under 50%.Novels, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.可知当时印刷技术落后，人们识字率低，小说被认为是愚蠢的不正常的，毫无价值可言。2. 推测作者写作目的或意图。小题3判断本文的写作目的，根据文中对Charles Dickens及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible and important for our own cultureto understand how he made himself a lasting one.可知本文是写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，由此推断作者写本文是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。 B【2018天津卷】When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested the munity to turn it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, Do you have the address? No, but Ill recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. Oh, stop. There it is!”The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.May I help you? a man asked. No, I said. Were fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a long time about a painting you werent that interested in? Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in one room. Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. Where do you think you are? he asked. I turned sharply. The McNay Art Museum! He smiled, shaking his head. Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street. Whats this place?” I asked, still confused. Well, its our home. My heart jolted(震颤). I raced to the staircase and called out, Sally! e down immediately! Theres some really good stuff(艺术作品) up there. She stepped down, looking confused. I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place. Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing. She couldnt believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso. This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place. Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum?Yes. But how do you know? We never told anyone.That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feelings about my home changed after that. Ive always wanted to thank you.41. What do we know about Marian McNay?A. She was a painter.B. She was a munity leader.C. She was a museum director.D. She was a journalist.42. Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house?A. She disliked people who were nosy.B. She felt nervous when talking to strangers.C. She knew more about art than the man.D. She mistook him for a tour guide.43. How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall?A. Puzzled. B. Concerned.C. Frightened. D. Delighted.44. Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words?A. The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.B. She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.C. The McNay was disappointing pared with the house.D. The event happening in the house was more significant.45. What could we learn from the last paragraph?A. People should have good taste to enjoy life.B. People should spend more time with their family.C. People tend to be blind to the beauty around them.D. People tend to educate teenagers at a museum.【答案】41. A 42. D 43. A 44. D 45. C【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章作者和朋友原想参观McNay博物馆，到了之后参观的时候，发现很多人奇怪的看着她，最后才发现自己误将一个私人住宅当成McNay博物馆。30年后，一位女士认出误撞入自己住宅的作者，指出正是因为作者的误撞入才让她意识到自己住的地方有多么美丽。41. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay.可知，Marian McNay是一名水彩画家。故选A。42. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段May I help you? a man asked. No, I said. Were fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves.可知，导游令作者心烦，作者误认为屋子里的男人是位导游。故选D。43. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem?（大厅的人看起来都非常爱窥探的，眼睛不停的好奇的看着我。他们有什么问题？）可以推断出，作者当时感到困惑不解。故选A。【点睛】本文是叙事性的文章，文章有一定的趣味性，整体难度中等，考查主要以细节理解和推理判断两类题型。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。如小题3中考查作者被人盯着看的感受，我们需要找到文章中作者的措词nosy，curiosity和problem，可以推断出作者当时非常困惑不解的心理感受。A【2018北京卷】My First Marathon（马拉松）A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didnt do either well. He later informed me that I was not athletic.The idea that I was not athletic stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about petition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldnt even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a marathon winner.36.Amonthbeforethemarathon,theauthor _.A.waswelltrainedB.feltscared C.madeuphismindtorunD.losthope37.WhydidtheauthormentiontheP.E.classinhis7thyear?A.Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.B.Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.C.Toshowhewasnottalentedinsports.D.Toshareapreciousmemory.38.Howwastheauthorsfirstmarathon?A.Hemadeit.B.Hequithalfway.C.Hegotthefirstprize.D.Hewalkedtotheend.39.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.B.Awinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.C.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.D.Oneisnevertoooldtolearn. C22018北京卷 A【要点综述】 本文是一篇故事类文章。作者记叙了没有运动天赋的他，在20多岁才开始长跑，但是一次在跑马拉松比赛前夕踝关节受伤，但他坚持不懈，最终实现了自我的故事。36. C细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Yet, I was determined to go ahead”可知，作者在马拉松前一个月下定决心要参加马拉松比赛。故选C。37. C写作意图题。根据文章第二段中的“He later informed me that I was not athletic”可知，作者的经历证明他在运动方面并非很有天赋。故选C。38. A细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.”以及前文中作者行进经过的标志可知，虽然作者是最后到达终点的一批马拉松选手，但是他跑完了全程。故选A。39. B主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a marathon winner”.”可知，作者享受到了战胜自我的快乐，认为只要努力了就算是胜利者。故选B。2017年高考题人物传记类C12017浙江卷6月考ABenjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days, a brush was made from camels hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat began to look ragged (蓬乱). His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing.The cats lot was about to improve. That year, one of Benjamins cousins, Mr Pennington, came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamins drawings. When he went home, he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings (版画) by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr Pennington returned for another visit. He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamins parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.In the city, Mr Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape (风景) painting. William Williams, a wellknown painter，came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said，“Those two books were my panions by day, and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nineyearold boy decided then that he would be an artist.21What is the text mainly about?A. Benjamins visit to Philadelphia.B. Williams influence on Benjamin.C. The beginning of Benjamins life as an artist.D. The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.22What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 suggest?A. The cat would be closely watched.B. The cat would get some medical care.C. Benjamin would leave his home shortly.D. Benjamin would have real brushes soon.23What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent?A. He took him to see painting exhibitions.B. He provided him with painting materials.C. He sent him to a school in Philadelphia.D. He taught him how to make engravings.24Williams two books helped Benjamin to _A. master the use of paintsB. appreciate landscape paintingsC. get to know other paintersD. make up his mind to be a painter【文章大意】 本文是一篇人物介绍类的记叙文，主要讲述了美国绘画之父本杰明韦斯特小时候绘画天赋的培养和他在6至9岁时受到的艺术启蒙教育。21. C主旨大意题。根据文章第一段首句“Benjamin Westshowed his talent for art when”，以及下文第四段首句提到的“In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old”和最后一段内容及最后一句“boy decided then that he would be an artist.”，并结合全文可知，文章主要讲述了Benjamin West (本杰明韦斯特)少年时代的艺术启蒙，特别是69岁阶段，所以C项能概括全文大意。22. D句意理解题。该句需要结合上下文来理解。根据上文第二段提到本杰明剪猫的毛来制作画笔，导致猫的“毁毛破相”，而第三段提到本杰明的堂兄Pennington给他送来了很多画画的颜料和画笔。由此我们可以推断，该下划线句子内容说明“猫的命运不久将得到改善”，而这一点可以从本杰明得到了很多画笔资助推断出来。故这句话隐含着“本杰明将很快不再需要用猫的毛制作画笔了，他将得到很多真正的画笔”的意思，答案选D项。【名师点睛】 本文后两个小题考查了细节题。在完成细节题时，要特别注意排除干扰项。如【小题23】中的D项“He taught him how to make engravings”属于“偷梁换柱”类干扰项，根据第三段第五句“He also sent six engravings by an artist”可知“这些版画是Pennington送给Benjamin的”，并非是Pennington教Benjamin如何画版画，说明D项明显错误。干扰项的设置方法通常有以下几种方式：1.张冠李戴。命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。2.偷梁换柱。干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。3.无中生有。干扰项往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。4.以偏概全。考生在做猜测文章中心思想、给文章添加标题或判断推理题时，往往会犯以偏概全的错误。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定势的影响或考虑不周，以局部代替整体。其具体表现为合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位。不合理关联就是表层理解与深层理解相混淆。表层理解是对文章中客观事实的感知和记忆，往往是文章直接表述的结论；深层理解则是对文章中的客观事实进行逻辑推理、总结或概括后得出的结论。不准确概括是指不能准确地按题目要求概括或提取文中的表层或深层信息。 考点：考查记叙文阅读 故事类 2017北京卷AIt was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy softball team were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighthgrader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didnt know each other wellTaylor had just moved to town a month or so before.Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground.“Pariss eyes rolled back，” Taylor says. “She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency.”It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were in shock. Then the softball coach shouted out, “Does anyone know CPR？”CPR is a lifesaving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick persons chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen, the brain is damaged quickly.Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didnt think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death，” says Taylor.Taylors swift action helped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Pariss heartbeat returned.“I know I was really lucky，” Paris says now. “Most people dont survive this. My team saved my life.”Experts say Paris is right: for a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a nurse. “I feel more confident in my actions now，” Taylor says. “I know I can act under pressure in a scary situation.”56What happened to Paris on a March day?AShe caught a bad cold.BShe had a sudden heart problem.CShe was knocked down by a ball.DShe shivered terribly during practice.57Why does Paris say she was lucky?AShe made a worthy friend.BShe recovered from shock.CShe received immediate CPR.DShe came back on the softball team.58Which of the following words can best describe Taylor?AEnthusiastic and kind.BCourageous and calm.CCooperative and generous.DAmbitious and professional.【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了垒球女孩 Paris 在打球的过程中突然心力衰竭， 队友 Taylor对其进行了紧急心肺复苏，Paris因此恢复了心跳的故事。文章旨在说明病人心力衰竭时， 其他人保持冷静并对其进行紧急心肺复苏的重要性。56B细节理解题。 根据第三段中“It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure.”可知， Paris突然心力衰竭，所以答案为B。57C推理判断题。根据第六段可知队友的协助使Paris得到了及时的救助，所以 Paris说自己很幸运。故答案为 C。58B推理判断题。根据第五段中“But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR.”可知Taylor非常的勇敢，以及第六段首句“Taylors swift action helped her teammates calm down.”可知， Taylor是一个勇敢、冷静的女孩， 所以答案为 B。【名师点睛】故事类文章是高考阅读理解常选材料之一。这类文章常通过叙述突出人物性格特征或讲述个人经历与感悟，以及逸闻趣事。文章的要素有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。解题技巧： 1、高考选用的此类文章常常为幽默类或情感类故事，其目的或阐明某种观点，或抨击某种陋习，或赞扬某种品德，所以要关注作者表达的个人感悟，提出的个人意见，或故事中出其不意的变化，而这些往往体现文章中心或写作意图，属于必考点。如本题中的第58题，总结人物品质的，Taylor根据自己所学的CPR知识及时的挽救了 Paris的生命，虽然犹豫了，但是很快地进行CPR抢救，说明她很勇敢，很镇静，不慌不忙，不像其他孩子那样陷入惊慌之中，故选B。2、该类文章语言流畅、有趣，命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。这类文章同学们常有文章易懂，题目不易做的感觉。要注意培养自己快速阅读的习惯。切不可在个别难懂的词句上停留太久，耽误时间。3、对整篇短文内容有了一定的了解后，要马上看短文后的问题，带着问题去选择或判断答案。要确定所需查找的信息范围，并注意所查找信息的特点。例如：如果问题或选项涉及到人名、地名，就应该找首字母大写的单词；如果问题或选项涉及时间、日期、数字，就应该寻找具体的数据。 2017全国卷B I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful. I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2 to 3weekold owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety. I examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree. The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and fortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down. Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring. A nervous night to be sure，but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw th
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