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专题01 名词【2019年高考考纲解读】高考对名词词义辨析以及习惯搭配用法的考查将仍然是重点。 名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外，还常结合其他项目一起考查，题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形式出现，考查要点主要包括：1考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外，高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。2考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。3考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如：shelter n庇护，避难所vt.保护，躲避，避难； storm n. 暴风雨， 大动荡vi.&vt.横冲直撞， 猛攻； shoulder n. 肩，肩膀，肩部vt.肩负，承担； trail n小径， 痕迹vt.追踪。【重点、难点剖析】一、名词词义辨析同义词、近义词甚至是形近词有着不同的含义和适用场合，要特别注意在特定语境中准确运用词汇和语法知识的能力。平时要努力扩大词汇量，做题时要深入理解语境，整体把握，结合句意作出最佳选择。二、名词固定搭配高考中常常借助名词的固定搭配在具体语境中的运用考查名词。解答此类试题，不仅要掌握名词的意义，体会语境，还要牢记常用的名词固定搭配。如：have/gain access to得以进入/会见/接近；take advantage of利用，趁之机；make fun of取笑，嘲弄等。三、抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等而没有实物的名词。抽象名词具体化后变成可数名词，前面可加不定冠词，用来强调其具体表现形式或表示某一次短暂的动作，常意为“一次的事情；一个的人；一种的东西”。如：抽象名词具体意义success成功a success成功的人或事failure失败a failure失败的人或事pleasure乐趣a pleasure令人高兴的事pity同情a pity令人遗憾的事relief宽慰 a relief令人宽慰的事beauty美，美丽a beauty美人surprise惊奇；吃惊a surprise一件意外的事concern关心a concern一件令人关切的事四、名词作定语名词作定语一般用单数形式，如a mountain village, stone houses, coffee cup，但man和woman作定语时要随着所修饰的名词的数的变化而变化。如：a woman doctor, two women doctors。五、名词的所有格1以“s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加“”。如：the teachers readingroom/ten minutes walk2复数为特殊变化的复数名词后加“s”。如：Womens Day/the Childrens Palace3名词并列时，所有格的形式不同，其含义不同。如：Tom and Bobs desk 汤姆和鲍勃的桌子(共有)Toms and Bobs desks 汤姆的桌子和鲍勃的桌子(不共有)4双重所有格。(1)当of短语所修饰的名词前有表示数量的词，如a/two/some/any/no等时，表示所有关系的of后加名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如：a friend of my brothers/his我弟弟的/他的一个朋友several students of Mr. Smiths/mine史密斯先生的/我的几个学生(2)当of短语所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词表示一定感情色彩时，of后也用名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如：That little son of Xiao Lis/yours is really lovely.小李的/你的那个小儿子真可爱。This invention of the professors/his is of great importance.教授的/他的这项发明很重要。 民被这位小伙子的行为深深地打动，并对他的这个善举报以热烈的掌声。25答案applause解析考查词性转换。空格所填词和前面的of一起构成 of所有格形式，修饰前面的名词storm作定语。所以用名词形式。26答案behavio(u)r解析考查词性转换。前由“his kind(他善良的)”作定语修饰，指他善良的行为，故填名词形式。27答案user解析考查词性转换。由语境和句子结构可知，该空作主语，意为“用户”。句意为：一位微博用户甚至评论道：我只要七秒就爱上了这个年轻人。28答案seconds解析考查名词的数。second在此用作名词，意为“秒”，是可数名词，前有数词seven修饰，用复数形式。【变式探究】【2017新课标III】阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。ATorontomanisofferingafreeround-the-worldairtotherightwoman.But_41_apply.YoumustbenamedElizabethGallahgherandhaveaCandian_42_ .Jordan Axani, 28, said he and his then girlfriend, Elizabeth Gallagher, booked heavily discounted round-the-world air tickets in May, but their 43 ended and he did not want her ticket to 44 . The ticket had a strict no-transfer（不可转让） 45 , but since passport information was not required when 46 , any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can 47 it. “I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to 48 a lot of joy,” said Axani. He posted his 49 on a social networking website, and received thousands of e-mails, including thirty from actual Elizabeth Gallagbers with the 50 passports, “More 51 , there are hundreds of Canadians who are interested in 52 their name to Elizabeth Gallagher,” Axani said. “It was absolutely out of 53 , thousands of e-mails, people around the world 54 their stories of travel.”Axani wrote in his post that he is not 55 anything in return and that the woman who uses the 56 ticket can choose to either travel with him or 57 the ticket and travel on her own.The 58 is scheduled to start on December 21 in New York City and continue on to Milan, Prague, Paris, Bangkok and New Delhi before 59 in Toronto on January 8. He said the 60 woman will be announced on the website and the trip will be shared online.41.A.benefitsB.depositsC.retrictionsD.examinations42.A.orginB.passportC.accentD.firend43.A.holidayB.marriageC.dreamD.relationship44.A.go to wasteB.e to mindC. go no saleD.e into effect 45.A.policyB.orderC.parmentD.schedule46.A.applyingB.bookingC.checkingD.bargaining47.A.useB.borrowC.chooseD.buy48.A.sacrificeB.expressC.experienceD.provide49.A.answerB.adviceC.offerD.ment50.A.sameB.rightC.nowD.real51. A. interesting B. annoying C. satisfying D. convincing52. A. writing B. giving C. lending D. changing53. A. touch B. question C. date D. control54. A. admiring B. advertising C. sharing D. doubting55. A. leaving B. looking for C. losing D. dealing with 56. A. leaving B. looking for C. losing D. dealing with57. A. return B. take C. reserve D. hide58. A. interview B. program C. trip D. meeting59. A. ending B. calling C. repeating D. staying60.A.honored B. lovely C. intelligent D. lucky【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了一个加拿大青年在和女朋友分手后，希望免费赠送自己为女朋友低价购买的环球航空旅行票的故事，体现了年轻人无私的精神。42. B考查名词。A.orgin 来源；B. passport护照；C.accent口音；D.firend朋友。据第三段中including thirty from actual Elizabeth Gallaghers with the 30 passports可知，申请人需要有加拿大的护照。故选B。43. 考查名词。D A.holiday假期；B.marriage婚姻；C.dream梦想；D.relationship关系。根据下文Jordan Axani转让机票可知他和女朋友关系结束了。44. A考查动词短语。A.go to waste浪费；B.e to mind想到；C. go no sale开始销售；D.e into effect 开始生效。根据下文“I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to 28 a lot of joy,”可知他之所以把票想赠送给同名的人，目的是不想浪费掉机票。go to waste浪费； e to mind想到； go no sale开始销售；e into effect 开始生效。故选A。45. A考查名词。A.policy政策；B.order命令；C.payment付款；D.schedule 计划，时间表。机票都是实名制，而且不可以转让，根据情理和语境可知这是一种政策。policy政策； order命令；payment付款；schedule 计划，时间表。故选A。 站上贴出的是自己的提议，即免费赠送机票。50. B考查形容词。A.same同样的；B.right正确的； C.now现在；D.real真的。根据句中actual Elizabeth Gallagbers 以及文章首段对申请这张免费机票的要求可知，申请人要有同样的名字和加拿大的护照。51. A考查形容词。A. interesting 有趣的； B. annoying 令人恼火的； C. satisfying 令人满意的； D. convincing令人信服的。根据空后内容可知有数百人想改名字，这当然是一件很有趣的事情。52考查动词。A. writing 写；B. giving给；C. lending借出；D. changing改变。根据上文可知申请的要求是需要和Jordan Axani前女友同名，所以有人甚至想改名字。53考查名词。A. touch触动；B. question问题；C. date日期；D. control控制。根据后句内容可知，世界上的很多人都知道这件事，如果允许人们改名字的话，那么事情就会无法控制。54. C考查动词。A. admiring 羡慕；B. advertising 广告； C. sharing 分享；D. doubting怀疑。根据上文可知Jordan Axan收到了数千封邮件，所以很多人都知道他们旅行的故事。55. B考查动词。A. leaving 离开； B. looking for 寻找； C. losing 失去；D. dealing with 对付。根据文章首段首句可知Jordan Axan是免费送给别人他多余的票，而不求回报。56. D考查形容词。A. single 单一的；B. strange奇怪的；C. regular定期的；D. extra额外的。根据上文第二段可知Jordan Axan在和女朋友分手后，女朋友的机票就是多余出来的了。57. B考查动词。A. return 回去；B. take 拿走；C. reserve 保留；D. hide隐藏。根据空后内容and travel on her own可知，申请到票的人可以和他一起旅行，也可以拿着票自己去旅行。58请在此填写小题的解析! 考查名词。A. interview采访；B. program项目；C. trip旅行；D. meeting会面。根据第三段末句their stories of travel可知，Jordan Axani是在赠送环球旅行的飞机票。【变式探究】（2017全国2）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. z&xxk It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _1_(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and _2_ word. It took three years to plete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, _3_(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over_4_ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.Steam engines _5_(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been_6_(fair)unpleasant for the passsengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using_7_ every day.Later, engineers _8_(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the _9_ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most _10_(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.【答案】【1】crowds【2】from【3】laying【4】the【5】were used【6】fairly【7】it【8】managed【9】introduction【10】successful【解析】【6】考查副词，这里fair是形容词，pleasant也是形容词，所以需要将fair变为副词来修饰形容词，故填fairly.【7】考查代词，这里用it指代前句的railway,故填it.【8】考查动词，本文全篇都是一般过去时，所以这里也应用一般过去时，故填managed.【9】考查词性转换，空格前是the,后面应该是名词，故填名词introduction.【10】考查形容词，空格前是most,其后要跟形容词构成最高级，故填successful.题型四 单句改错 例4(2018全国)When I was little，Fridays night was our family game night.答案FridaysFriday解析名词Friday修饰night，意为“周五晚上”。【变式探究】(2018全国)After supper，we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.答案sortsorts解析all修饰可数名词sort，应用复数形式sorts。 (2017全国卷)Besides，they often get some useful informations from the Internet. _【解析】考查名词的用法。information为不可数名词，没有复数形式。【答案】informationsinformation【变式探究】(2017全国卷)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！” _【解析】考查名词单复数。根据后面的“Speed up！”“Slow down！”可知，此处不是一个词或句子，而是多个句子，故word须用复数形式。【答案】wordwords【举一反三】(2016浙江卷)When I was a very young children，my father created a regular practice I remember well years later. _【解析】本题考查了名词单复数误用。根据前面的不定冠词a可知此处应该用名词的单数形式。【答案】childrenchild1(2016新课标)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.【解析】honesthonesty句意：我叔叔告诉我他成功的关键就是“诚实”。此处是指“诚实”是他成功的关键，应用名词形式。2(2016新课标)If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.3(2016新课标)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.【解析】yearyears句意：13到19岁的青春期是我最艰难的一段时光。根据句中的13 to 19 were可知，year应该用复数形式。4(2016四川)Mom has a fulltime job，but she has to do most of the houseworks.【解析】houseworkshousework句意：妈妈有一份全职工作，但还是要做大部分的家务。housework为不可数名词，没有复数形式。5(2015新课标)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.【解析】airsair句意：我们呼吸的空气越来越脏。air为不可数名词，不能用复数形式。6(2015新课标)One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.he turned around and found that his parents were missing.【解析】parentparents句意：一天，小托尼跟父母亲去购物中心由下文的“.he turned around and found that his parents were missing.”可知，是父母两个人，所以用复数形式。7(2015浙江)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.【解析】sidesides句意：我原来的教室很有趣，有三面墙是用玻璃做的。根据前面的three可知，此处side应该使用复数形式。8(2015四川)As I told you last time，I made three new friend here.【解析】friendfriends句意：正如我上次跟你说的，我在这儿交了三个新朋友。名词friend为可数名词，其前有three修饰，需要用复数形式。题型五 单句填空1(2016新课标，61)But for tourists like me，pandas are its top _(attract)【解析】attraction句意：但是对于像我一样的游客来说，大熊猫是最大的吸引。形容词top“头等的；最重要的”后面跟名词形式。2(2016新课标，69)The nursery team switches him every few _(day)with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed.【解析】days句意：护理团队每隔几天就把他和他的妹妹互换一下，这样当他们中的一个在被人工喂养的时候。every few days“每隔几天”。 3(2016新课标，42)Then，handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _(achieve)【解析】achievement句意：然后，首先处理最重要的任务，那么你会感到真正意义上的成就。介词of后应用名词作宾语。4(2016新课标，46)Recent _(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly5(2016新课标，68)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC.，influenced the _ (develop)of chopsticks.【解析】development句意：一些人认为大约生活于公元前551年到479年间的中国伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展。根据空格前面的the可知，所填词应用名词形式。6(2016四川，65)Any smell might attract natural _(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.【解析】enemies句意：任何气味都有可能吸引自然界中那些想要吃掉熊猫宝宝的敌人。根据常识可知，此处表示“吸引了自然界中的敌人”，故填可数名词enemy的复数形式。7(2016浙江，4)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time，as late _(pay)may affect your credit.【解析】payments句意：准时付电费很重要，因为支付晚了会影响你的信用。前面有形容词late修饰，此处应用名词形式，payment可用作可数名词，所以用复数形式。8(2016浙江，8)We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our _ _(different)unite，rather than divide us.【解析】differences句意：当我们学会“求同存异”，而不是“分崩离析”的时候，我们就能获得很多。物主代词our后面接名词，这里是指“我们的差异”，所以用复数形式。9(2015新课标，65)Id skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _(painting)10(2015新课标，43)In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their _(able)to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.【解析】ability句意：除了它们的朴素美之外，这种土坯房令人羡慕的是它们不用电力设备就能给房间制冷的能力。根据前面的形容词性物主代词their可知后面应用名词，故应用able的名词形式ability。11(2015江苏，32)Some schools will have to make _(adjust)in agreement with the national soccer reform.【解析】adjustments句意：为了与国家的足球改革保持一致，一些学校不得不进行调整。make adjustments是固定搭配，意为“进行调整”。
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