writing-E基础(标点.ppt

1 4谈标点运用 书面写作的标点不仅起着停顿的作用 而且各种停顿赋予了丰富的意义和内涵 标点一方面减轻了读者的阅读疲劳 另一方面则是书面表达必不可少的要素 是否使用标点 如何使用大不一样 如 DidthecateatMary Didthecateat Mary Percy thecathasrunaway Percy thecat hasrunaway 标点不会本质上改变作品的风格 但运用是否正确却很大程度上左右着作品的质量 请跟随本章思路 脚踏实地地学习这些 无所谓 的 小小标点 吧 1 4 1句末标点 通过三种完整句式了解陈述句 Wehearmuchaboutsolarenergy ManyCanadiansspeakFrench 疑问句 Doourbigcitieshaveafuture Whyhasyourpolicychanged 感叹句 Sendinyourcouponnow Sellrealestateinyoursparetime 句号 period 用于陈述 祈使及语气轻微的感叹句后 Johnwrotetotellmeofhisnewjob Pleaseshutthewindow WhatapitythattheOlympicGameshavebecomesopoliticized 2 用于间接引语为疑问句的句末 TedaskedmewhetherIwasgoodatboardsailing 3 用于缩写后 Dr Mr Ms Feb Dec R M Williams N M S C Ph D M A M D 4 数字中充当小数点 5 98 352 56特别注意 句子以缩写结尾 句末只用一个句点 SendthemoneydirectlytoLincolnDollar M D 问号 questionmark 1 疑问句尾 Whereareyougoing 2 直接引语中的疑问句 WhichwaydoIturn sheasked 3 表示怀疑 SaintThomasAquinas 1225 1274 consideredfaithmoreimportantthanreason 特别注意 1 直接引于是疑问句并出现在句末 Lookingpuzzled sheasked WhatamIsupposedtodowithalltheseforms 2 直接引语不是疑问句但引语所在的句子是疑问句 DidJohnsay TodayweshouldgotoNewYork 3 长句和复杂难句不要忘记问号 Howisthestudentwhoenterscollegeasafreshmansupposedtofindherwaythroughthemazeofinstructionsandregulationsprintedinsmallprintinthecollegecatalog 惊叹号 exclamationmark 用于感叹句尾 表达生气 惊讶 恼怒 害怕 兴奋等强烈的情感 Ouch Somethingbitme Silence Getup Closethebook Andthismanwantstobepresent Irefusetolistentothisgarbage 注意 过多使用惊叹号会适得其反 削弱表达效果 1 4 2逗号 comma 使用最为广泛由and but for or nor so yet等连接两个分句的连词前 Thebellfinallyrang andGeorgerushedoutoftheroom Thematchwasover butthespectatorsrefusedtoleave Wewentinside forithadstartedtorain Wehadbetterapologize orshewillnotspeaktoyouagain 注意 数个短小的独立分句可加快句子节奏 2 一系列结构相同的词汇 短语或分句并列时使用逗号 Thegardenersprayedthegrass trees andshrubswithpesticide Onastark cold graydaythemenbegantheirsearchforthemissingchild GeorgeWashingtonwasfirstinwar firstinpeace andfirstintheheartsofhiscountrymen 注意 下面表达中不能用逗号greensummerjacket bigGermanshepherd yellowkitchenoven brownSiamesecat strongwindowshutters sweetlittleoldlady and不能用于这些词之间 但修饰语顺序可以互换的并列修饰语间可用and or 没有and or时 用逗号 e g Anexpensive well tailoredsuitisanecessaryinvestmentforayoungexecutive 顺序可互换 Sheiscertainlyahappyandcarefreeperson 有and TheonlyvegetablesHarrywilleatarecarrotsorbroccoliorcorn 3 在复合句中 从句在前主句在后 逗号隔开 Althoughshepromisedtomeetmeforlunch Carolineneverarrivedattherestaurant AssoonasIfinishmypaper I lljoinyoufordinner 注意 主句在从句前 不用逗号 主从关系紧密且从句短 不用逗号 4 较长的修饰性短语 通常用逗号与句子的主干部分隔开 Inthehouseonthehill Isawpeoplemovingslowlyasifinadream Bytheendofthefirsthalfofthetournament ourteamhadwonninegames 5 用于表示惊讶 怀疑 同意 承认 停顿及思考等含义的感叹词或副词后 Why evenachildknowsthat Well youcan thaveeverything 6 句子以副词开头 副此后常跟逗号 Reluctantly Mr Simpsontoldhisoldestemployeethathewassellinghisbusiness Unfortunately themidtermexamgradeswerelowerthanexpected 7 直接称呼的名词用逗号隔开 Dorrie youmustgetreadyforschoolnow Getawayfromthathamburger youmangydog 8 非限定性定语从句的前后用逗号 Hisfather whohasrunagrocerystoreforthirtyyears retiredthisweek Herremark whichwasnotmeanttobeunkind offendedJane 可有可无的信息用逗号隔开 如定语在句中必不可少 则不能用逗号 Thestudentwhowinsthestatefinalsinspeechwillget 1 000 以上规则适用于短语和同位语 Thesparrows huntingforfoodinthesnow sensedthecat sapproachandtookoffsuddenly 非必要 Thechildplayinginthesandboxismynephew 必要 9 插入语要用逗号与其他部分隔开 Thestudents behaviorattheconcert itseemstome wasexample Spring Ibelieve hasfinallycometostay Ofcourse noteveryonesharesmyconcernforthisissue PlatoandAristotlewroteinthesamelanguage namely Greek 10 逗号用来分开比较性或重复性结构 Manystudentsareinterestedonlyinadegree notinaneducation Produce produce Thisisthelawamongartists Hurry hurry hurry That sallIeverhear 11 逗号隔开直接引语和其他部分 Afterapausehesaid I lljoinyouinaminute Notthatcomplaintagain sheprotested 12 逗号前后构成强烈信息对比 Leeisonlylazy notstupid Hiswife nothisbrother needsthemoneymore Thedayswerewarm thenightscool 不能使用逗号情况列表如下 逗号的其他用法 日期 地址 非正式信函的称呼后 数字等 1 4 3分号和冒号二者关系可通过下列说明 Wedidnotbullyorthreaten weknewthatjusticewasonourside 分号连接的使句子 连接的主句间关系比句号连接的关系更密切 Weaskedforjustonething thereturnofourstolenland 冒号后的内容是前面所提事物的具体解释 二者是等同的 相当于namely 分号 semicolon 1 功能上与句号接近 区别是句号分割两个独立句子 分号使两句话共存一句中 关系密切的两句间用分号 Myoldestsisteristhebossinourfamily whatshesaysgoes Someparentsweigheverywordtheyspeak others incontrast donotthinktwiceabouttheirharshlanguage 2 连接两个主句的副词 e g also however thus besides instead meanwhile nonetheless therefore certainly likewise then nevertheless next furthermore similarly subsequently still consequently moreover indeed finallyetc 之间用分号 ThecarIwanttobuyisarealbargain furthermore thebankisofferingmeanexcellentfinancingrate Thecontentofyourpaperisexcellent however youneedsomehelpwithpunctuation 3 各并列项间有逗号时 为清晰 要把这些项目用分号隔开 Dr Jackson thepresidentofthecollege Dr Page theacademicdean andJeanBrown thestudentbodypresident allsupportthechangeinrules Threepersonswerementionedinherwill John herbrother Martin hernephew andHelen herfaithfulfriend 冒号 colon 用来引导解释说明 举例 等 表示其前后内容的等同性质 Rickwritessoapoperascriptsforonereason money AllTerry seffortsweredirectedtowardonegoal shewantedtolearnhowtoskydive Theyservedanold fashionedbreakfast fishballs brownbread andbakedbeans 注意 1 动词与其宾语 补语间不用冒号 介 宾间也不用 Thefollowingstudentswillcompeteinthedebate DavidHaynes LorenzoRuiz andClaraJakes ThestudentswhowillcompeteinthedebateareDavidHaynes LorenzoRuiz andClaraJakes I mafraidofthese heights smallrooms andwater Iamafraidofheights smallrooms andwater 2 如果冒号后的引语较长 冒号后要分行 DescribingthepowerofathunderstormthroughthepoeticvernacularofhischaracterHuckleberryFinn MarkTwainwrites Itwouldgetsodarkthatitlookedallblue blackoutside andlovely andtherainwouldthrashalongbysothickthatthetreesoffalittlewayslookeddimandspider webby andherewouldcomeablastofwindthatwouldbendthetreesdownandturnupthepaleundersideoftheleaves 3 冒号前必须是一个完整的句子 Occupationsthatinterestme beekeeper horsegroomer dogtrainer veterinarian Occupationsinvolvinganimalsinterestme beekeeper horsegroomer dogtrainer veterinarian 4 一句话中不要用两个或以上的冒号 以免混乱 Sheneededthreethings anewhat warmergloves andbootsthatwouldbeserviceableinallkindsofbadconditions snow slush mud andrain sheneededthreethings anewhat warmergloves andbootsthatwouldbeserviceableinsnow slush mud andrain 5 冒号或分号使用是否恰当 可以插入namely进行检验 插入符合句意的 用冒号 不符合则用分号 Dinnerarrives namely atunafishsandwichandacupoftea Weslavedforyears weremainedaspoorasever 插入namely不符合句意 因此应改冒号为分号 冒号的其他用法 1 用于表示时间的一组数字间 2 30 和比率间 1 2 2 用于商务信函正式心寒的敬称后 DearSirs 3 引用圣经章与节之间 John3 16 4 出版物城市与出版商之间 Belmont California WadsworthPublishingCo