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2019-2020年牛津译林版高中英语选修六Unit 1Laughter is good for youword语法讲练I 基本概念 非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词，凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化，以区别于谓语动词。非谓语动词包括不定式（to do），现在分词（doing），过去分词（done）和动名词（doing）。不定式形式一般式to do完成式to have done进行式to be doing被动式to be done否定式not to doto have been donenot to have done用法与谓语动词同时或之后发生发生在谓语动词动作之前同谓语动词动作同时发生其逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者功能在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语、状语、插入语和同位语。复合结构for sb. to do/ of sb. to do现在分词形式一般式doing完成式having done被动式being done否定式Not doinghaving been doneNot having done用法与谓语动词同时发生发生在谓语动词动作之前being done 强调被动的动作正在发生；having been done 强调动作发生在谓语动词动作之前功能现在分词在句中可以充当表语、定语、补足语、状语和插入语。独立结构逻辑主语（名词或代词）+现在分词的各种形式过去分词形式done用法表示动作的被动和完成功能过去分词在句中可以充当表语、定语、补足语、状语和插入语。独立结构逻辑主语（名词或代词）+过去分词动名词形式一般式doing完成式having done被动式being done否定式not doinghaving been donenot having done用法与谓语动词同时发生或习惯性、经常性的动作先于谓语动词的动作或状态其逻辑主语是动名词动作的承受者功能动名词相当于名词的作用，在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语。复合结构逻辑主语+动名词的各种变化形式（逻辑主语一般用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词，口语中可以使用名词普通格或人称代词宾格）II 要点分析(本单元主要涉及非谓语动词作主语、定语和宾语补足语的情况)1. 动名词和不定式作主语时的区别1） 动名词作主语表示一般的抽象的习惯性的行为2）不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或特指的动作Playing with fire is dangerous. (泛指玩火)玩火是危险的。To play with fire will be dangerous. (指某一具体动作)玩火将很危险。【注意】to do 和 doing 会在不同的特定句式中充当主语 It is + adj. + to do (不定式做主语)但是在以下句型中，主语由doing（动名词）充当。 It is useless/ no use/ no good doing sth. It is no good arguing with him. He never listens to others. 和他争论没好处，他从不听别人的。2. 不定式和动名词作宾语的区别1）通常跟不定式作宾语的词有：afford, agree, want, wish, hope, refuse, manage, ask, offer, promise, pretend, decide, learn, determine, expert, beg, choose, force, intend attempt, fail, claim, long(v.), plan, prepare, would like(love, prefer), mean, seek等 He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. 他请求被派往西藏工作。 He refused to accept the job. 他拒绝接受这个工作。2） 通常跟动名词作宾语的词有：acknowledge, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest, stand, involve等。 Would you mind my opening the window? 你介意我开窗吗？3）有些动词的后面可用不定式或动名词作宾语，但是意义差别很大。这些词有：forget, remember, regret, mean, stop, try, cant help, go on等。 forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事（还没做）forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事（已经做过了） remember to do sth. 记着去做某事（还没做）remember doing sth. 记得做过某事（已经做过了） stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情 regret to do sth 遗憾要去做某事（一般常用的动词有：say, tell, inform） regret doing sth 后悔做过某事 （已经做了） try to do sth 尽力去做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着去做某事 mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着干某事 go on to do sth. 接着干（另一件事） go on doing sth 接着干（同一件事情） like/ prefer to do 喜欢干（指某一次具体的行动） like/ prefer doing 喜欢干（指经常性的，习惯性的动作） cant help to do sth 不能帮忙做某事 cant help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事 I remember turning off the lights in the classroom. 我记得关上教室里的灯了。 Please remember to turn off the lights when you leave the classroom. 你离开教室时，记得关灯。 We regret selling the farm. 我们后悔卖掉了农场。 I regret to tell you that your father is ill. 很遗憾告诉你，你爸爸病了。 I usually prefer dancing to singing, but today I prefer to sing. 我平时喜欢跳舞胜过唱歌，但今天我想唱歌。 4）在allow, advise, forbid, permit等动词后直接跟动名词作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，则宾语后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。 We dont allow smoking here. 在这儿我们不允许吸烟。 We dont allow students to smoke. 我们不允许学生吸烟。 5）need, want, deserve, require +动名词表被动意义，相当于使用不定式。 These flowers need watering. = These flowers need to be watered. 这些花儿需要浇水了。 They deserved praising. = They deserved to be praised. 他们值得表扬。3. 现在分词、动名词、过去分词和动名词做作定语的区别1）现在分词和动名词作定语时的区别 现在分词作定语与所修饰中心词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示动作的主动进行；而动名词作定语表示所修饰中心词的用途或内容，与所修饰词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 He uses a walking stick to help keep the balance. 他用一根拐杖来保持平衡。（动名词） The boy standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。（现在分词）2）现在分词，过去分词和不定式作定语时的区别 现在分词和被修饰词之间形成主动关系，表示正在进行；过去分词和被修饰词之间形成被动关系，表示已完成；不定式有主动也有被动，作定语表示该动作尚未发生，当名词前有first, last, second, next, only等词时，后置定语常用不定式。 The building _（build）next year will be a new school. The building _ (build) now will be a new school. The building _ (build) last year is a new school now. This is the first school _ (build) in this area. （to be built; being built; built; to be built）3）如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式，但其含义有所不同。Have you got anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式to send的动作执行者是you） Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西要我（或别人）寄的吗？（不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或somebody else）4. 不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语的区别表示感觉的感官动词feel, hear, notice, listen to, see, observe, smell, watch等和表示“致使，让”的使役动词have, leave等词后, 可跟不带to的不定式和分词作宾补。不不定式表示事情的全过程，说明某事已发生；用现在分词表示动作的一部分，说明动作正在进行，还未结束；用过去分词表示被动和完成。-Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 你听到有人敲门吗？（正在敲）-Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times. 是的，我听他敲了三次了。（已敲过了）I found him lying on the ground. 我发现他在地上躺着。（正躺着）He found his wallet stolen. 他发现他的钱包被偷了。He had his house painted last summer. 去年夏天他让人把房子粉刷了一下。He went out the room and left the door unlocked. 他出去了，门没锁。【相关练习】1. to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed2. The way my father thought of enough money was to sell the horse and the house.A. getting B. to get C. got D. to getting3. -Id like to learn more about the Doha Asian Games.-Better try the CCTV website, and you are likely the information in no time.Ato visit; to getBto visit; getting Cvisiting; to getDvisiting; getting4. The Chinese government, in specific efforts to prevent and control HIV/AIDS, has increased HIV testing and monitoring among the general public.AinvolvingBinvolved Chaving involvedDto be involved5. Dont be discouraged. _ things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Taken6. A television program _ “Kim will fix it” invites viewers to say what they really want to do.A. being called B. having been called C. calling D. called7. The students are forbidden, unless they have special passes, after 11 pm.Afrom staying out Bto stay outCstaying outDstay out8. Mr Smith, boss of a car pany, used to go there and watch bicycles _.A. to repairB. repairingC. being repaired D. repaired 9. The transportation will improve a lot in Nantong, with another two bridges _ over the Changjiang River in the near future.A. to be constructed B. to construct C. being constructed D. constructing10. The news he looked forward to .A. came at last B. ing at least C. ing last D. have e recently11. The largest collection, _in England, was one of about 200 000 silver pennies.A. to be found B. has found C. being found D. ever found12. Finally they managed to find a path _.A. to follow B. following C. to go D. going13. I found an old pot _ in the ground.A. buried B. being buried C. burying D. to be buried14._ the right decisions _ the future is probably the most important thing well ever do in our lives.A. Making; concerned B. Make; concerningC. To make; concerned D. Making; concerning15._ was what he had never expected and was just too upsetting to him.A. Cheated again and againB. Having been cheated again and againC. Having cheated againD. Being cheating again and again16. The new engine _ right now will be used to be fixed in the new type of airplane soon.A. to be experimented onB. being experimented onC. having been experimented onD. experimented on17. Rose found her toy bear _ under the chair.A. hiding B. to hide C. having hidden D. hidden18. it with me should be the best choice. Trust me.A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave 19. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. to be written B. written C. being written D. having written 20. When passing me he pretended _ me. A. to see B. not having seen C. to have not seen D. not to have seen Keys1-5 CBCBC 6-10 DBCAA 11-15 DAADB 16-20 BDBBD
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