2019-2020年人教版2019届高考英语一轮复习讲义：必修一　Unit 4 Earthquakes Word版含答案.doc

第一部分 基础知识2019-2020年人教版2019届高考英语一轮复习讲义：必修一Unit 4 Earthquakes Word版含答案1. 学习并理解“中国唐山地震的不眠之夜”“地震后重建的新唐山”“美国旧金山1906年地震”。2. 了解地震的有关知识，学习在地震或突遇的灾难中如何自救、救人。What is the headline of the newspaper? Are there any frightening events today? I can judge you are frightened. Oh, here is an earthquake. What shocking news! Water pipes burst. Brick walls and metal bars were in ruins. Electricity was hard to get. Millions of buildings were trapped in the dirt. The wells were buried and the canals were destroyed. The quake caused damage to the nation. The whole nation would suffer from extreme pains. You can not find tracks of the alive. It seemed as if the world was at an end. A great number of coal miners had no shelter. It is useless crying. Rescue workers were giving a hand sincerely. We should congratulate ourselves on living in a safe place. Express sincere thanks to the reporters, who made others know the disaster.1. in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪 2. rescue n. & vt. 援救；营救3. judge n. 裁判员；法官 vt. 断定；判断；判决 4. right away 立刻；马上 5. congratulate vt. 祝贺1. 电很难接通。Electricity was hard to get.2. 看起来世界末日好像到了。It seemed as if the world was at an end. 3. 哭泣是没有用处的。It is useless crying. earthquake n. 地震 burst vi.(burst, burst)爆裂；爆发 event n. 事件；大事nation n. 民族；国家；国民ruin n. 废墟；毁灭 vt. 毁灭；使破产suffering n. 苦难；痛苦extreme adj. 极度的injure vt. 损害；伤害 dirt n. 污垢；泥土destroy vt. 破坏；毁坏；消灭shock vt. & vi.(使)震惊；震动 trap vt. 使陷入困境 n. 陷阱；困境electricity n. 电；电流；电学disaster n. 灾难；灾祸 useless adj. 无用的；无效的；无益的dig out 掘出；发现frighten vt. 使惊吓；吓唬 bury vt. 埋葬；掩埋；隐藏shelter n. 掩蔽；掩蔽处；避身处damage n. & vt. 损失；损害 express vt. 表示；表达 n. 快车；速递frightened adj. 受惊的；受恐吓的frightening adj. 令人恐惧的congratulation n. 祝贺；(复数)贺词sincerely adv. 真诚地；真挚地 一、重点单词需牢记1. burst vi.(burst, burst)爆裂；爆发 n. 突然破裂；爆发 burst in/into突然闯进；破门而入burst out突然迸发；爆发；突然激动地喊叫burst out doing. burst inton. 突然做某事burst with anger/joy勃然大怒/乐不可支burst into cheers爆发出欢呼声The police burst through the door. 警察破门而入。There was a burst of laughter in the next room. 隔壁房间里突然爆发出一阵笑声。 2. ruin n. 废墟；毁灭 vt. 毁灭；使破产 ruin oneself毁掉自己in ruins严重受损；破败不堪fall/e into ruin逐渐破碎bring.to ruin使失败；使毁坏The rain ruined my painting. 这场雨把我的画给毁了。An earthquake left the whole town in ruins. 那次地震过后，全城到处是颓垣断壁。 ruin、destroy、damage、hurt、harm、wound与injure ruin强调一次性彻底毁灭，程度严重且不能修复。 destroy指通过有力或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用，一般不能或很难修复，有时用于比喻意义。 damage多指对价值和动能的破坏，以无生命的东西居多。hurt 多指肉体方面的伤害，常伴有痛感。作借喻时常指对精神或感情方面的伤害。 harm指被“损害，伤害”的东西不再完整、美丽。 wound 主要指刀伤，枪伤，也可以指感情上的创伤。injure“伤害，损害”，意义较广，着重指偶然事故对人或物的容貌、内部器官、生理机能的“损害”。3. shock vt. & vi.(使)震惊；震动 n. 休克；打击；震惊 be/get shocked 触电be shocked at 对感到惊讶It gave me quite a shock to be told I was seriously ill.听说我的病很严重，我吃了一惊。 They were shocked by her rudeness. 他们对她的无礼感到震惊。shocked adj. 震惊的；震撼的shocking adj. 令人震惊的；骇人听闻的4. rescue n. & vt. 援救；营救 rescue.from.把从营救出来 e to/ go to ones rescue rescue sb. 援救某人 a rescue team 救援队a rescue mission 救援任务 rescue workers 救援人员 He dived from the bridge to rescue the drowning child.他从桥上跳入水中去抢救那溺水儿童。The police came to his rescue and pulled him out of the river. 警察来救他，把他从河里拉了出来。5. trap vt. 使陷入困境 n. 陷阱；困境 trap sb./sth. into(doing). 诱使某人/某物(做) be trapped in 被困住Some miners were trapped underground after the collapse.塌方后，有些矿工被困在地下。The police set a trap to catch the thief. 警察设下了捉拿窃贼的圈套。trapper n. 设陷阱者；设陷阱捕兽者6. bury vt. 埋葬；掩埋；隐藏 be buried alive 被活埋be buried under 为所压倒；沉浸于，忙于bury (oneself)in 埋头于；专心于；退居于(乡间等)be buried inbury ones head in the sand自欺欺人，逃避现实(来自鸵鸟的习性)Henry buried the dead dog in the backyard. The dead dog was buried in the backyard by Henry. 亨利把死狗埋在后院。He is burying himself in his books, paying no attention to anything else. 他埋头于书本，其他事一概不问。7. congratulation n. 祝贺；(复数)贺词 congratulate vt. 祝贺，向道喜congratulations (to sb.)on sth. 就(向某人)祝贺congratulate sb. on sth. 为某事向某人祝贺The letter arrived in congratulation of my graduation from the university.我收到了大学毕业的贺信。 Congratulations on your success! 祝贺你获得了成功！We congratulated him on having passed the exam.我们祝贺他通过了考试。8. judge n. 裁判员；法官 vt. 断定；判断；判决 judge sb./ sth. by/from 通过判断judging from. 从来看，根据判断His father used to be a judge. 他的父亲过去是一名法官。Shes a good judge of wine. 她是鉴别酒的专家。The blind cant judge colours. 盲人无法判断颜色。Dont judge a man by his looks. 不要以貌取人。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 从他所说的话来看，他是个诚实的人。二、重点短语需精通1. think little of不重视；认为没有价值She thought little of my work. 她不看重我的工作。He thought little of my suggestion.他不重视我的建议。think little/poorly /nothing of轻视；忽略think much/highly/well of重视；看重，评价高What do you think of .？认为怎么样？think twice 再三考虑think about考虑；回想；想起think of考虑；记忆，记起think sth. over仔细想；谨慎思考；作进一步考虑think sth. out认真考虑；仔细盘算think sth. up想出，发明2. right away 立刻；马上Ill return the book to you right away. 我会马上把书还给你。If war breaks out, we shall be called up right away.如果战争爆发，我们将立即被征召服役。right now at once immediately in no time立刻，马上 3. at an end 结束；终结The war was finally at an end. 战争终于结束了。 at the end of在尽头；在末端by the end of到结束时；到时候为止in the end最后；终于e to an end结束put/bring.to an end结束put an end to结束；终结4. a (great)number of 许多；大量的I gave away a (great)number of books to the children there.我向那儿的孩子捐献了许多书。表示“许多；大量”的词语可分为以下几类：可数名词复数不可数名词可数名词或不可数名词单数可数名词单数谓语动词三、重点句式能熟用1. In the farmyards，the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. 在农家大院里，鸡甚至猪都紧张得不吃食了。句中含有too.to.结构，意为“以至于不”。These pillars are too thin to carry the roof.这些柱子太细，支撑不住屋顶。 too.to.句型在下列情况下表示肯定意义；(1)too后的形容词是anxious, eager, easy, glad, kind, ready时，too表示very、extremely的含义。(2)too前有only，but，all修饰时，表示“非常”。 (3)和never, cant连用时，表示“非常，不会不”。2. It seemed as if the world was at an end! 仿佛到了世界末日！as ifas though意为“仿佛，像，似乎”，通常用在be，look，seem，sound，taste，smell及feel等连系动词的后面。如果表示真实情况应该用陈述语气；如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气， 其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。引导方式状语从句时也要用虚拟语气。How wild his white hair looked as if it had been electrified! 他的白发十分凌乱，好像触了电似的！(虚拟语气)She seems as if she is going to cry. 她似乎要哭了。(陈述事实)He behaved as if nothing had happened.他表现得好像什么也没发生。(虚拟语气)as if (though)后面除了跟句子外，还可以跟名词、动词不定式、形容词(短语)、介词短语和分词。 另外，as if (though)还可以表达感叹语气，来对某项建议、假设和推测表示不赞成、惊讶、不满和厌恶等。 As if we were all stupid and he alone clever!哼，就仿佛我们都是傻瓜只有他一个人聪明似的！He raised his hand as if to take off his hat. 他举起他的手，好像要取下帽子。 3. All hope was not lost.不是所有的希望都破灭了。本句中使用了部分否定，即all.notnot all.都是“部分否定”，也称“半否定”。all，both，each，every，everyone，everything，always，whole，wholly，entirely，altogether等具有总括意义的词与否定词not连用时，一般都表示部分否定，其中all，both, each，every无论在not之前还是之后，都表示部分否定，表示“不都；并非都”。All that glitters is not gold.发光的不一定都是金子。Not all body languages mean the same thing in different countries. 并非所有的肢体语言在不同的国家里都有相同的意思。Each machine here is not produced in our plant.这里的机器不全是我们厂生产的。 而no，none，never，nobody，neither，nothing，no more，no longer等表示否定意义的词与谓语一起使用构成了全部否定。 四、话题写作多积累训练四：写报道报道就是把获得的信息快速而准确地用书面形式进行传递。它的结构一般分为四个部分：标题、导语、主体、结语。新闻五要素(5W)缺一不可， 指的是时间(when)，地点(where)，人物(who)，起因(why)，结果(whereupon)。 (1)标题解大意：浓缩概括全文的中心实质问题。用来说明消息内容，通常以醒目的文字出现在消息之上的简短文字，能简明扼要地向读者揭示新闻的主要内容，使其在最短的时间内获取最多的信息。(2)导语述事实：通常为文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要话题和最主要的事实。它是新闻文体区别于其他文体的特有概念。通常包含5W和1H。(3)正文细道来：在导语的基础上，引入更多的与主题相关的事实，使之更加详实、具体，并展开评论，进而得出结论。(4)结语来总结：报道的结语一般是最后一句话或者一段话，通常对全文内容作概括性的总结，或对新闻时间的发展趋势做出预测。 Id like to say something about.A terrible accident happened.He finished first in the race.It happened that.He went on riding though the red light was on.Good news es on crutches. Bad news travels quickly.报道写作时的注意事项 (1)注意人称：除评论部分用第一人称外其余段落都应该用第三人称。(2)注意时态的正确使用：要用一般过去时。(3)注意新闻的必要要素不可缺少。 【例1】(1)用burst相关短语的适当形式填空The police _burst_into_the_house_(闯进屋子)and arrested the thief.Much to my surprise, she _burst_out_crying/burst_into_tears_(号啕大哭)the instant she read the letter.(2)同义句改写Hearing the interesting story，all the people present burst into laughter.Hearing the interesting story，all the people present _burst_out_laughing_【例2】(1)根据汉语提示完成句子 The bad weather has_ruined_(毁了)all my pleasure for the holiday. A large number of churches _were_ruined_(毁了)after the revolution. A village once so attractive was _ruined_(毁了). (2)从ruin、destroy、damage、hurt、harm、wound与injure中选择合适的单词完成句子The strong wind _damaged_several houses.He fell off the bike and _hurt_his arm.The earthquake _destroyed_many lives.Youll _ruin_your health if you go on like that. Shes afraid that in their fight he would_harm_the child. The bullet _wounded_him in the leg. John fell down from the tree and _injured_his back. 【例3】用shock的适当形式填空 Mr. Smith got _shocked_when he touched the wire.They _were_shocked_at the news.Jane, _shocked_at the news of the earthquake, was at a loss for words. Earthquake _shocks_are often felt in Japan.All the people present felt _shocked_at the _shocking_news.【例4】(1)使用恰当的介词填空 Michael rescued a boy_from_drowning. They came_to_his rescue on hearing his cry.We rescued him_from_the enemys camp.(2)用rescue的适当形式填空 The mother, along with her two children, has_been_rescued_from the sinking boat by a passing ship.The firemen_rescued_five children from the burning house yesterday. 【例5】使用恰当的介词填空We were trapped _for_an hour in the traffic jam.She was trapped _in_the burning house.I was trapped _into_telling the police all I knew.The thief was trapped _by_the police in an old house.【例6】同义句改写Because she buried herself in the film，she didnt know it was snowing outside.Burying_herself_in_the_film,_she_didnt_know_it_was_snowing_outside.(用现在分词短语作状语改写)Buried_in_the_film,_she_didnt_know_it_was_snowing_outside.(用过去分词短语作状语改写)bury常借喻表示“埋头于”“沉浸于”，宾语常是思想、工作、事业等。【例7】用congratulate的适当形式填空 He is _to_be_congratulated_for his success.I send you my warmest _congratulations_on your success. congratulation用作祝贺语时，通常用复数形式；作为“祝贺”这一抽象意义时，通常用单数形式。The loser _congratulated_the winner of the race when the game came to an end. congratulate后不接带不定式的复合结构或that从句。【例8】用judge的适当形式填空_Judging_from his appearance, he must be a rich man.In her_judgment,_he must be from the south. Sometimes it is difficult for scientists to make a _judgment_about what may be happening without signals from the spaceship.【例1】根据汉语提示完成句子The government _thinks_much/highly/well_of_(非常重视)his invention because itll benefit the country. The foolish boss _thought_little_of_(不重视)my suggestions on that project. He _is_thinking_about_(正在考虑)travelling in the summer holidays. I cant _think_of_(想起)his name then. Please _think_over_(仔细考虑)what I said. He _thought_out_(想出)a new idea. 【例2】用right away的同义短语完成句子I want it typed right away, please. I want it typed right_now,_please. I want it typed at_once,_please. I want it typed immediately,_please. I want it typed in_no_time,_please.【例3】用end的相关短语填空How many English words had you learned _by_the_end_of_last term?He became an outstanding doctor _in_the_end_My uncle will fly to China _at_the_end_of_this year. The long hot summer _came_to_an_end_.【例4】单句改错In the past two years, the number of automobile accidents in Beijing have decreased. have改为_has_The number of petitors are limit. are改为is_A number of problems has arisen. has改为have_Large quantities of there was polluted. was改为were_a number of意为“一些，很多”，相当于 many, 后接可数名词复数，当它作主语时，谓语动词用复数。the number of意为“的数量、数目”，作主语时谓语动词用单数。large quantities of名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。 large amounts of不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。【例1】翻译句子 The ropes are too high for children to reach. 那些绳子太高，孩子们够不着。Ill be only too pleased to be able to do the job for you.我能为您效劳，真是十分高兴。All too soon all this ended.很快这一切都结束了。all too soon总是太早；过得太快。Its never too late to learn.活到老，学到老。【例2】根据汉语意思完成句子 他做起事来好像是个电视专家。He acts as if he _were/was_(be)a TV expert.你看上去似乎并不在乎。 You look as if you _dont_care_(not care). 那棵树看上去好像很久没人给浇水了。The tree looked as if it _hadnt_been_watered_(water)for a long time.他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的。He talks about Rome as if he _had_been_(be)there before.他张开嘴似乎要说什么。He opened his mouth as if he _would_say_(say)something. He opened his mouth as if _to_say_(say)something. 看起来似乎要下雪了。It looks as if it _might_snow_(may snow). 她待他如陌生人。She treats him as if he _were_(be)a stranger. 【例3】(1)根据汉语意思完成句子并非什么都好。Everything_ is not right.没有什么能改变她的想法。Nothing_can change her mind.(2)将下列句子改为全部否定Not everything she did pleased him.Nothing_she_did_pleased_him.Both of them are not my brothers.Neither_of_them_is_my_brothers.I do not remember all the details.I_do_not_remember_any_of_the_details.She is not always excited.She_is_never_excited.(xx届辽宁沈阳模拟)5月1日，高三(5)班的学生志愿者Li Hua和Zhang Fan去阳光敬老院(Sunshine Nursing Home)开展志愿者活动(送水果、打扫、聊天等)。假如你是校英语报的记者，请按下列要点用英语写一则100120个词的新闻报道。 1. 时间、地点、任务、活动；2. 老人们的反应；3. 简短评论。注意：报道的标题和记者姓名已给出(不计词数)。 Student Volunteers BroughtSunshine to the ElderlyOn May Day, two students from Class Five, Grade Three, Li Hua and Zhang Fan, went to Sunshine Nursing Home to do some voluntary work.When they arrived, they received a warm wele, and out of respect, they gave the elderly flowers and fruits.Then, they immediately began to work.First they cleaned the windows and then swept the floor.After everything was finished, Li Hua and Zhang Fan sat in the yard and chatted with the elderly people.When it was time for the two volunteers to leave, the elderly people said they appreciated their kindness and it was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.Li Hua and Zhang Fan were very happy because what they did has brought joy to others and enriched their own lives.By Liu Yue, School Newspaper 1. 标题醒目：标题中的关键词是Student Volunteers和Elderly。2. 导语概括：导语陈述了事件的时间、地点、人物和内容摘要。 3. 正文详述：本段详细描述了事件经过。志愿者受到了老人们的欢迎。而从志愿者的诸多活动(送水果、打扫、聊天等)和老人们的反应可以看出这次活动取得了很大成功。 4. 结语概括：最后，对此次志愿者活动进行评价。考向一在语法填空中设题1. (xx全国卷) Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both，_is not good for the health. 2. (xx全国卷) Sarah，_has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.【答案】1.which考查定语从句。吃太多的脂肪和盐对健康有害。句中含有定语从句，先行词to have too much of both，定语从句中缺少主语，因为是非限制性定语从句，所以用which引导。2who考查定语从句。句中含有非限制性定语从句，先行词为Sarah，故要用who。考向二在阅读理解中考查“人和自然”话题 (xx北京卷，B)Surviving Hurricane Sandy (飓风桑迪)Natalie Doan, 14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York. Living just a few blocks from the beach, Natalie can see the ocean and hear the wave from her house. “Its the ocean that makes Rockaway so special，” she says.On October 29, xx, that ocean turned fierce. That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalies family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the citys bridge closed.When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many of Natalies friends had lost their homes and were living far away. All around her, people were suffering, especially the elderly. Natalies school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie. Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless highrise buildings.“My mom tells me that I cant control what happens to me，” Natalie says. “But I can always choose how I deal with it.”Natalies choice was to help.She created a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help. Natalie posted introduction about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collecting when his house burned down. Within days, Patricks collection was replaced.In the ing months, her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring muchneed supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.Today, the scars (创痕)of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air. The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. “I cant imagine living anywhere but Rockaway，” Natalie declares. “My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before.”1. When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane, she found _.A. some friends had lost their livesB. her neighborhood was destroyedC. her school had moved to BrooklynD. the elderly were free from suffering2. According to Paragraph 4, who inspired Natalie most?A. The people helping Rockaway rebuild.B. The people trapped in highrise building.C. The volunteers donating money to survivors.D. Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people.3. How did Natalie help the survivors?A. She gave her toys to the kids.B. She took care of younger children.C. She called on the White House to help.D. She built an information sharing platform.4. What does the story intend to tell us?A. Little people can make a big difference.B. A friend in need is a friend indeed.C. East or West, home is best.D. Technology is power. 【语篇解读】Natalie是一个14岁的孩子，她生活的地方遭到了飓风桑迪的袭击，受灾严重。看到人们在帮助家乡重建，Natalie也加入了进去，Natalie创建网站来分享求助信息，帮助捐赠者找到需要的受助者。Natalie的行为得到了社会的认可和表扬。1B段落大意题。A项未提及；根据第三段最后一句话可知，学校没有搬走，而是暂时去Brooklyn上学，排除C；根据第三段第三句话排除D；根据第三段第一句话可知，他们的街区被飓风毁了，故选B。 2A细节理解题。根据第四段第一句话可知，那些帮助Rockaway恢复重建的人给了Natalie鼓舞。故选A。3D根据倒数第三段的第一句话可知，Natalie创建了一个网站来分享和匹配求助信息和捐赠信息。故选D。4A写作意图题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句话可知，Natalie的助人行为得到了社会的认可和赞扬，说明小人物也可以有大作为，故选A。计策1：看标点符号确定是否是定语从句计策2：若是定语从句就判断从句类型计策3：看从句中缺少什么成分后选择关系词计策1：略读定大意本文介绍了一个普通女孩所做的大事。略读课文后可以得出以下判断： 主人公：Natalie身份：student 飓风前：lucky to live in Rockaway飓风后：unlucky to be attacked hard (第1题答案)决定：help原因：men and women helping Rockaway recover (第2题答案)方式：created a website (第3题答案)结果：成功(第4题答案)计策2：细读找出处通过再次速读文章会发现：第2段第2句：That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. 呈现了本来在这里幸福生活的Natalie和她的邻居们遭遇到的前所未有的打击，与第1题的B项中的her neighborhood was destroyed吻合。第4段第一句话In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie. 说明正是那些救助Rockaway的人们鼓舞了Natalie，让她有了一个大胆的想法，与第2题的A项的The people helping Rockaway rebuild吻合。第7段第1句话She created a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help.说明Natalie觉得通过利用网络让更多的人帮助受灾者，而网站的性质也有“广而告之”的功能，与第3题的D项的She built an information sharing platform 表述吻合。 第一段第一句话Natalie Doan, 14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York.说明Natalie本来是一个普通的纽约女孩，但是她的大胆设想和努力付出帮助了更多需要帮助的人，而倒数第二段最后一句话Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change. 说明她的付出得到了认可和赞扬，说明她做到了“人小鬼大”。计策3：了解网络的功能文章中的website和第3题中的information sharing platform有异曲同工之妙，是考生应该了解的网络的基本常识。一、词汇拓展 1. quake n. 震动 _earthquake_n. 地震 2. nation n. 民族；国家；国民_national_adj. 民族的3. dirt n. 污垢；泥土_dirty_adj. 脏的national holiday 国庆日4. suffer vt. & vi.遭受；忍受；经历_suffering_n. 苦难；痛苦 5. extreme adj. 极度