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附录1：外文翻译PET包装瓶自动瓶盖分拣机构设计与研究瓶盖螺旋机作者：窗体顶端作者：桑卡拉哈里 克里希南.苏雷斯机械工程系，威斯康辛大学，麦迪逊分校关键词：瓶盖螺旋机; 瓶盖分拣机构; ADAMS; 最佳设计摘要 为了提高PET包装瓶自动封盖机的效率，获得更好的可用性，满足工业化要求，设计了一种瓶盖螺旋机的瓶盖分拣机构。 分析了该机制的结构，工作原理和工作过程。 在ADAMS软件的帮助下建立了瓶盖分拣机的虚拟机型。 完成了顶盖分拣机构瓶盖运动的动态模拟与分析，对机构性能影响因素进行了优化分析。 通过使用ANSYS软件分析瓶盖表面磨损获得优化结果，为螺旋机的改进和优化提供理论依据。前言 瓶盖分拣机构是自动封盖机的重要组成部分，为封盖机的封盖提供了一个稳定的准确定位的瓶盖子流。 结构性能直接影响机器的生产效率，可靠性和生产质量。 目前，包装机械在自动化，高速，高可靠性方面发展。 鉴于目前PET包装瓶盖机生产能力较差，海外进口设备价格昂贵的现状，已经设计了一种满足国内外中小企业需求的封盖机。 因此，为了满足封盖机生产线的12000瓶/小时的生产能力，必须提高机械效率。市场需求可持续的上限也必须满足消费者的需要,以便使其成为成功的封闭解决办法以及优先级之一。 专家们说,从消费者的清单很容易获得他们的饮料。 随着人口老龄化,消费者 “寻找更容易去除的瓶盖”。位于德克萨斯州卡罗敦的世界瓶装瓶盖有限公司总裁兼首席执行官安倍说,公司的瓶盖证实了这一点。封闭解决方案包括一个圈形的东西,消费者从一个玻璃瓶或铝合金完全释放瓶盖。我们来提供一种更简单的扭转瓶盖的选择. 这种关闭选项也有助于初学者理解,要实现整体的整体可持续性。“当一个扭曲玻璃瓶产生时,它的故障率大大高于撬开玻璃瓶所产生的故障”，他解释说。这是由于瓶子顶部扭转的位置相对较厚的撬开瓶.扭曲瓶子影响整个供应链. 当饮料制造商选择使用带有扭曲瓶盖的瓶子,他指出,经常需要使用额外的瓶子来代替缺陷的瓶子,这增加了公司的运输和包装成本和气体排放。在选择轻松去盖的饮料制造商仍然可以使用起子撬开玻璃瓶,但消费者不需要使用瓶子取出牙冠,他说。北美还创造了一个易于开放的扭转扭曲,结合一个塑料溶胶金属圆盘和塑料带。她说,由于关闭线和集装箱完成之间的摩擦减少,消除扭矩将打开,使老年人和儿童更容易打开。食物饮料通过一些步骤简化了塑料帽打开过程。例如,虽然许多热灌装饮料包括在容器开口和瓶盖下面,食品饮料的供应商者甘说。“消除了孩子在消费前需要斗争的需要,”他说。类似地,虽然许多推拉式的运动关闭包括一个关瓶 ,要求用户用他们的牙齿或手打开推拉瓶盖，简化了这个程序和翻转顶运动关闭。这些盖子没有一个冠盖,而是一个铰链盖子,消费者打开进入喷嘴。因为喷嘴不是推开,消费者可以在打开翻转时立即喝饮料. “今天的消费者不断变化，正在寻找合适包装,为他们增加方便,”甘说。无论什么容器,这些消费者被吸引到为他们的消费习惯提供价值. 瓶盖分拣机构结构分析结构体 瓶盖分拣机构主要由倾斜料斗，分拣环，转盘，隔离套，分拣挡板，底板，齿轮电机等组成。 结构如图1所示。 分拣环和转盘之间有四个隔离套，分拣环使用螺丝连接到板上，可以通过更换间隔套来调整分拣环和转盘之间的准确距离，以适应到瓶盖的大小的不同高度，如图2所示。 窗体底端窗体顶端工作原理 当工作时，分拣环和倾斜的转盘由齿轮电机驱动，PET包装瓶瓶盖被输送到料斗并落入分拣环和转盘，然后与转盘一起移动。 正确定位的瓶盖可以穿过间隙并滑入盖槽; 由于重力，离心力和摩擦力的综合影响，不正确定位的瓶盖被分拣环的环形舌片阻挡，其不能通过间隙并在料斗的顶部移动，从而被吹回到转板，再次选择这些上限以完成排序上限的过程。机构参数分析板的直径与机构的容量成正比，板的速度是影响机构性能的重要参数。速度越大，机构的生产能力越大。如果速度太高，则包装瓶盖的离心力也较大，瓶盖之间的碰撞也会增加，这可能导致瓶盖变形或扭转。除此之外，还会影响上限分拣机的效率。动态模拟并且必须对瓶盖分拣机中的瓶盖运动进行分析，以使性能在不同的速度下是最佳的，并且瓶盖的磨损最小，以优化瓶盖分拣机构的性能。必须确保不对位的瓶盖能平稳地倒入料斗，并使它们在转向板上移动，对位于分拣环和转盘顶部的瓶盖进行受力分析。通过对瓶盖的受力分析，车板转速必须符合公式，其中，是机构与水平面之间的角度; 是分拣环的锥角; D是车削板的直径; p是分拣瓶盖的效率; w生产加盖机功率; c是分拣环的锥形凸起的间距; 是摩擦系数。动态模拟仿真与机制分析3d建模软件构建了瓶盖分拣机构的几何模型。 根据模拟实际情况，简化模型，消除与仿真结果无关的不相关部分。 保持加载到ADAMS的简化模型，如图3所示。 窗体底端窗体顶端完成准备工作后，当转盘直径为500mm时，将旋转关节运动添加到旋转板，板的转速必须满足27.84r / min至42.19r / min。 分别添加31r / min，35r / min，38r / min，40r / min四个速度旋转关节运动。 设置仿真时间和步长进行动态仿真，得到不同速度的瓶盖重心加速度曲线，如图4所示。窗体底端窗体顶端从不同速度的瓶盖重心加速度曲线可以看出瓶盖的运动分拣机构不规则，由于瓶盖与机构之间的接触碰撞，加速度值波动较大。速度越大，从机构出来的时间也越短。质心最大加速度呈现出运动过程中增加的趋势。当速度为40r / min时，从瓶盖重心的最大加速度可以知道此时上限的力是5.2N;当速度为38r / min时，瓶盖上限的力为4.7N。当盖板从转板出来时，加速度曲线平滑地变化，没有碰撞，这符合瓶盖分拣机构中的瓶盖移动规则。随着转速的增加，离心力和每个瓶盖的应力也将增加，在分拣瓶盖的过程中也较大，以致使瓶盖变形和磨损，甚至安全链接断开。所以分析瓶盖压力是必要的。窗体顶端瓶盖压力分析来自机器的分拣瓶盖将因为接触而变形和磨损碰撞。触点由分隔圈和转板形成，也是瓶盖的相互接触碰撞。 通过使用ANSYS软件，根据动态分析得到的瓶盖的载荷条件，从顶盖的应力变形得到瓶盖压力分析。根据实际情况确定上限有限元模型，选择Soild45模块，加载和约束，解决方案和一般后处理后，分别得到速度为38 r / min和40r / min时的瓶盖应力特征，如图5所示。窗体底端窗体底端通过对图5中瓶盖应力变形特征的分析，当施加5.2N负载时，最大应力大于顶盖屈服应力22.8Mpa，此时盖壳明显屈服或断裂; 当施加4.7N的载荷时，最大的应力小于瓶盖的屈服应力，变形在合理的范围内。 从上述分析，该盖以40r / min的转速具有最大的磨损。 选择速度38r / min，以获得最佳性能以及最佳的车削板的最适合的转速，并且瓶盖的磨损最小。结论本文设计了PET包装瓶盖螺旋机的一种封盖分拣机构。 通过动态模拟和分析ADAMS封盖机顶盖运动，得到不同转盘转速下的瓶盖应力。 通过ANSYS对不同载荷下的盖面应力变形特征的分析，得出结论表明，机械性能最佳，而且在旋转时瓶盖磨损最小转盘转速为38r / min。 通过理论分析结果，可以提供一个螺旋机瓶盖分拣机构设计的一些参考和理论依据。 31附录2：外文原文Design and Research of Cap Sorter Mechanism of PET Bottle AutomaticCap Screwing MachineSankara Hari Gopalakrishnan, Krishnan SureshDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United StatesReceived 13 January 2006; accepted 30 September 2006Keywords: Cap screwing machine; Cap sorter mechanism; ADAMS; Optimal designAbstract. To improve the efficiency of PET bottle automatic capping machine and obtain a better usability for meeting the requirement of industrialization, a kind of cap sorter mechanism of Cap Screwing machine has been designed. The structure, working principle and working process of the mechanism was analyzed. The virtual model machine of cap sorter mechanism was established with the help of ADAMS software. The dynamic simulation and analysis of cap movement in cap sorter mechanism has been done, and optimization analysis of the factors which affected performance of the mechanism was also done. The optimization result was obtained through analysis of cap surface wear by using ANSYS software, which can provide theoretic foundation for the improvement and optimization of cap screwing machine.IntroductionCap sorter mechanism is an important part of automatic capping machines, which provide a stable of the correctly positioned cap flow for the headset of capping machines. The performance directly affects the production efficiency, reliability and production of the machine. At present, packing machinery develops in the direction of the automation, high-speed and high reliability. In view of the present situation that the production capacity of domestic pet bottle capping machine is low and the overseas import equipment is expensive, a kind of capping machine has been designed to meet the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises at home and abroad. So the efficiency of the mechanism must be improved in order to meet the production capacity of 12000 bottles/hours for production line of the capping machine.What consumers want A sustainable cap also must meet the needs of consumers in order to make it a successful closure solution. As it turns out, one of the priorities on top of consumers lists is easy access to their beverages, according to experts. As the population ages, consumers look for caps that are easier to remove, says Abe Frishman, president and chief executive officer of World Bottling Cap LLC, Carrollton, Texas. The companys Easy Pull Bottle Cap offers just that, he says. The closure solution includes a ring that consumers pull to fully release a bottle cap from a glass or aluminum bottle. This eliminates the need for a bottle opener and offers an easier alternative to twist-off caps, Frishman says. This closure option also contributes to overall package sustainability, Frishman says. “When a twist-off glass bottle is produced, it has a significantly higher defect rate versus pry-off glass bottles,” he explains. “This is due to the thinness of the top of the bottle where the twist-off threaders are located versus the thicker top of a pry-off bottle. This higher defective rate of twist-off bottles affects the whole supply chain.” As beverage-makers choose to use bottles with twist-off caps, they often have to use additional bottles to replace the defective ones, which adds to the companys transportation and packaging costs and gas emissions, he notes. In choosing the Easy Pull Bottle Cap, beverage-makers can still use the pry-off glass bottles, but consumers do not need to use a bottle opener to remove the crowns, he says. Crown Closures North America also created an easy-open twist-off cap by incorporating a plastisol-lined metal disk with a plastic band, Heath explains. The plastic band requires less removal torque to open because of the decreased friction between the closure line and the container finish, making it easier for both seniors and children to open, she says. Aptar Food + Beverage simplified the plastic cap opening process by removing some steps. For example, while many hot-fill beverages include a liner over the container opening and underneath the cap, Aptar Food + Beverages Contender sports closure does not require a liner, Gras says. “This eliminates the need for a child to struggle removing the foil before consumption,” he says. Similarly, while many push-pull sports closures include an overcap and require users to open the push-pull cap with their teeth or hands, Aptar Food + Beverage simplified this procedure with its flip-top sports closures. These caps do not have an overcap but rather a hinged lid that consumers flip open to access the spout. Because the spout is not a push- pull cap, consumers can immediately drink the beverage upon opening the flip top. “Todays consumer is constantly mobile and is searching for packaging that will provide them with added convenience,” Gras says. “No matter the container, these consumers are drawn toward closures that will provide value to their consumption habits.” Cap Sorter Mechanism-Structure AnalysisStructure. The cap sorter mechanism mainly consist of the slanted hopper, sorting ring, turning plate, spacer sleeve, sorting baffle, bottom plate, gear motor and so on. The structure has been shown in Fig. 1. There are four spacer sleeves between the sorting ring and turning plate, and the sorting ring is connected to the plate using the screw, the exact distance between the sorting ring and turning plate can be adjusted through replacement of spacer sleeve in order to adapt to the different height of the size of caps, which is shown in Fig. 2.Fig. 1 Structure of cap sorter mechanism Fig. 2 Structure of sorting ring and turning plate3726Precision Engineering and Non-Traditional MachiningWorking principle. When it works, sorting ring and the slanted turning plate are driven by the gear motor, the caps are delivered to the hopper and fall in the gaps between sorting ring andturning plate, and then they move together with turning plate. The correctly positioned caps canpass through the gaps and slide into the cap chute; Incorrectly positioned caps are blocked by ring tongue of sorting ring which cant pass through the gaps and move in the top part of the hopper then blown back on to the turning plate because of the comprehensive effects of the Gravity, the centrifugal force and friction force. These caps are selected again to complete the process of sorting caps.The Performance Analysis for MechanismThe diameter of plate is in direct ratio with the capacity of the mechanism, the speed of plate is an important parameter that influence the performance of the mechanism. The greater the speed , the larger production capacity of the mechanism. If the speed is too high, the centrifugal force of cap is also larger, the collisions between the caps are also increasing, which may cause the cap deformedand weared out, besides, it will influence the efficiency of the cap sorter.So the dynamic simulationand analysis of cap movement in cap sorter must to be done to make the performance is best at different speed and cap wear is smallest in order to optimize the performance of the cap sorter mechanism.It must ensure that the incorrectly positioned caps can smoothly fall back into the hopper whenthey move in the turning plate, make the force analysis for the cap that located in the top of sorting ring and turning plate. Through the force analysis of the cap, the speed of turning plate must be meet the formula, Where, is the angle between mechanism and the horizontal plane; is the cone angle of the sorting ring; D is diameter of the turning plate; p is efficiency of sorting cap; w is production of capping machine; c is the pitch of conical convex of the sorting ring; is the Friction coefficient.Dynamic Simulation and Analysis of the mechanismThe geometric model of the cap sorter mechanism was constructed by using the 3d modeling software. Simplify the model and remove irrelevant parts which have no relationship with the simulation results according to the actual situation of the simulation. Kept the simplified model loaded to ADAMS, as shown in Fig. 3.Fig. 3 Simplified model of the cap sorter mechanism in ADAMSAfter complete the preparation work, adding rotational joint motion to Revolute when the diameter of turning plate is 500mm, the rotational speed of plate must meet the range from27.84r/min to 42.19r/min. Adding 31r/min, 35r/min, 38r/min, 40r/min the four speed to therotational joint motion. Set up the simulation time and step size and carry on the dynamic simulation, the cap centroid acceleration curve at different speed has been obtained that is shown in Fig. 4.Advanced Materials Research Vol. 41127a. speed 31r/min b. speed 35r/minc. speed 38r/min d. speed 40r/minFig. 4 Cap centroid acceleration curve at different speedFrom the cap centroid acceleration curve at different speed we can see that the movement of capin cap sorter mechanism is irregular, the value of acceleration has a great fluctuation because of the contact collision between caps and the mechanism. The greater the speed, the time that caps come out from the mechanism is also shorter. The centroid maximum acceleration presents the tendency of increase in the process of movement.When the speed is 40r/min, from the maximum acceleration of the cap centroid we can knowthe force of the cap at this time is 5.2N; when the speed is 38r/min, the force on the cap is 4.7N. When the cap comes out of the turning plate, the acceleration curve change smoothly as without the contact collision, which accords with movement rules of caps in cap sorter mechanism.With the increase of rotational speed, centrifugal force and the stress of each cap will also belarger in the process of sorting caps so as to cause the caps deformed and weared out, even security link broken. So the analysis of the single cap is necessary.Stress analysis of single capThe sorted caps from the machine will have the deformation and wear out because of the contactcollision.The contact comes form the caps with the sorting ring and the turning plate, also the mutual contact collision of caps. The analysis for single cap was done by using ANSYS software according to the load conditions of caps which was got in dynamic analysis, from that the stress deformation of the cap was obtained.The finite element model of the cap was established according to the actual situation.Throughselecting Soild45 modules, adding loads and constraints, after solution and general post-processing, the stress feature of caps was obtained when speed is 38 r/min and 40r/min respectively, which was shown in Fig. 5.28Precision Engineering and Non-Traditional Machininga. load 4.7N b. load 5.2NFig. 5 Stress deformation feature of cap surface at different loadsThrough analysis of the stress deformation feature of cap surface in Fig.5 , when the load applied for 5.2 N, the greatest stress is 22.8 Mpa more than the yield stress of cap, cap shell have apparently yield or broken at this time; when the load applied for 4.7N, the greatest stress less than the yield stress of caps, the deformation is in the reasonable scope. The cap have greatest wear at the rotational speed of 40r/min from the above analysis. Choosing the speed 38r/min for the most appropriate rotational speed of turning plate at which the performance is best and the cap wear is smallest.ConclusionIn this paper, a kind of cap sorter mechanism of PET bottle Cap Screwing machine has been designed. Through the dynamic simulation and analysis of cap movement in cap sorter with ADAMS, the force of cap at different speed of turning plate was obtained. From analysis of the stress deformation feature of cap surface at different loads by using ANSYS, the result has been gotten that the performance of mechanism is best and the cap wear is smallest when the rotationalspeed of turning plate is 38r/min. Through the theoretical analysis results, which can provide acertain reference and theoretical basis for the design of cap sorter mechanism of cap screwing machine.References1 Sorber DG, Kimbell MH (1950) Use of ethylene in harvesting the Persian walnut (Juglans regia) in California, Technical Bulletin No. 996, USDA, Washington2Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1967) Statistical methods. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, pp 3393773Mir NA, Bhat AR, Sofi AA (1989) Harvest management in walnuts by the use of Ethephon. Ind J Plant Physiol 32:1331384 McGarry R, Ozga JA, Reinecke DM (2005) The effect of Ethephon on Saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt) fruit ripening. J AmSoc Hortic Sci 130:12175 Karim M, Farag M, Haikal Attia M (2012) Effect of some pre- treatments on quality and ripening of Canini Apricot fruits.Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6(7):5185316 R. G. CLARK. Hopper for capping machine. United states patent office. 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