2019-2020年高中英语 5年高考3年模拟 专题19 阅读理解之词义猜测题（浙江专版）.doc

2019-2020年高中英语 5年高考3年模拟 专题19 阅读理解之词义猜测题（浙江专版）【备考策略】在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。这种题常见的提问方式有：The word “” in paragraph can best be replaced by .The underlined word “” most probably means .By saying “”, the author means The expression “” is closest to According to the passage, the phrase “” suggests The underlined part “ ” (in Para. )means .做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。猜测词义时，一般可利用以下三个方面的线索：一 针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。1 根据定义（definition）猜测词义如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。例如： Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。Green building means “reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land”.由定义我们可以推断这里 Green building 指的是什么。2根据复述推测词义虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是它提供的信息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供依据，至少读者可以根据复述猜测生词的大致“义域”（意义范围）。复述部分可以是词、短语、或从句。同位语复述：在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say,i.e. 等。例如： In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。定语从句复述：例如： Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .According the passage, The Pines is a .Aplace in which you can see many mobile homesBmountain where you can get a good view of the valleyCtown which happens to be near the Banff National ParkDrestaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。2 根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例如： The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。二 内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。1 根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。例如： A childs birthday party doesnthave to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。2 根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。3 根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。例如： I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.Afull of respect Btoo confident and rudeClacking in experienceDtoo shy and quiet根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。4 根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。例如： William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.”The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .Asimple Bmixed Csad Dhappy句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了 a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”，答案是：B。Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。三 通过构词法在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1 根据前缀猜测词义例如： Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。2 根据后缀猜测词义例如： Its a quiet, fortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an unmercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point后缀 -ise/ize意思是“使成为；使化”，结合词根mercial（商业的），不难猜出 unmercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。3 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如： Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists.根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和produce （生产），我们可以推测 mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生产；规模生产”的意思。综上所述，利用各种已知的信息推测判断生词词义是一项重要的阅读技能。在阅读中我们可以根据实际灵活应用上面提到的几种猜词技巧，排除生词的干扰，理解文章的思想，提高阅读速度，同时，提高我们在高考阅读理解中的得分率。考点解析按照考纲要求，高考的阅读文章允许有3%以内的生词。这就需要考生尽可能利用这些词所处的语境来猜测词义。高考阅读理解中比重最大也是比较基础的题型就是词义猜测和细节理解题，这类题是考生争取的重点，它要求考生快速而准确地获取信息，从而拿到最基本的分数。考生最常见的问题就是见到生单词就头脑发蒙，无法从已知信息中找到有用的线索，从而造成失分。【例1】 I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economics.Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish” in the second paragraph？Achoose BenjoyCprepare for D. carry on解析：有些学生连particularly也不认识，直接发蒙无法正确猜测。本段画线词的语境说，作者不太喜欢漫长的列车旅途，于是准备了许多本杂志，由此判断画线词的含义是B。她觉得这样的长途火车旅行是很枯燥的，她不喜欢。答案：B【例2】 Thats why slight differences in conversational styletiny little things like microseconds of pausecan have a great effect on ones life. The result in this case was a judgment of psychological problemseven in the mind of the woman herself, who really wondered what was wrong with her and registered for assertiveness training.The underlined word “assertiveness” in the last paragraph probably means_。(xx北京卷)Abeing willing to speak ones mindBbeing able to increase ones powerCbeing ready to make ones own judgmentDbeing quick to express ones ideas confidently解析：本词的前面有个register对于很多考生也是生词，导致学生无法猜测词义。根据本段对这位女士的描述可以得知她的问题出在哪里，因此D项符合题意。答案：D【解决方案与复习指南】考生要利用上下文意所表达的相关关系及生词所处的语法位置，推测出词类和词义。阅读理解中词义猜测题和细节理解题出题知识分类总结如下：1词义猜测题(1)常用提问方式：According to the passage.probably means _.The author uses the word.to mean_.What does the underlined word.refer to?The word (phrase, clause, .) .refers to (most probable means) ._.What does the word.in Para.stand for?What does the writer mean when he says “.”？Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word.as it is used in the text?Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?(2)解题方法猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。解答此类试题，考生可以进行大胆猜测，但却又不是胡乱地、盲目地猜测，应使用一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种有效的猜测词义的方法，可以在平时的实战演练中注意训练，以期在考场上把失误减少到最低限度。策略1：利用上下文语境猜测任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键。策略2：根据语义转折猜词有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示转折意思的连词、副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。此外，我们还可以通过捕捉相关的同义词近义词、反义词，利用有关的例证进行词义推测。2指代题对于指代题，考生应正确理解文段的内容，再根据上下文的句子结构、主谓关系以及上下文之间的语义关系和逻辑关系等来确定所指代的内容。同时，注意以下几个要点：(1)注意指代条件。it, they, one, that，this都有自己的指代条件，如单数、复数、可数、不可数、先行词的远近(先行词一般紧靠代词。也就是说代词前面有几个可指代的词或词组同时出现，最靠近的词可能性最大)。它要求对代词所在句子以及紧邻几个句子的结构和意思都有准确的理解。(2)注意文章意思。如果代词周围有好几个名词或词组，而且都符合指代条件，这就要分析哪一选项符合文章意思。(3)注意搭配意思。把四个选项试着代入原文，看哪一项符合搭配意思，包括句子的语法意义和逻辑意义。(4)注意综合考虑。综合注意指代条件，文章意思和搭配意思。总之，遇到猜测词、句义类试题，要依据上下文进行综合推断，一定要注意上下文的联系，不宜只根据某个细节或者某个句子简单下结论。(5)注意平时积累总结总结词类的转化，如：decidedecision, describedescription, explainexplanation；形容词与名词的转化，如：anxiousanxiety, angryanger, freefreedom, variousvariety等。总结、归纳高频同义、近义词语和表达相同意义的表达方式，如，表示“对满意”，可以说：be pleased/satisfied/content with., express ones satisfaction with.；养成做某事的习惯，可以说：be/bee used/accustomed to doing sth.，be in/get into the habit of doing sth., make it a rule to do sth.等。在设计阅读理解题干时，往往使用此类表达方式。如：One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest (卑微的)to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a wornout hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide rang of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked，“May I get you something？”“A coffee would be nice.” 1What does the underlined word “disheveled” mean?AUnfriendly. BUntidy. CGentle. DKind.解析：词义猜测题。由文章第一段信息句I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man(我注意到空桌旁坐的那位年龄较大且满脸胡须的人)和He was wearing a wornout hat(他戴着一顶破旧的帽子)可知，这人外表看起来显得有点不整洁(untidy)。答案：B2When something goes wrong, it can be very satisfying to say, “Well, its soandsos fault.” or“I know Im late, but its not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation, you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success.The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_.Aavoid BacceptCimprove Dconsider解析：词义猜测题。由画线词所在的句子的语境可知，成功者的秘诀在于不是把注意力集中在谁该受到责备而是集中在怎样改善糟糕的境况。此处的动词remedy意为：改进，改正，纠正；所以improve“改善，改进”符合题意。答案：C五年高考 A组 xx年全国高考题组1.【xx浙江 A】Easter(复活节) is still a great day for worship, randy in baskets and running around the yard finding eggs, but every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies.And no, not because the kids like to pull their ears. The culprit is climate change, and some researchers found that rising temperatures arc having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the US.Take the Lower Keys March rabbit, for instance. An endangered species that lives in the Lower Florida Keys, this species of cottontail is a great swimmer it lives on the islands! but it is already severely affected by development and now by rising levels. According to the Center for Biological Diversity, an ocean level rise of only 0. 6 meters will send these guys jumping to higher ground and a 0.9-meter rise would wipe out their habitat (栖息地) pletely.The snowshoe hare, on the other hand, has a color issue. Most of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime to brown in the summer, each designed to give them better cover from predators（捕食者）. As the number of days with snow decreases all across the country, however, more and more bunnies arc being left in white fur during brown dirt days of both fall and spring, making them an easier mark for predators. Researchers know that the color change is controlled by the number of hours of sunlight, but whether the rabbit will be able to adapt quick enough to survive is a big question. The National Wildlife Federation has reported that hunters have noticed their numbers are already markedly down.American pikas or rock rabbits, a relative of rabbits and hares, might be the firs of these species to go extinct due to climate change. About 7-8 inches long, pikas live high in the cool, damp mountains west of the Rocky Mountains. As global temperatures rise, they would naturally migrate (迁徙) to higher ground but they already occupy the mountaintops. They cant go any higher. The National Wildlife Federation reports that they might not be able to stand the new temperatures as their habitat beats up.The volcano rabbit has the same problem. These rabbits live on the slopes of volcanoes in Mexico, and recent studies have shown that the lower range of their habitat has already shifted upward about 700 meters, but there are not suitable plants for them to move higher, so they are stuck in the middle. Scientists are concerned about their populations.Native to the US, pygmy rabbits weigh less than 1 pound and live in the American West. They are believed to be the smallest rabbits in the world. Their habitats have been destroyed by development. Several populations, such as the Columbia Basin pygmy, almost went extinct and were saved by zoo breeding programs. Pygmy rabbits also rely on winter cover by digging tunnels through the snow to escape predators, but lesser snowfall is leaving them exposed.All of this gives new meaning to dressing up in a giant bunny costume this Easter. 41 The writer mentions Easter at the beginning of the passage in order to_.A. show the importance of Easter DayB. introduce the issue about bunniesC. remind people of Easter traditions D. discuss the relationship between Easter and bunnies42. The word culprit ( Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to_.A. criminalB. judgeC. victimD. producer【考点】日常生活类环境话题小品文【文章大意】每年复活节可爱兔子给大家带来了多少欢乐，然而随着全球温暖趋势的加剧，这种给我们带来的愉悦兔子也不可避免地受到了一定的影响。不久的将来，复活节上兔子的服饰也会因此而有所变化。42.【答案】A【试题解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句后半句：but every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies.和第二段的第一句：And no, not because the kids like to pull their ears.可知答案A，罪过，符合文意。2.【xx 山东 C】San Francisco has its cable cars. Seattle has its Space Needle. And, Longview has its squirrel bridge. The bridge, which has attracted international attention, is now a local landmark. The Nutty Narrows Bridge was built in 1963 by a local builder, Amos Peters, to give squirrels a way to cross the busy road without getting flattened by passing cars. The original bridge was built over Olympia Way on the west edge of the library grounds. Before the bridge was built, squirrels had to avoid traffic to and from the Park Plaza office building where office staff put out a nutty feast for the squirrels. Many times, Peters and others who worked in and near Park Plaza witnessed squirrels being run over. One day Peters found a dead squirrel with a nut still in its mouth, and that days coffee break discussion turned into squirrel safety. The group of businessmen cooked up the squirrel bridge idea and formed a mittee to ask the blessing of the City Council(市政会).The Council approved, and Councilwoman Bess LaRiviere named the bridge “Nutty Narrows.”After architects designed the bridge, Amos Peters and Bill Hutch started Construction, They built the 60-foot bridge from aluminum and lengths of fire hose(消防水带). It cost 1,000. It didnt take long before reports of squirrels using the bridge started. Squirrels were even seen guiding their young and teaching them the ropes. The story was picked up by the media, and Nutty Narrows became know in newspapers all over the world. In 1983, after 20 years of use, Peters took down the worn-out bridge. Repairs were made and crosspieces were replaced. The faded sign was repainted and in July 1983, hundreds of animal lovers attended the pletion ceremony of the new bridge. Peters died in 1984, and a ten-foot wooden squirrel sculpture was placed near the bridge in memory of its builder and his devotion to the project. 69. What does the underlined phrase “teaching them the ropes” probably means in the text?A. passing them a ropeB. Directing them to store food for winterC. Teaching them a lessonD. Showing them how to use the bridge.69.【答案】D【命题】词义猜测题。考查对文中特定词语的理解和判断能力。【解析】根据前面的guiding their young，可以推断此处应该是松鼠教它们的孩子如何使用绳索，而不是给它们递绳子，也不是给它们一个教训。3.【xx 辽宁B】 Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions（使命）often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the days work. This type of schedute is far too demanding for long missions on the Internaitional Space Sttation（ISS）. ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible . Weekends give the crew valuable. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can municate with family and friends by email , isternet phone and throhgh Private video conferenes. While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activetics that they can stil enjoy . Before a mission. The family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for The astromauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During ther missiom, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters . And as from early xx, the internet became available on the ISS , giving astronaouts the chance to do some “web surfing （冲浪）”in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more mom entertainments, astromauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in spaec. Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in spaec is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earths vast land mass and oceans. 60. What does the word “minic”in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Find B. Copy C. Change D. Lose60.【答案】B【试题解析】词义猜测题。根据第一段第四句“They work five days on and two days off”可知，这和在地球上的工作时间一致，所以这样做的目的是尽可能地模仿地球上的正常生活，所以选B。4.【xx 天津 C】The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the ing of new technologies like puters and smartphone, writing by hand has bee something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However, while todays educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful-both in school and in life.Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says its important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to plete various writing tasks-both on a puter and by hand. The study, published in xx, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more plete sentences and had a faster word production rate.In a more recent study,