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专题十八阅读理解第1讲北京中考阅读理解CD篇教学目标1. 掌握本篇阅读理解中出现的高频词及长难句。2. 掌握阅读理解的解题技巧, 并能够指出本篇阅读理解中运用到的解题技巧。3. 通过阅读理解高频词、长难句等语料的积累, 及阅读理解解题技巧的练习, 灵活应对各种阅读理解题。C篇名师点拨知识篇“巧妇难为无米之炊”, 在英语学习的过程中, 语料的积累至关重要。对于阅读理解高频词和长难句的梳理, 能够为我们今后的学习和提升打下良好的基础。亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你梳理出了本篇文章中的一些高频词和长难句, 快来看看你掌握了吗？高频词（课前检测学生的词汇量储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会翻译的为差。）单词/短语词性词义拓展掌握情况优良差have to必须，不得不be designed for为而设计difficultadj.困难的n. difficultyexperimentn.试验cutinto把切成surprisedadj.惊讶的look down upon瞧不起be punished for因而受惩罚acceptv.接受adj. acceptablesearchv. 搜寻，搜查howeverconj. 然而understandv. 理解过去式：understoodorganizev.组织n. organizationprobablyadv. 可能长难句（课前检测学生的句型储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会翻译的为差。）1. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools.（优*良*差*）_句意：所以对于左撇子来说使用大多数工具是困难的。本句涉及高频句型“Its + adj. for sb. to do sth”，意为“对某人来说做某事是”。2. They conclude（得出结论） that left-handed people are left handed for the same reason that right-handed people are right handed.（优*良*差*）_句意：人习惯于使用左手和习惯于使用右手是同一个原因，即惯用左手的人和惯用右手的人一样是普通人。本句要首先判断出conclude后面是一个由that引导的宾语从句，在这个宾语从句中有包含着一个由that引导的定语从句修饰reason. 其次，在翻译对字面含义的同时还要理解这句话的深层含义，即强调惯用左手的人和惯用右手的人都是普通人。方法篇“方法得当, 事半功倍。”只有语料的积累, 没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理, 能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑, 在有足够语料积累的基础上, 能够帮助我们争取高分。亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧, 快来看看你掌握了多少？一、阅读理解解题步骤第一步快速浏览全文，了解文章大概。浏览时要注意以下句子：每段的开头和结尾，重要的情节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。第二步浏览问题，明确要求。把文章后每个题目内容看明白，这样又能辅助进一步理解文章的主要内容，具体做题时就能对号入座，找到文章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。第三步通篇寻读，确定段落。也就是带着问题去读，找到要回答问题的关键词、句或意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便为下一步答题做好充分准备。第四步逐条分析，对号入座。把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析，对号入座。一般来说，出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自上到下顺序设计的，根据难度先解决容易的，最后解决深层次的理解题。第五步复读全文，验证答案。全部题目做完后，必须再仔细阅读一遍全文，进一步加深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。二、阅读理解解题技巧初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。题型题型一：细节理解题解释本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who）、物（what）、时间（when）、地点（where）、原因（cause）、结果（effect）、文中的数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这些细节。设题方式1. Which of the following statements is true/false?2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)?解题技巧1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案典题精析Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .A. get hurtB. give up cuttingC. feel awkwardD. change their tools本题可以运用到解题技巧1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案浏览题干，确定关键短语为cut up potatoes with their left hand，浏览段落，确定关键句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案，故选C。题型题型二：推理判断题解释推理判断题着重考察学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。设题方式1. It can be inferred from the text that_.2. From the text we know that _.3. With which of the following does the author agree?4. The passage is probably taken from a _.解题技巧1. 通过文章陈述的事实进行推断2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断3. 根据作者的意图和态度进行推断典题精析Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developingher mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up.Grayson Perry, an artist,grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely.The writer talks about Syal and Perry to .A. stress the great differences between themB. introduce a popular writer and a famous artistC. suggest good ways of going through boredomD. show effects of boredom on developing creativity本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断题干意为“作者谈论Syal和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。两个段落很长，我们首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的态度，第一段中关键句为a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意为“Meera Syal说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想”，第二段关键句为He became creative, because he could think freely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考”，由这两句关键句可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力，”，故选D。题型题型三：词义猜测题解释单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。而且，所考察的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。设题方式1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _.2. The word“”most likely means _.3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _.解题技巧1. 通过因果关系猜测词义2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义3. 通过构词法猜测词义4. 通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义5. 通过描述猜测词义6. 用知识和生活经验猜测词义7. 根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义典题精析Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity.What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A. Slow down.B. Keep up with.C. Go beyond.D. Give rise to.本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义浏览本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词while“然而”，while后的句意为“无聊能给他们发展创造力的机会”，所以while之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词义。A意为“（使）慢下来”，B意为“跟上”，C意为“超出”，D意为“引起，导致”，故选A。题型题型四：主旨大意题解释考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。设题方式1. 问标题：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _.2. 问中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _. / The passage is mostly about _.3. 问目的，态度：The author wants to tell _. / The purpose of this article is to _.解题技巧1. 浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨3. 以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图典题精析In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handersC. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词but，but之前的关键词in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在过去人们认为使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的关键词these days和have accepted that表明了现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态度上的转变。可以判定答案为Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故选D。语篇精讲浏览问题（抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章）题号题干及选项1If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will.（细节理解题）A. get hurtB. give up cuttingC. feel awkwardD. change their tools2What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?（主旨大意题）A. Causes of being left handed.B. Encouragement to left-handersC. Punishment for using the left hand.D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.3According to the passage, right-handers.（细节理解题）A. learn better visuallyB. are good organizersC. are better at single sportsD. give clear directions to others4From the passage, we can learn that left-handers.（细节理解题）A. may be more talkative and outgoingB. are ordinary people like right-handersC. might remember everyday things betterD. no longer need to use right-handed tools通篇寻读话题体裁字数建议用时实际用时正确率星级日常生活类说明文4027分钟_/4Are You Right Handed or Left Handed? Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write. What causes people to be left handed or right handed? Experts have searched long and hard on this. They conclude（得出结论） that left-handed people are left handed for the same reason that right-handed people are right handed. One out of every ten people just is a left-handed people are right handed. One out of every ten people just is a left-hander. Its simply like the color of our eyes some people have brown eyes, while some others have black eyes. However, may researchers think that left-handers and right-handers are different in some aspects. Right-handers aremore talkative and outgoing than left-handers.Many right-handed people understand spoken words better. For example, after they listen to directions to a supermarket, they can find it easily. Right-handers are good at organizing people, too. They are also better basketball guards. Just ask Yao Ming.Research shows that left-handers are creative and artistic. Many famous performers, like Jim Carrey and Paul McCartney, are left handed. Many left-handers learn better visually（在视觉方面）. In art, both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were left handed. In music, Ludwig van Beethoven was left handed. In science, you find Newton and Einstein. The left-handed people are also really good at tennis and other single sports.If you prefer one hand, but you are still good at writing with the other, you are mixed. Research shows mixed-handers can remember everyday things better than other people. What did you eat for lunch two weeks ago? If youre mixed handed, you can probably remember.逐题分析语篇解读：本篇文章是一篇日常生活类的说明文。主要阐述了惯用左手的人及惯用右手的人这两类社会群体的特点，过去及现在人们对这两类群体的态度转变，最后得出他们都是普通人这一观点。1. If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .A. get hurtB. give up cuttingC. feel awkwardD. change their tools解析：C. 细节理解题。浏览题干，确定关键短语为cut up potatoes with their left hand，浏览段落，确定关键句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案，故选C。2. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A. Causes of being left handed.B. Encouragement to left-handersC. Punishment for using the left hand.D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.解析：D. 段落主旨大意题。本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词but，but之前的关键词in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在过去人们认为使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的关键词these days和have accepted that表明了现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态度上的转变。可以判定答案为Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故选D。3. According to the passage, right-handers .A. learn better visuallyB. are good organizersC. are better at single sportsD. give clear directions to others解析：B. 细节理解题。本题题干询问的是惯用右手的人的特点，因此可以将答案锁定在第四段中。根据第四段中关键句Right-handers are good at organizing people, too.“惯用右手的人擅长组织人们”可以推断出他们是好的组织者。根据第五段Many left-handers learn better visually（在视觉方面）.可以判定A选项是左撇子的特点，故是错误的；根据The left-handed people are also really good at tennis and other single sports.可以判定C项是错误的；根据Many right-handed people understand spoken words better. For example, after they listen to directions to a supermarket, they can find it easily.可以判断出惯用右手的人有方向感，而不是给别人清晰的方向，故D项错误。4. From the passage, we can learn that left-handers .A. may be more talkative and outgoingB. are ordinary people like right-handersC. might remember everyday things betterD. no longer need to use right-handed tools解析：B. 细节理解题。本题题干询问的是惯用左手的人的特点，根据第四段中句子Right-handers are more talkative and outgoing than left-handers.可以判定出talkative and outgoing是惯用右手的人的特点，故排除；根据最后一段中句子Research shows mixed-handers can remember everyday things better than other people.可判定出双手都能灵活运用的人记忆力更好，故排除C；根据第一段句子They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people.可知左撇子也不得不使用专为右手人设计的工具，故排除D。最后，根据第三段中They conclude（得出结论） that left-handed people are left handed for the same reason that right-handed people are right handed.“人习惯于使用左手和习惯于使用右手是同一个原因，”即惯用左手的人和惯用右手的人一样是普通人，故选B。精讲笔记（学生在教师的指导下, 回顾本讲中积累的阅读理解的知识和方法）语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累10个）单词词性及词义单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句）语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握2种）细节理解题1、3、4推理判断题词义猜测题主旨大意题2能力提升基础过关一、词汇/短语英汉互译单词/短语词性词义必须，不得不be designed foradj.困难的experimentn.cutintoadj.惊讶的look down uponbe punished forv.接受searchv. conj. 然而v. 理解organizev.probablyadv. 二、句子英汉互译1. 所以对于左撇子来说使用大多数工具是困难的。_.2. 你不应该因为一个人穷就看不起他。_.3. It is important that we try to be good at everything we do. _.4. If you cut a cake into four parts all the same size, each part is one-fourth._.5. I shall be punished for being late this morning._.阅读练习话题体裁字数建议用时实际用时正确率星级日常生活类说明文3647分钟_/4Do you enjoy visiting a museum? Did you ever make a plan before a visit? Every museum must have something that attracts you. And there are many possible ways to enjoy yourself in a museum. If you follow these steps below, youll know what is worth seeing and doing, so that you can make the most of your time at the museum. Decide what museum you will visit. There are so many different kinds of museums and you first need to find one that you like. Its easy for you to choose one and start an enjoyable visit! Do some research online. Every museum now has a website which allows you to look through the information about it. On the website, you may look for such things as: The exhibits(展品)See what is on show at the museum at all times, and what special exhibitions are held for a short time. The history of the museum There will often be very interesting stories about the exhibits and the benefactors(捐赠者). That can make your visit more interesting. Activities See whether there are talks, tours our special activities on the day when you visit. Many museums hold some activities that meet the interests of all age groups. Cost, food or shortageIts important how much the visit will cost. You have to decide whether or not you can eat there. You might also need to find out transportation needs, as well as storage for coats, bags etc. Learn at least one thing on your visit. It is always good to take away something new from your visit.Plan breaks into your visit. When you walk around, standing here and studying exhibits there, you may become very tired. So it is important to take breaks. A break is a good opportunity for you to think of what you have seen and what else you might want to do in museum. Take a friend or two. Visiting museums is always a lot more fun when you are with someone else. You can talk over what youre seeing. A friend also brings another way of thinking when you talk about the exhibit. 1. According to the passage, we should first _. （细节理解题）A. do some research online B. make a plan for lunch C. decide on a museum to visit D. choose a friend to go with 2. To make our visit more interesting, we can_. （细节理解题）A. organize activities like special shows and talks B. read the stories about exhibits and benefactors C. learn about the interests of all age groups D. walk around the museum without breaks 3.If we visit a museum with friends, we can_. （细节理解题）A. share the experience with them B. come up with strange ideas C. cut down the cost of the visit D. discuss the next visit plan 4. What does the passage mainly talk about?（主旨大意题）A. What to do in a museum?B. When to visit a museum?C. Where to find a museum.D. How to enjoy a museum.参考答案基础过关一、词汇/短语英汉互译单词/短语词性词义have to必须，不得不be designed for为而设计difficultadj.困难的experimentn.试验cutinto把切成surprisedadj.惊讶的look down upon瞧不起be punished for因而受惩罚acceptv.接受searchv. 搜寻，搜查howeverconj. 然而understandv. 理解organizev.组织probablyadv. 可能二、句子英汉互译。1. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools.2. You shouldnt look down upon him because he is poor.3. 我们尽力擅长我们所做的每件事是重要的。4. 如果你把一块蛋糕切成同样大小的四部分，每部分就是四分之一。5. 我将被惩罚因为今天早晨迟到了。阅读练习1. C 2. B 3. A 4. DD篇名师点拨知识篇高频词单词/短语词性词义拓展掌握情况优良差allowv.允许boredadj.无聊的n. boredom developv. 发展n. development creative adj.有创造力的n. creativity adv. creatively importantly adv. 重要地adj. importantn. importance freeadj.自由的adv. freely uncomfortableadj. 不舒服的opp. comfortable look out of从朝外看imaginationn.想象力v. imaginefrom time to time不时，有时长难句Usually, when children have nothing to do, they would turn on the TV, the computer, or the phone. （优*良*差*）_句意：通常，当孩子们没什么事情做时，他们会打开电视，电脑或者手机。本句是由when引导的时间状语从句，来表示学生们打开电脑，电视或手机的时间，要注意翻译顺序。 Perry filled up his free time with what he liked._句意：Perry用他喜欢的事填满了他的空闲时间。本句是由what引导的宾语从句做with的宾语。方法篇“方法得当, 事半功倍。”只有语料的积累, 没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理, 能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑, 在有足够语料积累的基础上, 能够帮助我们争取高分。亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧, 快来看看你掌握了多少？一、阅读理解解题步骤第一步快速浏览全文，了解文章大概。浏览时要注意以下句子：每段的开头和结尾，重要的情节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。第二步浏览问题，明确要求。把文章后每个题目内容看明白，这样又能辅助进一步理解文章的主要内容，具体做题时就能对号入座，找到文章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。第三步通篇寻读，确定段落。也就是带着问题去读，找到要回答问题的关键词、句或意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便为下一步答题做好充分准备。第四步逐条分析，对号入座。把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析，对号入座。一般来说，出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自上到下顺序设计的，根据难度先解决容易的，最后解决深层次的理解题。第五步复读全文，验证答案。全部题目做完后，必须再仔细阅读一遍全文，进一步加深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。二、阅读理解解题技巧初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。题型题型一：细节理解题解释本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who）、物（what）、时间（when）、地点（where）、原因（cause）、结果（effect）、文中的数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这些细节。设题方式1. Which of the following statements is true/false?2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)?解题技巧1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案典题精析Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .A. get hurtB. give up cuttingC. feel awkwardD. change their tools本题可以
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