图解脑疝ppt课件

图解脑疝 1 脑疝 是指在颅内压增高的情况下 脑组织通过某些脑池向压力相对较低的部位移位的结果 即脑组织由其原来正常的位置而进入了一个异常的位置 2 脑疝的类型 a 大脑镰疝 一侧大脑半球占位病变可使同侧扣带回经大脑镰下缘疝入对侧 胼胝体受压下移 小脑幕切迹疝b 前疝 也称颞叶沟回疝 是颞叶沟回疝于脚间池及环池的前部 后疝 颞叶内侧部疝于四叠体池及环池的后部 f 小脑幕切迹上疝 后颅凹占位病变时 小脑上蚓部可向上疝入小脑幕切迹的四叠体池 c 中心疝 幕上压力增高 致使大脑深部结构及脑干纵轴牵张移位 d 颅外疝 脑组织通过颅外缺损疝出 e 枕骨大孔疝 后颅凹占位病变时 可致小脑扁桃体疝入枕骨大孔 g 蝶骨嵴疝 颅前凹和颅中凹的占位病变 由于病变部压力相对高一些 则额眶回可越过蝶骨嵴进入颅中凹 可颞叶前部挤向颅前凹 3 示意图 a subfalcial cingulate herniation 镰下疝b uncalherniation 钩疝c downward central transtentorial herniation 下行性小脑幕疝d externalherniation 颅外疝e tonsillarherniation 扁桃体疝f ascendingtranstentorialherniation reversedtentorial 上行性小脑幕疝g sphenoidherniation蝶骨嵴疝 4 类型 5 示意图 6 解剖关系 7 解剖关系 8 解剖关系 9 Thesuprasellarcistern thequadrigeminalcistern Theleftandcenterimagesshowthesuprasellarcistern Itsanteriorbordersareformedbythefrontallobes F Itslateralbordersareformedbytheuncus U ofthetemporallobes Theleftimageshowsthe5 pointedstarappearanceofthesuprasellarcisternwheretheposteriorborderisformedbythepons Po Theblackarrowpointstothefourthventricle Thecenterimageshowsahighercutwherethesuprasellarcisternhasa6 pointedstarappearancesincetheposteriorborderisformedbythecerebralpeduncles P whichhaveacentralcleft Therightimageshowsthequadrigeminalcistern blackarrow Notethe baby sbottom appearanceofitsanteriorborder WhenICPisincreased thequadrigeminalcisternspaceiscompressedorobliterated 10 Thesuprasellarcistern thequadrigeminalcistern ThemidlinesagittalMRIscanshowsthelevelsoftheaxialdiagrams Thequadrigeminalcisternislocatedabove anteriorto the Q inthehighestcutshown number9 Theanteriorborderofthequadrigeminalcisternisformedbythesuperiorcolliculi c Image8 lowercut alsoshowsthequadrigeminalcistern Inthiscase itsanteriorborderisformedbytheinferiorcolliculi c Thisgivestheanteriorborderofthequadrigeminalcisterntheappearanceofa baby sbottom Thequadrigeminalplateiscomprisedofthesuperiorandinferiorcolliculi Thequadrigeminalcisternisposteriortothisquadrigeminalplate thusitsanteriorbordermaybeformedbytheinferiororsuperiorcolliculi 11 镰下疝 12 Subfalcineherniation cingulateherniation Transtentorialherniation Thesuprasellarcistern leftimage isobliterated Thequadrigeminalcisternisverycompressedandpushedposteriorly centerimage Asubduralhematomawithamidlineshiftisnoted Thereiscentraltranstentorialandsubfalcineherniation 13 ACA供血区梗塞 14 Uncalherniation 15 鞍上池缺角 16 冠状位CT与MRI 17 海马旁回褶皱 18 对侧颞角增宽 19 同侧桥前池增宽 20 同侧环池增宽 21 Uncalherniation 22 Uncalherniation obliterationofthesuprasellarcistern redarrow andthequadrigeminalcistern greenarrow 23 Uncalherniation Theipsilateralventricle sulci fissuresarecompressedandobliterated isappeared obliterationofthesuprasellarcistern s andquadrigeminalcistern q 24 Uncalherniation Acuteinfarction1stday Acuteinfarction4thday 25 Uncalherniation Beforesurgery abigGBMinthelefttemporallobewithuncalherniation Aftersurgery theGBMwasremoved thesuprasellarcisternandquadrigeminalcisternsarenormal 26 Uncalherniation Acuteinfarctionofrightposteriorartery PCA thisisacomplicationofuncal transtentorialherniation becausethePCAwascompressedbybrainherniation 27 双侧大脑后动脉梗塞 28 双侧大脑后动脉梗塞 29 Durettehemorrhage 30 Durettehemorrhage 31 Kernohan snotch颞叶疝压迹 32 Uncalherniation Whenmasseffectswithinoradjacenttothetemporallobeoccur themedialportionofthetemporallobe uncus isforcedmediallyanddownwardoverthetentorium Thereisipsilateralpupillarydilation Theuncusispushedmediallyintothesuprasellarcistern Thereisbilateraluncalherniation Thesuprasellarcisternisobliterated 33 earlyuncalherniation Therightuncusispushingintothesuprasellarcistern earlyrightuncalherniation 34 中心疝 35 中心疝 36 Superiorvermianherniation ascendingtranstentorialherniation 由于后颅凹的占位效应 小脑蚓和小脑半球通过小脑幕切迹向上移动 37 陀螺状外观 38 双侧环池变窄 39 四叠体池充满 40 不露齿的微笑 41 皱眉 42 第一天的四叠体池和环池 43 第二天 四叠体池和环池消失 44 脑积水 45 ascendingtranstentorialherniation 46 枕大孔疝 47 枕大孔疝 48 Tonsillarherniation Intonsillarherniation rare amasseffectintheposteriorfossacausesthecerebellartonsilstoherniateinferiorlythroughtheforamenmagnumcompressingthemedullaanduppercervicalspinalcord Consciouspatientscomplainofneckpainandvomiting Theymayhavenystagmus pupillarydilatation bradycardia hypertensionandrespiratorydepression Earlytonsillarherniationisdifficulttorecognizeinanunconsciouspatient ItmaynotbeevidentonCTscansinceaxialviewscannotseethepathologywell ItisbestseenonsagittalMRI Clinicallychangesinvitalsignsmaybetheonlyclinicalclueinanunconsciouspatient 49 Tonsillarherniation 50 amalepatientinhis30 swhodiedofbrainstemherniationaftercompletingamarathon TheCTshows A lossoftherostralcerebralsulcisuggestingincreaseinICP B and C alargehydrocephaluswithwideningofbothtemporalhorns Thegreymattercanstillbedifferentiatedfromthewhitematter butallsulciarelost Thissuggeststhatthebrainoedemaisofrelativerecentonsetandmassivetissueischaemiahasnotyetoccurred D Compressionofthefourthventriclewithdilatationofthethirdventricleandthecaudalaspectofbothtemporalhorns Thisisobservedwithconsiderablebrainoedemaandobstructivehydrocephalus E Herniationofthemedullaandponsintotheforamenmagnum F Thetonsilsarelocatedatthelevelofthedenswhichisagoodindicatorforforamenmagnumherniation 51 A Thediscshowsfloridhemorrhageswithrelativelylittleswelling indicatingarapid dramaticincreaseinCSFpressure Progressivechangesofopticdiscoedemaareseeninapatientwithanintracranialtumourwhodeclinedtreatment B D B Earlynervefiberdilatationisseenparticularlysuperiorly inferiorlyandnasally C Thisincreasesandvenousengorgementdevelops D Temporalnervefiberdilatationandswellingofthediscincreasesandhemorrhagesappear E Ingrosschronicdiscoedemathenormalretinalvasculatureismaskedanddilatedsuperficialcapillariesareobserved F Inatrophicopticdiscoedemanervefibersareeventuallydestroyedandtheopticdiscwithoutviablenervefibersdoesnotswell Thispatienthadlongstandingbenignintracranialhypertension Retinochoroidalvenouscollateralsarepresent blackarrowhead 52 颅外疝 53 核磁选择 1 Subfalcineherniation ThisisbestseenoncoronalMRimages 2 Descendingtranstentorialherniation uncalherniation hippocampalherniation bestseenoncoronalimages butthecompressionofthebrainstemisbestobservedonaxialT2 WI 3 Ascendingtranstentorialherniation Thesagittalimagingplaneispreferred 4 Cerebellartonsillarherniation Sagittalandcoronalimagingplanesarepreferred 54 55 56 小结 占位效应引起的脑组织移位影像上识别脑疝的关键是看脑池的变化 57