2019年六年级上册第三.第四单元的知识要点.doc

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2019年六年级上册第三.第四单元的知识要点Unit 3重 点 语 法一、动名词的构成动名词由动词+ing构成,否定形式为not doing,具有动词和名词的性质。在句中起名词作用,可做主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语。动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。1. 动名词作主语动名词作主语,通常情况下,直接位于句首。Swimming is good for your health. 游泳有利于你的健康。Collecting stamps is her hobby. 集邮是她的爱好。有时可用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句末,但不太常用it做先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。常见的能用于这种结构的形容词有:better, wonderful, interesting, foolish, difficult, useless, hard, fun等。一般采用It is 句式来表示。It is very difficult finishing this task on time. 按时完成这项任务很难。It was hard getting on the crowded bus. 上这种拥挤的公共汽车真难。2. 动名词作宾语动名词作动词宾语只接动名词作宾语的动词归纳如下:enjoy 欣赏,喜爱 finish 完成,结束 imagine 想象,设想keep 保持,保存 mind 介意,留心 cannot help 情不自禁3. 动名词作介词宾语动名词作介词宾语时,通常放在由动词介词组成的动词短语后。常见的动介短语有:keep on 继续 think about 考虑 worry about 担心 give up 放弃feel like 想要 get used to 习惯于部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,现归纳如下:(1) forget to do 忘记要去做某事 (未做)forget doing 忘记要去做某事 (已做)Dont forget to turn off the light when you leave. 当你离开的时候别忘记了关灯。My book is here. I forgot taking it. 我的书在这里,我忘记带它了。(2) stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事 stop doing 停止做某事(不再做)We are very tired. Let us stop to have a rest. 我们非常累了。让我们停下来休息一会儿吧!The teacher is ing. Please stop talking. 老师来了。别讲话了。(3) remember to do 记得去做某事(未做)remember doing 记得做过某事(已做)The radio says it will rain. We should remember to take the umbrella.收音机说要下雨了。我们应该记得带雨伞。Look,the light is on.I remember turning it off. 看,灯亮了。我记得关了的。(4) regret to do 对要做的事遗憾(未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔(已做)She regretted to give up the chance. 她对放弃那个机会感到遗憾。She regretted having no time to have a talk with him at that time.她遗憾那时没有时间和他好好谈谈。(5) try to do 努力,尽力去做某事(主观上) try doing 尝试着做某事(客观上)She always tried to help us at that time. 那时她总是尽力帮助我们。Lets try working it out in another way. 让我们试试用另一种方法算出它吧。(6) go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事 go on doing 继续做原来做的事 Dont write. Let us go on to read. 别写了,让我们继续读。 We went on working after dinner. 午饭后我们继续工作。(7) be afraid to do 不做,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为“怕” be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况。doing是客观上造成的。意为“生怕,唯恐” She is afraid to go out at night.她害怕晚上出去。 I am afraid of failing the English test. 我担心英语考试不及格。4. 动名词作状语动名词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语,在句中作状语。 He left without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就离开了。He often makes interesting things by painting. 他经常画一些有趣的东西。5. 动名词作定语动名词作定语时一般前置,与所修饰的名词间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,表用途。reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车sleeping car 卧车 singing petition 歌咏比赛waiting room候车室6. 动名词作表语My hobby is painting. 我的爱好是画画。Your task is cleaning the windows.你的任务就是擦窗户。7. 动名词作同位语 His hobby, playing basketball, remains unchanged. 他打篮球的爱好仍未改变。8. 动名词表被动在want(需要), need(需要), deserve(值得), require(需要)等词后,我们用动名词的主动形式表达被动意思。The trees want watering. 这些树需要浇水了。Your car needs filling. 你的车要充气了。二、否定疑问句1.疑问句的否定结构称为否定疑问句。2.否定疑问句可用not的简略式,须与be,have或助动词一起放在主词之前。Arent you my uncle, Tom? 难道你不是我叔叔汤姆吗?3.否定疑问句的回答yes 表不,no表是 Dont you want to go? 你难道不想去吗? Yes, I do. / No, I dont. 不,我想去。/ 对,我不想去。4.why引导的特殊疑问句的否定结构为特殊否定疑问句。其结构为Why dont(doesnt)和简略式Why not。 Why didnt you e earlier? 你为什么不早来一点?5.否定疑问句可以表示请求或希望得到肯定答覆。Dont you remember the days when we stayed in Paris?你不记得我们在巴黎逗留的那些日子吗?(希望得到肯定答覆) Why not give me a hand? 你帮我一下行吗?(表示请求)6.否定疑问句表示邀请或建议。 Wont you e in and have some tea? 进来喝些茶好吗?(表示邀请) Why dont you have a try? 你为什么不试一试?(表示建议)7.否定疑问句表示惊异、赞赏、怀疑或责备等意义。 Isnt he your blood brother? 难道他不是你的亲兄弟?(表示惊异) Isnt it a lovely day? 天气多好啊。(表示赞赏) Why didnt you e last night? 昨晚你怎么不来?(表示责备)三、复合不定代词1.复合不定代词的构成由some,any, no, every 加上-body,-one, -thing构成的不定代词,叫做复合不定代词。somebody 某人,有人 someone 某人,有人 something 某物,某事nobody 无一人 no one 无一人 nothing 无一物everybody 每人,人人 everyone 每人,人人 everything 每件事物,万事2. 复合不定代词的用法(1)复合不定代词相当于名词,在句中可以做主语、宾语和表语。做主语时,谓语动词只能用单数。 Everything goes as planned. 一切都按计划进行。(作主语) I dont have anything to say. 我没有什么要说的。(作宾语) Money is not everything. 金钱不是一切。(作表语)(2)复合不定代词被定语修饰时,定语必须放在它们的后面。 There is nothing wrong with the clock. 这个钟表没有什么毛病。(3)在反意疑问句中,若陈述部分的主语是 everything, something, nothing时,疑问部分要用单数it;若陈述部分主语是everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one 等,疑问部分常用复数they, 有时也用单数he。 Everything is ready, isnt it? 所有的东西都准备好了,是不是? Everybody is here, arent they? 大家都在这,是吗?(4)复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语。 Something is wrong. (否定句) Something isnt wrong.(错误)Nothing is wrong.(正确)(5)somebody, someone, something 和 anybody, anyone, anything 的区别与some 和any 的区别一样。 There is something new in the park. 公园里有些新的景点。 Do you have anything interesting to tell us? 你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?(6)当somebody, someone等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;anybody, anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。 Is someone ing this afternoon? 今天下午有客人来吗? Anyone may make mistakes. 任何人都有可能犯错。主 要 语 言 点:1. a book of, a book on, a book about区别a book of 量词短语,类似于 a piece of, a glass of等。a book on多用于系统论述或专题论著等,具有专业学术性书籍。如: a book on music a book about表示其内容比较通俗,一般人都可阅读。如: a book about Lei Feng2. all(1) all修饰名词主语时,可放在主语和行为动词之前,但要放在be动词之后(但是若be动词是句子中的最后一个词时,all要放在be动词之前)。如: All the boys study well. = The boys all study well. 孩子们都学习得很好。 They are all workers. 他们都是工人。(2) all指“三个(以上)的数目”,反义词是none;both指“两个数目”,反义词是neither。如: I have three brothers. All of them are students. 我有三个哥哥,他们都是学生。 He has two sisters. Both of them like English. 他有两个姐姐,她们都喜欢英语。(3) 不能说“all + 代词”,要说“代词+ all”或“all of + 代词”。如: They all like her. /All of them like her. 他们都喜欢她。(4) “All + 冠词(指示代词或物主代词)”=“冠词(指示代词或物主代词)+ whole”。如: all the world = the whole world 全世界 all my life = my whole life 我的一生注:all可修饰不可数名词或复数名词,the whole不可直接修饰不可数名词或复数名词, 应用the whole of。如: all Shanghai = the whole of Shanghai 全上海 all ink = the whole of ink 所有墨水 all his books = the whole of his books 他所有的书(5) all用于否定句时通常表示部分否定,要表示全部否定可用no,none等。如: All my friends cannot swim. 并非我所有的朋友都会游泳。 None of my friends can swim. 我所有的朋友都不会游泳。 I dont know any of them. 他们我都不认识。(6) all不能与what连用,可把what改为that。例如: This is all that I want to say. =This is what I want to say. 这就是我要说的全部。(7) “all +地名”,表示“全的人”;“the whole of +地名”表示“全的地方”。如: All Chinese celebrate National Day on October 1st. 10月1日全中国人们庆祝国庆。 He has traveled the whole of America. 他已经游遍了全美国。(8) “all +抽象名词”=“very +形容词”,前者语气更强。如: Little Amy is all active. = Little Amy is very active. 小埃米非常活泼。 He is all kindness to us all. = He is very kind to us all. 他对我们大家非常亲切。2. for 的用法(1) 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么?(2) 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。 Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。(3) 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给”、“对 (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。(4) 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。(5) 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Lets go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。(6) 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于的”。如: Its time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。(7) 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划?3. reach,arrive和get to 区别(1) reach,arrive和get to 都有“到达”的意思。 arrive和reach是比较正式的用语,get to 是非正式用语,口语中可代替arrive或reach。 reach是及物/不及物动词,可直接带宾语或状语。 而arrive是不及物动词,要跟宾语时,须用介词in/at。一般来说到达的是一个大地方,如洲、国家、大城市等,用介词in;如果到达的是一个小地方,如车站、学校、村庄等,则用at。When we arrived at the railway station, the train had already left. 我们到达车站时,火车已经开走了。He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。(2) arrive和get表示到达时,如果地点是副词home,here或there 就不用介词in ,at, to。 We arrived home very late last night. 昨晚我们很晚才到家。(3) 表示达到某一年龄或高度时,一般用reach,不用arrive。 He has reached fifty . 他已经50岁了。(4) 没有提到地点时的“到达”,只用arrive。 Has the plane arrived yet? 飞机到了吗?Unit 4重 点 语 法一、一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,其表达形式除了“shall(第一人称),will(各种人称)+动词原形构成”外,还有 “be going to+动词原形”1. It is going to rain. 要下雨了。2. We are going to have a meeting today. 今天我们要开会。3. We shall e to ask Miss Chen for help.我们要找陈老师帮忙。will和 be going to 区别Wil在一般情况下相当于be going to,表示将要做什么。will更口语化点。be going to表示有可能马上要着手去做的事情。be going to,表打算,准备、计划将来干;表可能,有必然,通过现象来推断(will无此用法); 进行时,表将来,一般用法记心间。1. be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情,will 表示的将来时间则较远一些,如: He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day. 2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。 He is ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old. 3. be going to 含有“计划,准备”的意思,will 则没有这个意思,如: She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour. 4.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如: If any beasts es at you, Ill stay with you and help you。Will的用法1.表示将来的动作或状态。 2.will原形不定式表示简单将来。 He will go to America tomorrow. 他明天将要去美国。 3.would原形不定式表示过去将来。 He said he would finish it on time. 他说他会按时完成它。 4.表示说话者或主语的意愿,决心,意向。 I will do it. 我将做这件事。 He would never give up. 他绝不放弃。 5.will用于一些祈使句的附加疑问句。 Lets go to the movies, will you? 让我们去看电影,好吗? 6.would可表示过去的习惯动作。 Sometimes we would go to the mountains. 有时候我们会到山里去。 7.would可表示客气的请求。 Would you pass me the bottle? 请你递给我那个瓶子好吗? 8.would可用于假设法。 If I were young, I would go traveling. 要是我年轻,我会去旅行。 If I had enough money, I would have bought the car. 如果我有足够的钱,我就会买下那部车。 二、序数词在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。一(first)、二(second)、三(third)特殊记;th 要从四(four-fourth)起;八(eight-eighth)去t;九(nine-ninth)去e;f来把ve替(five-fifth, twelve-twelfth);ty变成tie(twenty-twentieth)几十几只变个位就可以。1.序数词的用法 序数词主要用作定语,一般要与定冠词the或物主代词连用。 John lives on the fifteenth floor. 约翰住在十五层。 He is the first one to e here. 他是第一个来这里的。 Tom is their second son. 汤姆是他们的第二个儿子。2.序数词的缩略形式 序数词的缩略形式是在数字后直接加上序数词的最后两个字母构成。 first-1st, second-2nd, third-3rd, fourth-4th, twenty-one- 21st3.a +序数词与the +序数词的区别(1)a +序数词:在前面数字的基础上再出现。 His parents have two children, but they want a third one. 他的父母有两个孩子了,但他们还想要一个孩子。(也就是再要第三个孩子)(2)the+序数词:单指哪一个 His parents have three children, and the third one is a girl. 他的父母有三个孩子,第三个是个女孩。(这里的第三个并不指前两个也是女孩,单纯指第三个)4.年、月和日的表达 表示年、月、日时,“年”用基数词表示,“日”用序数词,其常用顺序为:月+日,年 1949年10月1日读作:October (the) first, nineteen forty-nine 年9月10日读作:September (the) tenth, two thousand and four注意:“月份”的首字母要大写,表示“在哪年”“在哪月”时,前面要用介词in in July 在七月 in 在年 表示具体的某一天时,前面要用介词on on October the 1st, 在10月1日主 要 语 言 点1. other,others, another, the other 和the others(1) other常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。如果其前有the, this, some, any, each, every, no, one以及形容词性物主代词时,其后就可接单数名词。 I have no other place to go. 我没有其他地方可去。(2)another 指三个或三个以上中“再一个,不管还有多少个”。可单独使用或接可数名词单数。如果其后接数词(+复数名词),则表示“又、再、还”。 This hat is too small for me. Show me another one. 这顶帽子对我来说太小,再给我一顶。 We need another three assistants in our shop. 我们店里还需要三名店员。(3)others 是在一定范围内除去一部分,剩余的一部分,不是全部。Please show me your picture, and then show it to others.请给我看看你的照片,然后给其他人看。(4) any other表示一个之外的其他任何一个(而不是两个之中的另一个)。 China is larger than any other country in Asia. 中国比其他任何一个亚洲国家都幅员辽阔。(5) the other 表示两者中的另外一个。可单独使用,也可接单数名词。 the other 还可以加复数可数名词表示“一定范围内,除去一部分,其余的全部”,还可以省略为the others 表示“其他的人或物” In our class, twenty students are drawing and the others are singsing. 我们班有二十位学生在画画,其他的在唱歌。(6)下面是一些常见搭配:one, the other一个,另一个 one, the others 一部分, 另一部分the other day 不久前的某一天 one after another 一个接一个on the one hand,on the other hand一方面, 另一方面2. same, different, differencein the same class (单数)in different classes (复数)be the same as 与相同 My pen is the same as yours.be different from 与不同 Our school is different from theirs.be in different colours =be different in coloursdifferent (adj.)difference(n.) Theres no difference between the books. There are two differences between the two books.3. type n. Theres a new type of toy car in the shop. v. I can type the letter for you.4. farm n. My grandpa lives on a farm. John studies in a farm school.v. The old man always farms the land the whole day.5. fish n. There is a lot of fish on the plate. There are a lot of fish in the water. There are different kinds of fishes in the sea. v. My father usually fishes in the afternoon.6. park n. There is a park next to our school. v. Dont park here.7. plant n. There are lots of plants in the park. v. He often plants flowers in his garden.8. show n. Im going to watch a fashion show. v. Show the picture to others.9. paint n. Get some paints and paper. v. Paint the house.10. colour n. What colour do you like best? v. Colour the house blue.11. print n. Press your finger on the paper to make a print. v. Then you can print the picture on the cloth.12. glue n. Please pass me the glue. v. Glue it onto the yellow paper.13. number n. My house number is 39. v. Listen to number the pictures.14. sign n. Make a sign to tell people what they must do. v. Sign your name on the paper.15. light n. You must wait for the green light. v. Lets light the candles. adj. Id like the light blue jacket. This bag is too heavy. I can take the light one.16. wish n. I wish youll be better soon. v. Lets make a wish.17. own adj. You can make your own leaf paintings. This is my own room. v. His friend owns a new type of toy car. your own 你自己的 yourself 你自己
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