资源描述
第一层级|抓牢“词法”保基本分第一讲名词和冠词在高考中，语法填空和短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。在语法填空和短文改错中，解答有关名词的题目时，一要根据在句中所作的成分确定是否使用名词。名词在句中常用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。二要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语的情况以及主谓一致原则来确定名词单复数。(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)It was late at night. Two 1._ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs. Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2._ (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3._ (thief) usually bring 4._ (knife) with them，” she thought in 5._ (silent). After two 6._ (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two 7._ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8._ (money) or some 9._ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10._ (experience)答案：1.Germans2.dollars3.thieves4.knives5.silence6.minutes7.Frenchmen8.money9.jewels/jewelry10.experience(二)快捷技法思考趋向解题规则1.填名词的单复数若提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。1.不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式。(如题10)2.有数词或these, those, several, many, all, both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。(如题1,2,3,7,9)3.名词前有one of 时用名词复数形式。4.如果空格处作主语，且谓语动词是单数形式，则空格处应填名词单数形式；若谓语动词是复数形式，则空格处应填名词复数形式。5.不可数名词没有复数形式。(如题8)2.填名词的所有格提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。(如题6)1.单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加s。2.以s或es结尾的名词复数，形式为s或es。3.复合名词中，一般在最后一个词的词尾加s，如her brotherinlaws character。3.派生为名词作句子的主语、宾语(包括介词的宾语)时，一般设空处填名词。(如题5)(三)重点强化1可数名词复数的规则变化：(1)一般情况下在词尾直接加s(2)以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词，在词尾加es(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，将y变为i，再加es(4)以元音字母加y结尾的名词，在词尾直接加s(5)以o结尾的名词，无生命的常在词尾加s，如pianos, photos；有生命的在词尾加es，如potatoes, heroes等(6)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f或fe为v，再加es。如knifeknives，leafleaves (如题3,4)；少数直接加s，如roofroofs, gulfgulfs2可数名词复数的不规则变化：(1)单复数同形的名词：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, means (手段), works (工厂), series (系列)等(2)复数形式有特殊变化的名词：criterion标准criteria mouse老鼠micephenomenon现象phenomena foot脚；英尺feetmedium传播媒介media child孩子children(一)考点练悟下文中共有6处错误，每句中最多有一处。请找出并改正。Recently, a famous basketball player has caused public angry by writing on the Great Wall. In fact, this happens in many place of interest. I have some suggestion to solve this problem. First, make more poster to inform the public of the damage of graffiti (涂鸦). Besides, punishments, such as a fine, are necessary to tourists with such bad behavior. Also, I think its helpful to put up some boards along the tourist attraction where tourists are permitted to leave messages.Im sure with our effort, more and more people will bee concerned about protecting cultural relics.答案：第一句：angryanger第二句：placeplaces第三句：suggestionsuggestions第四句：posterposters第六句：attractionattractions第七句：effortefforts(二)快捷技法思考趋向解题规则1.名词的数与格的错用根据名词前的修饰成分或者名词本身，判定名词的数与格是否正确。1.可数名词前由不定冠词a或an修饰，一般用单数形式，由数词、量词修饰一般用复数形式。2.不可数名词没有复数形式。3.有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具体语境。4.表示“的”意义时应用所有格形式。2.名词与形容词、名词与动词的错用结合语境分析句子成分，由所充当的句子成分判断词性的正误。1.名词一般在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。2.作表语时，与主语构成同位关系一般用名词，形容词一般是对主语的描述。3.在冠词、所有格或介词后一般用名词。冠词是语法填空题的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a，an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠词类题目时，首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指，如果是前者用the，后者则需要再判断用a还是an。短文改错中的冠词类题目，除了判断是表示特指还是泛指外，还需要注意单数可数名词前必须有冠词。同时对常见的固定搭配中的冠词也要熟练掌握。(一)考点练悟(用冠词填空)When I walked down 1._ Third Avenue, as 2._ rule, I used to look into the windows of 3._ old shop that sold old and beautiful things. Since I often took my walk after the closing time, I cupped my hands against 4._ windows to get 5._ small look at the treasures inside.Some things looked as if they had not been noticed for 6._ long time, but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface. I even thought they were 7._ most beautiful that I had ever seen. That was how I felt about old people, too. I knew their value, and it hurt me when others missed it. I was raised by my grandmother and given 8._ deep sense of the value of experience. Taught to behave well, my sister and I respected other people, regardless of their age or color. My grandmother was loved by all 9._ people around her. She was known to be 10._ wise and kind woman, who was able to do things well even in her last years.Old people should be treated as fine gold. They may be gradually tarnished (失去光泽) by age, but they can be polished with respect. You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities.答案：1.the2.a3.an4.the5.a6.a7.the8.a9.the10.a(二)快捷技法思考趋向如何确定填冠词如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。解题规则如何确定填什么冠词1不定冠词a/an的常考点(1)表示泛指，相当于“a certain”。(如题3,6,10)(2)表示类指，指某类中的“任何一个”。(3)表示量指，但数的概念没有one强烈。(4)表示“每”，相当于per，用于价格、速度、频率等表达中。(5)考查固定搭配中的不定冠词。(如题2,6)(6)和具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词连用表示具体的概念。(如题5,8)2定冠词the的常考点(1)特指某人或某物。(如题4,9)(2)用于最高级或序数词前或由only, very, same等修饰的名词前。(如题1,7)(3)和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。(4)用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。(5)定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。(一)考点练悟下文中共有8处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。Zhou Yan is the Senior Three student. Last week, he went to see doctor because his arms and fingers hurt. The doctor told him a fact that he had an “mobile phone disease”. Zhou sent messages to his friends with his mobile phone all time, even in bed. Zhou started to do badly in all a exams because he spent so much time on his mobile phone. He didnt stop using a mobile phone until his arms hurt. Yang Ling, who is a expert from a health center, said students should try to use their mobile phones less, especially at school. 答案：第一句：thea第二句：doctor前加a第三句：athe; ana第四句：all后加the第五句：athe第六句：athe第七句：第一个aan(二)快捷技法思考趋向1决定冠词对与错的关键在于它和后面的名词在意思上是否构成了一种正确的搭配关系，这种搭配在句中是否合情、合理、合“法”，这应该是思维的第一步。那么，是泛指还是特指就成为验证正确与否的重要标准。2如果在句中出现含有名词的短语或固定搭配时，一定要警惕冠词的多余或缺失。在固定搭配中，有的用不定冠词a/an，有的用定冠词the，而有的则不带任何冠词，如：in a hurry, as a result; on the contrary, in (the) charge of; at first, in fact等等，这些都需要我们平时加强记忆和积累。解题规则1冠词的错用(1)a和an的错用。元音音素前用an，辅音音素前用a。(2)不定冠词和定冠词的错用。表示特指时用定冠词the；表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。注意固定搭配中冠词的使用情况。2冠词的缺失与多余(1)单数可数名词前冠词的缺失。一般来说，单数可数名词前应有相应的冠词，表示泛指用a(n)，表示特指用the。(2)冠词的多余。可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指意义时不用冠词。除此之外，还要注意常用固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余。课堂应用体验 .语法填空(2018武汉调研)The energy that so many outsiders feel when they are in China es not just from the hurrying footsteps that can _1_ (see) everywhere. It also es from a sense that it is used for something bigger.A few years ago, I interviewed Zhang Xin, a young man from a _2_ (deep) poor agricultural province in central China. His parents were wheat _3_ (farmer) and lived in a tiny oneroom house next to the fields. He _4_ (graduate) from Tsinghua University and gotten a job as a software engineer at Huawei. His success, Zhang told me one day, had changed his family forever, _5_ (keep) his families away from hard labor forever. Not his parents. Not his children. That kind of life was over.Multiply that young mans story by millions, _6_ you will get a sense that this once very backward society has bee _7_ forwardlooking country. A smart American who lived in China for years put it this way: “China is making a great effort to bee _8_ it has not yet bee. It is upwardly mobile, proudly so.”Proudly so, because as Zhang understood, hard work today means a much _9_ (good) life decades from now for _10_ (he) later generations and the country.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者通过采访一位出身贫苦、清华大学毕业的张先生，说明了知识能够改变命运、改变家庭。1be seen考查被动语态。that引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词footsteps，并且在从句中作主语；定语从句中主语与动词see之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；因空前为情态动词can，故填be seen。2deeply考查副词。空处修饰形容词poor，要用副词。deep作副词讲时意为“在深处，深深地”；deeply作副词讲时，意为“非常”，根据语境可知，此处应填deeply。3farmers考查名词复数。他的父母都是种植小麦的农民，根据语境可知空处应用名词；再根据空前的His parents were可知，空处应用名词复数。4had graduated考查动词时态。根据and之后的gotten可知，这里要用完成时；大学毕业的动作是在“interviewed”这个过去的动作之前发生的，所以要用过去完成时。5keeping考查非谓语动词。keep与主语His success之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故此处用现在分词短语作状语，对谓语动词had changed进行补充说明。6and考查连词。此处是“祈使句and陈述句”固定句型，故空处应填and。7a考查冠词。此处泛指一个国家，要用不定冠词，且forwardlooking的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。8what考查名词性从句。空处引导表语从句，并在表语从句中作bee的宾语，表示“什么”，所以要用what。9better考查形容词的比较级。根据空前的much，并结合语境可知，此处要用比较级。10his考查代词。空处作定语，修饰后面的名词later generations，所以要用形容词性物主代词。.短文改错(2018贵阳监测)There was a farmer who sell a pound of butter to a baker. One day the baker decided to weigh the butter to see that he was getting a pound and he was found that he was not. This angered him and he took the farmer from court. The judge asked farmer if he was using any measure. The farmer replied, “Your Honor, I am innocently. I dont have a proper measure, and I do have a scale (秤)” The judge asked, “Then how do you weigh the butter？” The farmer replied, “Your Honor, long before the baker started buying butter from me, I have been buying a pound of breads from him.Every day when the baker brings the bread, I put it on the scale and give her the same weight of butter. If anyone was to blame, it is the baker.”答案：第一句：sellsold第二句：thatif/whether; 去掉第二个was第三句：fromto第四句：asked后加the第五句：innocentlyinnocent第六句：andbut第八句：breadsbread第九句：herhim第十句：wasis
展开阅读全文