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第8讲名词性从句1.By boat is the only way to get here，which is we arrived.(2018江苏，21)A.where B.when C.why D.how答案D解析考查表语从句的引导词。句意为：坐船是到达这里的唯一方法，这就是我们如何(how)到达的。where表地点；when表时间；why表原因；how表方式。2.Without his support，we wouldnt be we are now.(2018北京，11)A.how B.whenC.where D.why答案C解析考查表语从句的引导词。根据句意可知应该选C项，where引导表语从句。句意为：假如没有他的支持，我们就不会取得现在的成就。3.This is my father has taught meto always face difficulties and hope for the best.(2018北京，15)A.how B.which C.that D.what答案D解析考查表语从句的引导词。这是一个含有表语从句的复合句，所选答案在从句中作teach的直接宾语，因此应该选D项。how不能用作宾语；which引导表语从句时意为“哪个，哪些”，不合逻辑；that引导表语从句时在从句中不作成分。句意为：这就是父亲教我的总是直面困难，并且抱最大的希望。4.The gold medal will be awarded to wins the first place in the bicycle race.(2018天津，9)A.whomever B.whereverC.whoever D.whatever答案C解析考查宾语从句的引导词。句意为：金牌将被授予在自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。介词to后是宾语从句，从句中动词wins前缺主语，而且金牌给的是“人”，故用whoever引导宾语从句。whomever在从句中作宾语，故排除。5.Every year， makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.(2017北京，23)A.whatever B.whoeverC.whomever D.whichever答案B解析考查主语从句的引导词。句意为：每年，在风筝节上风筝做得最漂亮的人会赢得奖品。whoever无论谁，表泛指，在句中作主语，相当于anyone who。whomever在句中只能作宾语，不合题意；whatever任何的事物；whichever无论哪个，无论哪些。6.She asked me I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadnt.(2017天津，4)A.when B.where C.whether D.what答案C解析考查宾语从句的引导词。句意为：她问我是否(whether)已将那些书还给了图书馆，我承认还没还。when什么时候；where在哪里；what什么，均不符合语境。7.It is often the case anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.(2016江苏，21) A.why B.what C.as D.that答案D解析考查主语从句的引导词。句意为：通常情况下，对于那些心存希望的人来说，一切皆有可能。本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的名词性从句，从句结构完整，不缺成分，故要用that引导。8.The manager put forward a suggestion we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.(2016天津，11)A.whether B.that C.which D.what 答案B解析考查同位语从句的引导词。句意为：经理提了个建议我们应雇个助手。要做的工作太多了。分析句子结构可知，空格后的同位语从句用来解释说明suggestion的具体内容，从句中不缺成分且意义完整，故选B项。诊断报告考向对应题号我的薄弱环节1 what和that引导的名词性从句 3,72 同位语从句83 whether和if引导的名词性从句 64when，where，how，why引导的名词性从句1,25“疑问词-ever”引导的名词性从句4,5解题方法两步定引导词1.确定是四种名词性从句中的哪一种(根据从句在整个句子中的作用确定)2.划分从句的句子成分，理解句意，选择正确的连接词。(1)当名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时，使用连接代词。(2)当名词性从句中主干齐全，根据句意判断出缺少状语时，使用连接副词。(3)当名词性从句主干齐全，又不缺少状语时，使用从属连接词引导。考点1what和that引导的名词性从句1.We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to 20，half of it used to charge.(2017江苏，26)A.that B.which C.what D.how答案C解析考查宾语从句的引导词。句意为：我们选择这家旅馆，因为这里一晚的价格降到了20美元，这是它以前要价的一半。从句意看，本句的half of部分在句中作 20的同位语，由此可知这里要用what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语，同时what在宾语从句中又作charge的宾语，因此选C。2.The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one can be entirely free from dust.(2016北京，29)A.what B.that C.whether D.why答案B解析考查表语从句的引导词。句意为：雨季最令人愉快的事情是人可以完全不受灰尘的袭扰。分析句子结构可知，is后的表语从句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，故选B。考点归纳1.what引导名词性从句的五种用法：(1)表示“的东西或事情”： Theyve done what they can to help her.他们已经尽力帮助了她。(2)表示“的人或样子”： He is no longer what he was.他已经不是以前的那个样子了。 (3)表示“的数量或数目”： The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation.现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10倍。 (4)表示“时间”： The young girl was too frightened to speak，standing there for what seemed like hours.小女孩吓得不敢说话，大概在那儿站了几个小时。 (5)表示“的地方”： In 1492，Columbus reached what is now called America.1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。 2.what 与that引导名词性从句时的区别：两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语、同位语从句。what 可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语，意为“什么”或“所的”，而 that 仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略，如果有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句，第一个从句的引导词that可以省略，其余的不能省略)。(1)He doesnt know what she likes.他不知道她喜欢什么。(2)I believe (that) he will e to see us.我相信他会来看我们的。考点2同位语从句After investigation，the police found out one clue voices were heard calling for help from some very distant place that day.A.where B.when C.that D.whose 答案C 解析句意为：在调查之后，警察发现了一条线索，那天有人听到远处某个地方传来了呼救声。设空处引导同位语从句，从句意义、结构完整，应用that引导，补充说明one clue的具体内容。考点归纳判断是同位语从句还是定语从句可以用“加词”的方法，即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词，如果句子意思成立，则是同位语从句，否则是定语从句。(1)The notice that the meeting had to be put off was true.(同位语从句) 会议不得不推迟的通知是真的。The notice was that the meeting had to be put off.(2)The notice that he read just now was true.(定语从句)他刚才读的那则通知是真的。考点3whether和if引导的名词性从句 It is still under discussion the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.A.whether B.whenC.which D.where答案A解析考查主语从句的引导词。句意为：老汽车站是否应该被一个现代化的宾馆代替仍然在讨论之中。由or not可知此处应用连接词whether。whether.or not意为“是否”。考点归纳whether和if在动词后的宾语从句中经常可以互换，但下列情况常用whether，不用if：(1)从句作介词的宾语时；(2)与or或or not连用时；(3)引导主语从句、且位于句首时；(4)引导表语从句和同位语从句时。(1)I didnt know whether/if he would attend the concert.我并不知道他是否参加音乐会。(动词后的宾语从句，可用if代替whether)(2)Im interested in whether youve finished the work.我对你是否完成了这项工作感兴趣。(介词后的宾语从句中，不可以用if代替whether)(3)It remains to be seen whether this plan is practical enough to keep the project going.这个计划是否足够实用，以使这个项目继续下去还有待观察。(主语从句，不可用if代替whether)(4)The question is whether it is worth trying.问题是它值不值得一试。(表语从句，不可用if代替whether)(5)The question whether the work was worth doing has not been decided.这项工作是否值得做的问题还有待定论。(同位语从句，不可用if代替whether)考点4when，where，how，why引导的名词性从句1.Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing she was heading.(2017北京，26)A.why B.whereC.how D.when答案B解析考查宾语从句的引导词。句意为：简沿着绿树成荫的街道漫无目的地走着，并不知道要去哪里(where)。why为什么；how怎样；when什么时候。2. we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.(2015北京，35)A.Where B.HowC.Why D.When答案B解析考查主语从句的引导词。句意为：我们怎样理解事物与我们所感觉到的东西有很大关系。 分析句子结构可知“ we understand things”为主语从句，结合句意可知选B。3. Li Bai，a great Chinese poet，was born is known to the public，but some wont accept it.(2015江苏，25)A.That B.WhyC.Where D.How答案C解析考查主语从句的引导词。句意为：李白，一个伟大的中国诗人，其出生地是众所周知的，但也有一些人不接受它。“Where Li Bai.was born”作该句子的主语，表示“李白出生的地方”。考点归纳1.who，why，how，where，when等在从句中既作特定的成分，又有具体的含义，不能省略。大多数连接副词表示疑问意义，引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语。2.能接以上词引导宾语从句的动词很多，常见的有see，tell，ask，answer，know，decide，imagine，suggest，doubt，wonder，show，discuss，understand，inform，advise等。3.以上词可引导介词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。(1)Who will be chosen as the best singer has not been decided.谁将被选为最佳歌手还没有决定。(2)It never occurred to me how tough it was to begin a new life in a strange city.我从来也没有想过在一个陌生的城市开始新生活是多么困难。(3)I dont know why it was that our headmaster was absent from such an important meeting.我不知道到底为什么我们的校长缺席如此重要的会议。(4)Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“Thats where I was born.” 奶奶指着那个医院说：“那就是我出生的地方。”考点5“疑问词-ever”引导的名词性从句1.Your support is important to our work. you can do helps.(2016北京，24)A.However B.WhoeverC.Whatever D.Wherever答案C解析考查主语从句的引导词。句意为：你们的支持对我们的工作很重要，无论你们做什么都会有帮助。从句动词do需要宾语，且引导主语从句，故用whatever，表示“无论什么”。2.Some people believe has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.(2014北京，33)A.whatever B.wheneverC.wherever D.however答案A解析考查宾语从句的引导词。believe后是宾语从句且从句中缺少主语，四个选项中只有whatever可以作主语。考点归纳whichever，whatever，whoever引导名词性从句，它们本身有词义，既有连接从句的作用，又在从句中作特定的成分，起强调作用，意为“无论，不管”。(1)The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给获胜者奖励。(宾语从句)(2)Whoever wants to reach a distant goal must take many small steps.任何想要实现远大目标的人，都必须一步一步地走。(主语从句)1.Id like to start my own businessthats Id do if I had the money.(2018红桥区二模)A.why B.whenC.which D.what答案D解析在本题中，is缺表语，Id do中缺宾语，故用what来引导。2.I could hardly believe my ears when the news came I had won the first place in the Oral English Contest.(2017天津五校联考二模)A.that B.whenC.where D.why答案A解析空格后面的从句解释说明news的内容，是同位语从句，且从句中不缺少任何成分，所以用that引导。故选A。3.You oughtnt to have gone out without a coat yesterday.It wasnt surprising you caught a cold.(2017红桥区二模)A.whether B.whyC.how D.that答案D解析句意为：你昨天本不应该不穿外套就出去的。你感冒了并不奇怪。it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。主语从句结构、意思完整，故用连接词that。4.The store said if the melons didnt sell at the asking price within two weeks，it would sell them to offers the most money.(2017河东区一模)A.who B.whoeverC.no matter who D.whomever答案B解析句意为：商店说如果甜瓜两个星期内不能以要价卖出，它会把它们卖给出钱最多的任何人。此处whoeveranyone who。5. Im concerned about most is we can collect a huge amount of money in such a short time.(2018天津一中5月考)A.That；how B.What；ifC.What；how D.As；whether答案C解析is前面应该是一个主语从句，从句中缺少一个介词about的宾语，所以需要使用what来引导该主语从句；而is后面为一个疑问句，属于表语从句，根据句意可知应该是表达筹钱的方式，所以用how来引导。6. is willing to volunteer in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics is wele to join us.(2018河西区二模)A.Whatever B.WhoeverC.Whenever D.Wherever答案B解析本题考查主语从句中的引导词；whatever无论什么；whoever无论谁，任何人；whenever无论何时；wherever无论哪里。题干中第二个is前的主语从句“ is willing to volunteer in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics”中缺少主语，表示“任何人”，故答案是B。7.When we are in trouble，they really want to know do to help us.(2017河东区二模)A.what can they B.how can theyC.how they can D.what they can答案D解析句意为：当我们遇到麻烦时，他们真的想知道他们能做些什么来帮助我们。本题考查两点：一是名词性从句的语序陈述句语序，即“主语谓语”；二是what与how的用法区别：how to do (how表示方式)，what to do (what作动词do的宾语)。8. is known to us is that tobacco contains nicotine and other harmful substances，so you should give up smoking.(2017南开区三模)A.As B.ItC.What D.Which答案C解析句意为：我们都知道烟草含有尼古丁和其他有害物质，所以你应该戒烟。本句第一分句为主系表结构：主语为主语从句What is known to us (what在从句中作主语)；is为系动词；that引导表语从句。本题易忽略第二个is，认为it为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语，从而错选B。9.We had to agree to accept they thought was the best candidate.(2017河西区二模)A.however B.whoeverC.wherever D.whenever答案B解析句意为：我们不得不同意接受他们所认为的最好的任何一个候选人。从句中缺少主语而且指“人”，故选whoever。they thought为插入语。10. they choose Chinese pany is that China has the most advanced technology of high-speed railway in the world.(2017天津五校联考一模)A.Whether B.WhereC.When D.Why答案D解析根据后文“中国拥有世界上最先进的高铁制造技术”可知，这是他们选择中国公司的原因，前后为因果关系，故选D。专题强化练(八).单项填空1.There are some differences between American and British English，but do you know the differences came into being？(2018和平区一模)A.that B.whatC.whether D.how答案D解析分析句子结构可知，know后面为一个宾语从句，表达差异是怎么产生的，所以用how来引导。2. was most important to her，she told me，was to keep healthy.(2018天津部分区县一模)A.It B.This C.What D.As答案C解析句意为：她告诉我，对她来说最重要的是保持健康。分析句子可知， was most important to her是一个主语从句，从句中缺少主语，所以用what来引导。3.A childs behavior is most easily influenced by his parents.True.Thats we should set a good example to our kids.(2017和平区二模)A.when B.why C.whether D.where答案B解析根据语境，后面“我们应该给我们的孩子树立一个好榜样”可知前面提到的是原因，因此应在该表语从句中使用充当原因状语的引导词why，而when是充当时间状语；whether表示“是否”；where充当地点状语，故选B。4.What was it brought you two together？Was it your love of music?A.as B.who C.that D.which答案C解析句意为：是什么把你们聚在一起？是你们对于音乐的热爱吗？本题是it强调句型的特殊疑问句式。把was it 去掉之后，剩下的“What brought you two together？”成分及句意仍然完整，故可判定为强调句式，强调what，指物，故用that。5.A proposal was put forward at the meeting the new cement plant shouldnt be built near the school.(2018天津十二区县一模)A.when B.where C.that D.which答案C解析通过分析句子结构可知，这句话中包含一个同位语从句对名词proposal进行解释说明，从句不缺少成分，也不需要翻译出含义，因此要用that引导。6. they obtain from the lesson is very important to the training in their character.(2017河东区一模)A.That B.Which C.What D.How答案C解析句意为：他们从课程中所学到的东西对锻炼他们的性格很重要。本题中what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。故选C。7.What I learn about this violence is it has caused at least three deaths.(2016和平区一模)A.that B.whetherC.what D.when答案A解析句意为：据我了解，该暴力事件已经造成至少三人死亡。表语从句中“it has caused at least three deaths”句意完整，不缺少句子成分，所以选只起连接作用的连接词that。whether是否；when何时；what在名词性从句中充当宾语、表语、主语等。8.There are various things on sale，so you can choose interests you.(2018海滨新区七校联考)A.whoever B.no matter whoC.whatever D.no matter what答案C解析题干中引导词引导的从句位于动词choose的后面，是一个宾语从句；宾语从句中interests缺少主语，要用连接代词；句意表达的是things东西，指物，故选C。no matter what引导让步状语从句。9.I called your office at about ten this morning，but there was no reply.Oh，that was probably I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital.(2017河西区一模)A.when B.why C.what D.that答案A解析句意为：今天早上大约十点我给你办公室打电话了，但是没有人接。哦，那个时候我可能正在探望一个生病住院的朋友。答语中的that指代前面提到的时间，此处应用when引导表语从句，在从句中作时间状语。10.Janes success lies in the fact she is so co-operative and eager to learn from others.(2018河东区一模)A.that B.which C.when D.why答案A解析分析句子的结构可知，后面的句子是对前面的名词fact的解释说明，从句中不缺少成分，所以应该是同位语从句，用that来引导。11.He studied hard and later became a well-known writer，which was his father had expected.A.why B.how C.that D.what答案D解析句意为：他努力学习然后成了一名知名作家，这也是他父亲曾经期盼的。此处为表语从句，从句中词缺少宾语成分，故选引导词what。12.Father made a promise I passed the examination，he would buy me a new dictionary.(2016天津十二区县一模)A.that B.ifC.whether D.that if答案D解析句意为：我父亲许诺如果我考试过关，他就会给我买一本新词典。promise是同位语从句的先行词，that引导同位语从句，且that不能省略；if引导同位语从句中的条件状语。故D项正确。13. female college graduates get a job appears to be rather difficult nowadays in China.(2016和平区三模)A.Why B.WhatC.Whether D.That答案D解析句意为：现在在中国，女大学生求职好像非常困难。 female college graduates get a job是主语从句，由句意可知，该句意义完整，不缺成分，所以填连接词that。14.Our English teacher told us to find out the differences between American English and British English lie.(2016天津五校联考)A.where B.how C.what D.which答案A解析句意为：我们的英语老师让我们找出美国英语和英国英语的区别在哪儿。设空处引导宾语从句，引导词作动词lie的宾语，指存在于哪儿，故选A。15.Information has been put forward more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(2016河北区三模)A.while B.as C.when D.that答案D解析空后的句子解释了前面的名词information，所以是同位语从句，同位语从句多用that引导。.阅读理解A(2018南开区三模)People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.Its not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is petitive.Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions.They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other，and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory.The argument is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs.nurture”.Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors.That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost pletely governed by our instincts(本能).Proponents of the “nurture” theory，or，as they are often called，behaviorists，claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.Behaviorists see humans as beings whose behavior is almost pletely shaped by their surroundings.Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic；they maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli(something that helps sb. /sth. to develop better and more quickly) as the basis of their behavior.The social and political connections of these two theories are significant.In the United States，for example，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test.This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically worse than whites.Behaviorists，in contrast，say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy，and that，as a result，they do not develop the same responses that whites do.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.In fact，it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes.That the argument will continue for a long time is certain.16.The author is mainly concerned about solving the problem .A.what causes the “nature/nurture” argumentB.what makes different stages of intelligenceC.how social scientists form different theoriesD.why our personalities and behaviors differ答案D解析推理判断题。文章讨论了人的性格与行为模式是如何形成的，是什么决定了每个人的性格行为与他人不同。17.The underlined word “proponents” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “ ”.A.advocates B.approachesC.principles D.characters答案A解析词义猜测题。由画线词所在句“there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory”及下文两段开头“Those who support the nature side.”和“Proponents of the nurture theory.”可知，两派的支持者之间存在着大量的争论，由此推知proponent意为“支持者，主张者”。advocate倡导者，支持者；approach方法；principle原则；character性格，特点。18.Which of the following statements may be supported by the “nature” school?A.Only extreme behaviors are determined by instincts.B.Environment has nothing to do with our personalities.C.Abilities and characteristics are showed by behaviors.D.We are born with certain personalities and behaviors.答案D解析细节理解题。由第三段第一句“Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors.”可知，“天生注定”派认为人的性格和行为是天生的，主要由基因决定。19.What can we learn about the behaviorists?A.They believe human beings are mechanical.B.They suggest that we react to the environment as the machines do.C.They pare our behaviors to the machines.D.They agree that the mechanistic theory can be applied on us as well.答案B解析细节理解题。由第四段最后一句中的“they maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental.as the basis of their behavior”可知，“后天养成”论者，也就是“行为论者”认为，人们像机器一样对周围环境的刺激作出反应，在此基础上产生行为。20.The “nature” theorists believe that the blacks low scores .A.are the result of the educational disadvantagesB.are a display of the blacks poor intelligenceC.have nothing to do with factors other than heredity(遗传)D.have nothing to do with their true intelligence答案C解析推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“In the United States，for example，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test.This leads some nature proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically worse than whites.”可知，“自然”理论家认为黑人得分低的原因除了基因以外没有别的因素。B(2018河西区三模)Now，perhaps，more than ever before，people are wondering what life is all about，and what it is for.Seeking material success is beginning to trouble large numbers of people around the world.They feel that the long-hour work culture to make more money to buy more things is eating up their lives，leaving them very little time or energy for family or hobbies.Many are turning to other ways of living and downshifting is one of them.Six percent of the workers in Britain took the decision to downshift last year.One couple who downshifted are Daniel and Liz.They used to work in central London.He was a newspaper reporter and she worked for an international bank.They would go to work by train every day from their large house in the suburbs，leaving their two children with a nanny.Nearly twice a month Daniel had to fly to New York for meetings.They both earned a large amount of money but began to feel that life was passing them by.Nowadays，they run a farm in the mountains of Wales.“I always wanted to have one here，” says Daniel，“and we took almost a year to make the decision to downshift.Its taken some time getting used to，but its been worth it.We have to think twice now about spending money on car repairs and we no longer have any holidays.However，I think its made us stronger as a family，and the children are a lot happier.”Liz，however，is not quite sure.“I used to enjoy my job，even though it was hard work and long hours.Im not really a country girl，but I suppose Im gradually getting used to looking after the animals.One thing I do like，though，is being able to see more of my children.My advice for other people wanting to do the same is not to think about it too much or you might not do it at all.”21
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