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第一讲名词、冠词(一)名词可数名词的复数形式全析考法.单句语法填空 1(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _ (cause)解析：causes此处的cause是可数名词，表示“原因”。根据其前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes。2(20186月浙江高考)Making Chinese _ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.解析：dishes此处dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指中国菜。3(2017全国卷)This trend, which was started by the medical munity (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical munity was trying to fight.解析：effects根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。4(2017全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.解析：crowds根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有限定词，所以用名词的复数形式。5(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few _ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum she never suspects.解析：daysevery few days表示“每隔几天”，此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。6(2015全国卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _ (painting)解析：paintingspainting意为“图片，图画”，是可数名词，由于前有“so many”修饰，故使用其复数形式。.单句改错1(2018全国卷)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken._解析：chickenchickens短语dozens of之后应该使用可数名词chicken“鸡”的复数形式。2(2018全国卷)After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room._解析：sortsorts由前面的all 修饰可数名词sort可知，应用sort的复数形式；all sorts意为“各种各样的”。3(2018全国卷)At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, “The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.”_解析：mistakemistakesand连接两个平行成分，前面的textbooks为复数，故可数名词mistake“错误”应改为 mistakes。4(2017全国卷)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”_解析：wordwords根据后面引号内的内容可知教练一直重复说的话有多句，故此处应用word的复数形式。5(2016全国卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me._解析：yearyears此处指1319岁的年龄，且其后be动词为were，故用year的复数形式。6(2015四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here._解析：friendfriends名词friend为可数名词，其前有three修饰，需要用复数形式，故把friend改成friends。7(2015浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass._解析：sidesides前面有three修饰，故side要用复数形式sides。8(2014全国卷)Since then for all these year we have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please._解析：yearyearsyear为可数名词，其前面有these修饰，故应用其复数形式years。9(2014全国卷)For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day._解析：第一个hourhours此处指一个半小时，所以用hour的复数形式。10(2014辽宁高考)Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barking._解析：timetimes根据前面表示数量的词several可知，此处time意为“次数”，应用复数形式。谨记规则(一)规则名词的6种复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加smouthmouths以s, x, ch，sh 结尾的名词在词尾加esglassglassesmatchmatches以辅音字母y结尾的名词变y为i再加escountrycountriesfactoryfactories以元音字母y 结尾的名词在词尾直接加sholidayholidaysmonkeymonkeys以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加sphotophotos有些在词尾加espotatopotatoes以f, fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v再加esselfselves wolfwolves少数直接加sbeliefbeliefs(二)可数名词复数的3种不规则变化形式变化规则例词单复数同形deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft, species, fish变内部元音footfeet, toothteeth, mousemice， manmen, womanwomen外来名词mediummedia(媒体)phenomenonphenomena(现象)analysisanalyses(分析)特别注意fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，表示“条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同，但表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes。(三)合成名词复数的2类变化形式1若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。passerbypassersby, sisterinlawsistersinlaw, grownupgrownups2“man/womann.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：women engineers。不可数名词全析考法单句改错1(2017全国卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet._解析：informationsinformationinformation是不可数名词，没有复数形式。2(2016全国卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books._解析：knowledgesknowledgeknowledge意为“知识”，是不可数名词，没有复数形式。3(2015全国卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier._解析：airsair由后面的定语从句“we breathe in”可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气”，air意为“空气”时为不可数名词。故airs改为air。谨记规则(一)常见的24个不可数名词单词词义单词词义fun乐趣homework家庭作业progress进步equipment设备bread面包wealth财富knowledge知识room空间work工作weather天气music音乐news新闻；消息traffic交通meat肉word消息luck运气advice建议housework家务information信息furniture家具milk牛奶baggage/luggage行李orange橙汁man人类(二)抽象名词的具体化抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)surprise惊讶a surprise一件令人惊讶的事success成功a success一个(件)成功的人(事)honour荣誉an honour一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失败a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)beauty美；美丽a beauty美丽的人或事物pleasure乐趣a pleasure一件乐事语法填空解题“3定向”1根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式(1)不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式；(2)有these, those, several, many, all, both, a pair of, a variety of, different或数词等修饰时名词用复数形式；(3)名词前有one of, among时用名词复数形式。2根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式名词作主语时，如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。3根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需用复数形式。据第1条解题1The team who won the three world championships (championship) would always get this cup.2Interested in their work, she picked up a pair of scissors (scissor)3During the festival, which lasts three or four days, people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities (activity)4Although they are seen as panions and part of the family today, China and Western countries have different cultural beliefs (belief) about dogs.5Above all, mercial interests often outweigh educational purposes, causing many plaints (plaint) about the unbearable advertisements.6Going to Cambridge University was a dream of mine, for it is one of the top universities (university) in the world.7I decided to label one of my small purses (purse), which I actually had with me that day, with her name, along with some cash inside and an encouraging note.据第2条解题8While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us, the changes (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.9Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.据第3条解题10Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passersby (passerby)11It thinks that Cinglish may hurt peoples ability to speak standard English and make it hard for them to municate with foreigners (foreigner)12Unable to express himself easily in conversation, he uses a special typewriter to write letters to his friends, and beautiful poems (poem)短文改错解题“3视角”1分清名词单复数看到several, a few, many, one of, three, a number of等要想到其后的名词应用复数形式。2知晓不可数名词看到information, advice, homework, progress, knowledge, furniture, luggage, strength等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式。3注意词性错误看到冠词、形容词性物主代词、介词或及物动词(短语)，要想到后跟名词形式。据第1条解题1The two thing that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.thingthings2It is not easy for our parent to bring us up.parentparents3I failed to respond to their question.questionquestions4The teachers often encourage us to make more friend in the school.friendfriends5Due to some rich tourist attraction, every year many visitors e to my hometown, where they can not only appreciate the beautiful scenery, but also enjoy the delicious food.attractionattractions据第2条解题6He has much knowledges and his teaching method is scientific.knowledgesknowledge7Looking at the spot where he thought the “fly” was again, he was so angry that he slapped it with all his strengths.strengthsstrength8A lot of informations can be stored in it.informationsinformation9Shes getting married next month and decides to buy some decorations and furnitures.furnituresfurniture据第3条解题10I would appreciate it if you could give me a reply at your earliest convenient. convenientconvenience11Firstly, it is of vital important to have a positive attitude.importantimportance12I restarted to pick up my confident again.confidentconfidence(二)冠词冠词的基本用法全析考法.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.解析：the此处特指过去的25年，故用the past 25 years。2(2017全国卷)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _ top.解析：thetop是名词，前面要用冠词，此处特指在(地铁的)顶部建造一个结实的顶，所以填定冠词the。3(2017全国卷)Instead, she is earning 6,500 a day as _ model in New York.解析：a此处意为“作为纽约的一名模特”，在单数可数名词model前应该使用不定冠词，表示“一，一名”，且model的读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。4(201711月浙江高考)Its not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary. Like many things in life, its _ ongoing process.解析：an此处表示积累词汇是一个持续的过程，因为单词ongoing的读音以元音音素开头，故填不定冠词an。5(20176月浙江高考)For Pahlsson, its return was _ wonder.解析：awonder为可数名词，表示“奇迹，奇事”，此处为泛指，且wonder的读音以辅音音素开头，故填不定冠词a。6(2015全国卷)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even _ most modern of architects and engineers.解析：the在形容词最高级的前面用定冠词the。7(2015广东高考)He owned _ farm, which looked almost abandoned.解析：a此处指一个农场，表示泛指，且farm的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。8(2014全国卷)Now, years later, this river is one of _ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.解析：the此空后为形容词的最高级形式，故应填定冠词the。.单句改错1(2018全国卷)As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not let me._解析：theakid在此处表泛指，且kid的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。 2(2017全国卷)I still remember how hard first day was._解析：first前加the/my表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用形容词性物主代词my进行修饰。3(2017全国卷)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day._解析：第一个aan/onehour的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以用an/one hour表示“一个小时”。4(2016全国卷)But in that case, we will learn little about world._解析：world前加the此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。5(2016四川高考)I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen._解析：kitchen前加the此处特指“我们家”的厨房。6(2015全国卷)He liked it so much that he quickly walked into the shop . A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop._解析：outside后的athe此处用定冠词特指上文提到的商店。7(2014全国卷)There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings._解析：去掉第一个the此处为泛指，不表示特指，故去掉the。谨记规则(一)不定冠词表示类指或某类中的“任何一个”。A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词；或由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于a certain；或专有名词前加不定冠词，表示具有某种特性的人或物、某一位不认识的人或某个不确定的时间。I have a question to ask you.In a sense what you said is true.All of a sudden, she burst into tears.Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be a Picasso.表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。Suddenly they heard a loud voice.表示“每”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。Prices start at 13.95 a yard for printed cotton.用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，使之具体化。表示“一种的人或事”He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise to us.不定冠词用于序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。Live a good, honorable life.Then when you get older and think back, youll get to enjoy it a second time.(二)定冠词表示特指的人或物，或者双方都知道的或心中都明确的人或物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物。Take your time its just a short distance from here to the restaurant.用在世界上独一无二的事物前。The earth goes around the sun.用于序数词或形容词、副词的最高级前。Is this the first time that you have visited Qingdao？用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。The explosion saw people rush to help the injured.用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。Its said that corn was grown a lot in Tibet in the 17th century.(三)零冠词专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。He is living in Canada now.季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。We usually have breakfast at 7 oclock.语言、学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。Im interested in English.表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时，其前通常不用冠词。Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.”系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。His brother has turned writer.“(零冠词)单数名词/形容词最高级as/though(主语谓语)”，意为“尽管但是”。Hero as/though he is, he has some shortings.冠词的固定搭配全析考法.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)Unexpectedly, Im facetoface with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _ top of her lungs.解析：theat the top of ones lungs为固定搭配，意为“尽量大声地，声嘶力竭地”。2(2017全国卷)When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.As _ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.解析：aas a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。3(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, _ other is with mum she never suspects.解析：theone .the other为固定搭配，意为“一个另一个”。此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只，两者之间的“另一个”应该使用the other。4(2016全国卷)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.解析：afor a while为固定搭配，意为“一会儿”。5(2014广东高考)She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on _ top floor.解析：theon the top floor为固定搭配，意为“在顶层”。.单句改错1(2018全国卷)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents._解析：countryside前加thego to the countryside是固定用法，意为“去乡下”。2(2016全国卷)At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself._解析：去掉theat first“起初”，为固定短语。3(2015浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning._解析：hurry前加ain a hurry“匆匆忙忙”，为固定短语。4(2014全国卷)As result, the plants are growing everywhere._解析：As后加aas a result“结果”，为固定短语。5(2014辽宁高考)Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day._解析：第一个aanan average of .“平均有”，为固定短语。谨记规则(一)不定冠词用于固定搭配中an average of平均for a while一会儿as a result因此 as a rule 通常as a whole总体上 as a matter of fact 事实上at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上in a way在某种程度上 in a short while不久keep an eye on照看，留意 pay a visit to 拜访put an end to结束 once in a while偶尔once upon a time从前 all of a sudden突然be on a diet节食 have a gift for有天赋have/catch a cold感冒 make a living谋生 have/take a rest休息 give sb.a lift让某人搭便车(二)定冠词用于固定搭配中in the middle of 在中间in the end 最后by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处in the way挡道 on the whole总的来说at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时on the spot在现场 on the top floor在顶层the other day前几天 take the place of代替at the moment此刻，目前 in the countryside在乡村make the most/best of 充分利用one .the other . 一个，另一个(三)零冠词用于固定搭配中at present目前take part in参加in peace平静 by chance/accident碰巧on purpose故意 on second thoughts再一想ahead of time提前 in advance提前by law根据法律 by mistake错误地under repair处于维修中 lose heart灰心out of control失控 out of work失业in danger处于危险之中 at risk处境危险；遭受危险day and night 整日整夜from morning till night 从早到晚语法填空解题“2定向”1根据泛指或特指选择冠词如果空格后的名词或“形容词名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。(1)如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an。如果可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”一般填the; (2)如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。2根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语，记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。据第1条解题1She stayed up until eleven thirty one evening on purpose just to see the moonlight.2In Chinese culture, each year is related to a Chinese animal according to the 12year cycle.3He not only is the best student in our class, but also has an excellent sense of humour and a genuine interest in other people.4Like many other universities at that time, Harvard at the early stage often ran into a financial crisis.5Dinosaurs died out because of an unexpected incident.6The “Spiderstory” is often told.Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13th century, was hiding in a cave from the English.据第2条解题7As a matter of fact, there are two trophies (奖杯) in history.8For most individuals, as a result of eating foods rich in fats and sugar several years, they choose to go on a diet but do not succeed at the end.9He smiled back as if to give me a receipt and I would preserve his smile for a long time.10It is also a cultural bridge between Xishuangbanna and Southeast Asian countries that share the same festival culture of watersplashing.11I usually go to my workplace coffee shop to place an order, but this Wednesday, it was slightly different.12At the same time, great progress made in science and technology was really amazing.短文改错解题“4视角”1注意单词首字母的音素看到读音以辅(元)音音素开头的名词要想到应用不定冠词a(n)。2明确特指与泛指如果名词表示特指，则应用定冠词the，泛指用a/an。3掌握可数与不可数看到单数可数名词要想到是否少用了冠词；看到不可数名词表示泛指要想到是否多用了冠词。4记熟固定搭配牢记含冠词的固定搭配，确定冠词的增与删。据第1条解题1Last but not least, we should take a active part in sports and build up our body.aan2Besides, this will be my first experience to participate in such a activity.aan据第2条解题3On entering the flat, you will find yourself in the sitting room.To be honest, a sitting room is my favourite part.athe4Zhang Wei was watching TV while his father was preparing dinner in the kitchen on an evening of January 9th. anthe5It is the great honour for me to take part in the volunteer work, and I learn the significance of helping others. 第一个thea据第3条解题6It started when teacher set up a volleyball club in our school, hoping that more students would take part in the sport and keep fit.teacher前加a7Last summer vacation, I worked in restaurant. restaurant前加a8The blogs serves as open platform where you can do lots of things.open前加an据第4条解题9Though there are a lot of changes, the great number of men still guard their rights. thea10Mr Yang found me and apologized to me for his sharp words next day.next前加the11With his help, we have made a great progress.去掉a12When the landlady discovered what had happened, she decided to do him favor.favor前加a
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