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Unit 1A land of diversity选修8Unit 1A land of diversity【短文语法填空】We live in a world where snapping (抓拍) photos of your kids and posting them to social media is about as natural to parents as kissing them.But when enjoying _1_ (they) with little ones, sharing pictures at birthday parties, or wearing new _2_ (cloth), parents should keep some moments private.Otherwise, you may put kids into embarrassment, or even _3_ (bad), make them a potential target for child traders._4_， children at certain stages hate their photos to be made public too.Now, parents _5_ post pictures of their children on social media could be accused by their sons or daughters under Frances privacy laws.Mothers and fathers are likely _6_ (face) a year in prison and a fine of 35,000, if they _7_ (find) guilty of posting details of their childrens private lives without their permission.And adults, who accuse that their parents damaged their right to privacy when they _8_ (be) children, could receive a large amount of money from their parents.In February, Eric Delcroix，_9_ expert on Internet law, posted a message on WeChat, reading：“Please stop _10_ (post) pictures of your kids on WeChat.”语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要呼吁父母不要轻易将孩子的照片放到社交媒体上以保护其隐私。1themselvesenjoy oneself为固定搭配，意为“玩得高兴”，故用反身代词themselves。2clothesclothes是名词，意为“衣服”，这里指“穿新衣服”，故用clothes。cloth意为“布料”。3worseeven用来修饰比较级，故用worse，意为“甚至更糟糕的是”。4Besides/Furthermore/Moreover根据对空格前后语境的理解可知，这里并列叙述了将孩子的照片放到社交媒体上的两个缺点，所以这两点之间应用承接副词Besides/Furthermore/Moreover，意为“此外”。注意首字母大写。5who/thatparents后为定语从句，定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词是parents，指人，故用关系代词who/that引导从句。6to facebe likely to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“很可能做某事”，故用to face。7are foundfind与前面的主语they之间是被动关系，且全文时态主要是一般现在时，故用are found。8were根据前面的“And adults, who accuse that their parents damaged their right to privacy .”可知，此处指当他们是孩子的时候，是过去的事情，应用一般过去时。故填were。9anan expert on Internet law为同位语，解释说明了Eric Delcroix。同位语中常用不定冠词，表示 “一”；因为expert的读音是以元音音素开头的，故用an。10postingstop doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“停止做某事”，符合语境。故填posting。(对应学生用书P184)means n手段；方法by means of.用办法；借助by this means 用这种方法by all means 务必，一定，当然可以by any means 无论如何，以一切可能的手段by no means 绝不，无论如何也不a means of munication 一种通讯/交流手段(教材原句)Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.科学家们认为，这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。Punishment is _by_ no means a wise choice to help students grow up mentally and physically.惩罚绝对不是帮助学生身心成长的明智选择。means用作“方式；方法”时单复数同形。若all/some/several/many means作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；若every/each/one/a means作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。Every possible means _has been tried_ (try)，but none worked.All possible means _have been tried_ (try)，but none worked.各种可能的办法都尝试了，但没有一种奏效。majority n大多数；大半(1)the majority of 的大多数in a/the majority 占大多数have a majority over sb.拥有多数；战胜某人(2)minority n少数in the minority 占少数(3)major adj.主要的；vi.专修；主攻n.专业major in 主修(教材原句)Of the first Spanish to go to California，the majority were religious men，whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives.在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向土著人传授天主教。_A/The_ majority of doctors agree that smoking is extremely harmful to health.大多数医生认为吸烟对健康极为有害。单句语法填空(2017江苏卷)Declining birth rate is a _major_ (majority) problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.(1)majority为可数名词，意为great number，指可数的概念，不指量(amount)。the majority作主语时，如果泛指多数(与少数相对)，谓语动词用复数形式和单数形式皆可。(2)the majority of名词，表示“多数，许多”，其后的谓语动词取决于of之后的名词。(3)majority常由great(但不是greater)修饰，表示“most of”。只有在谈到两个“大多数”(two majorities)时使用greater。occur vi.发生；存在；出现(1)occur to(主意或想法突然)浮现于脑中；被想起，被想到It occurs to sb.to do sth.使某人想到做某事(2) 某人突然想起(3)sb.e up with sth.某人想出(答案，计划)(教材原句)Yes.It didnt occur to me that.是的，我没想到Just then an idea _occurred_ (occur)to me.就在那时我想起了一个主意。单句语法填空(2017江苏卷)A great decline in young work force is likely _to occur_ (occur) in China，for instance.(1)表达“发生”之意时，occur与happen可以互换；另外occur，happen，take place，break out等表示“发生；爆发”的单词或短语都不能用于被动语态或进行时态。(2)occur结构中主语不能是人，而是想到的事情或it作形式主语。【七选五】Having a learning disability doesnt mean you cant learn.Learning disabilities happen because of the way a persons brain takes in and processes information._1_ The trick will be figuring out how you learn best.Learning disabilities arent contagious(接触传染的)，but they can be genetic.That means they can be passed down in families through the genes，like many other traits we get from our parents and grandparents.Someone with a learning disability probably has other family members who have some learning troubles，too.Kids with learning problems are sometimes surprised to find out that one of their parents had similar troubles when he or she was in school._2_Learning experts now know a lot more about the brain and how learning works.Its very hard for a kid to know if he has a learning disability.But kids dont have to figure all this out on their own._3_ Start with his teacher and his mom or dad.Finding out you have a learning disability can be upsetting._4_ But the truth is that learning disabilities are pretty mon.And if your learning specialist or psychologist has figured out which one youre facing，youre on the right track.Now，you can start getting the help you need to do better in school.To make this special help really work，youll need to practise the new skills youre learning.It may take a lot of efforts every day._5_ Soon，youll enjoy the results of all your hard work：More fun and success at school!ABut youll need some help and youll need to work extra hard.BWhat a kid needs to do is to tell someone.CThere are people who know how to do just that.DYou might feel different from everyone else.EBut kids today have an advantage over their parents.FAs a result，some people learn differently.GThat can be a challenge，but you can do it.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了学习障碍的形成原因、会被遗传的性质以及如何克服学习障碍。1F根据空前一句“Learning disabilities happen because of the way a persons brain takes in and processes information”可知，大脑领会和加工信息的方式不同导致了学习障碍的形成；据此可以判断，空处介绍学习障碍形成后的结果：一些人使用不同的方式学习。2E根据空前一句“Kids with learning problems are sometimes surprised to find out that one of their parents had similar troubles when he or she was in school”可知，有学习障碍的孩子会发现他们的父母中会有一位在上学时有学习障碍；结合下文中的“Learning experts now know a lot more about the brain and how learning works”可知，现在学习专家已经对大脑和学习的工作原理知道得更多；据此可以判断，空处与上文形成转折，说明现在的孩子会比他们的父母更有优势，故E项符合语境。3B根据空后一句“Start with his teacher and his mom or dad”可知，孩子可以从老师和父母那里得知自己是否有学习障碍，据此可知，孩子不需要自己去弄明白自己是否有学习障碍，但他所需要做的是问一下老师和父母，故B项符合语境。4D根据空前一句“Finding out you have a learning disability can be upsetting”可知，发现自己有学习障碍是很难受的；据此可以推断，空处应该介绍发现自己有学习障碍后，你会感到自己和他人不一样，故D项符合语境。5G根据空前一句“It may take a lot of efforts every day”可知，这种训练每天需要付出很多努力；据此可以判断，那可能是一种挑战，但是你能做到；故G项符合语境。make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等；谋生(1)e to life 苏醒；变得活跃live/lead a.life 过着生活e back to life 苏醒过来；恢复生气bring.back to life 使苏醒过来；给活力start/make a new life 开始新生活(2)make/earn a/ones living 谋生(教材原句)Some died or returned home，but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship.有些人死了或回家了，但是大多数人留在加利福尼亚谋生，尽管困难重重。When the girl finally came _to_ life，we began to breathe easily.这个女孩苏醒后我们才放心。The new teacher always brought the class to life _with_ his humor.新来的老师总是用他的幽默把课上得生动活泼。team up with(cooperate with) 与结合/合作，协作team up 合作；协作be fed up with 对感到厌烦，腻了catch/keep up with 赶上put up with 忍受；容忍end up with 以结束Its a pleasure to _team_ (team) up with such excellent colleagues.和这样出色的同事一起干活真愉快。After seeing so many houses，we ended up _buying_ (buy) the one on the lakeside.看了那么多的房子之后，我们最后还是买了湖边的那栋房子。The old couple are never _fed_ (feed) up with going to the same park every day.这对老夫妻每天都去同一个公园，从不厌烦。【短文改错】假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。(2018绵阳市高中第一次诊断)We are required to collect our smart phones and keep it in the teachers during the weekdays.In fact the most of us obey this regulation，but some still play various trick against it.Im among those.Once，I hand in a waste phone.Mr.Li，our head teacher，seemed ignore all that.So I felt very luckily to have an extra phone with me.And good times dont last long.“Can I use your phone as a while？I forgot to take mine by chance.”Mr.Li said，pick out my waste phone and dialing.You can see how embarrassing I was at the scene!【答案】We are required to collect our smart phones and keep in the teachers during the weekdays.In fact most of us obey this regulation，but some still play various against it.Im among those.Once，I in a waste phone.Mr.Li，our head teacher，seemed ignore all that.So I felt very to have an extra phone with me. good times dont last long.“Can I use your phone a while？I forgot to take mine by chance.”Mr.Li said， out my waste phone and dialing.You can see how I was at the scene!第一处：it改为them。考查代词。此处指代上文中的“smart phones”，故用them。第二处：删除the。此处most是代词，表示“大多数”，故其前不用定冠词修饰。第三处：trick改为tricks。考查名词复数。trick为可数名词，且根据语境中的“various”可知，此处用名词复数形式，即用tricks。第四处：hand改为handed。考查动词时态。根据语境中的“Once”可知，事情发生在过去，故用一般过去时，且下文中的“seemed”亦是提示。第五处：ignore前加to。考查固定搭配。seem to do sth.为固定短语，意为“好像要做某事”，符合语境，故用动词不定式作宾语。第六处：luckily改为lucky。考查形容词。lucky是形容词，在此处作表语。第七处：And改为But/Yet。考查连词。根据语境可知，前后句表示逻辑上的转折关系，并非顺承或递进关系，故用连词But/Yet。第八处：as改为for。考查介词。固定短语for a while意为“一会儿”，符合语境，故用介词for。第九处：pick改为picking。考查非谓语动词。动词pick和句子谓语said之间没有连词，故此处用非谓语，且pick与句子的主语Mr.Li构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。第十处：embarrassing改为embarrassed 。考查形容词。embarrassed是过去分词充当形容词，在从句中作表语，修饰人，意为“尴尬的”。_That is why_ today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.这就是今天有超过40%的加利福尼亚人把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的原因。句中的why引导的是表语从句，注意以下句式的区别：(1)Thats why.这就是为什么(why从句表示结果)(2)Thats because.这是因为(because从句表示原因)(3)The reason why.is/was that.的原因是(表语从句常用that引导，而不用because)Tom was ill.That was _why_ he came late for the meeting.汤姆病了，那就是他开会迟到的原因。Tom came late for the meeting.That was _because_ he was ill.汤姆开会迟到了，那是因为他病了。The reason _why_ Tom came late for the meeting was _that_ he was ill.汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。【阅读理解】It has always been thought that alcohol causes people to put on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day cold form part of a diet. Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in Spain says, Light to moderate alcohol intake, especially of wine, may be more likely to protect against, rather than promote, weight gain. The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions, particularly that data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight.Boston Universitys Dr. Harvey Finkel found that the biologic mechanisms(生物学机制) relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood. His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes(糖尿病), which relate to increasing obesity. Some studies suggest that even very obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers.The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are not stored in fat, and that this process could explain the differences in its effects from those of other foods. They agree that future research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks, taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight.For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regular basis increases ones risk of being obese. Whats more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol, a pound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells.1.The passage is mainly for those_.A. who produce wineB. who have a drinking habitC. who go on a dietD. who are eager to lose weight2.The underlined phrase in moderation in the first paragraph means _.A. excitedlyB. carefullyC. frequentlyD. properly3.What can we learn from the passage?A. Current data clearly show that moderate drinking increases weight.B. Resveratrol is proved to increase the risk of being fat.C. The research found moderate drinking has a strong protective effect.D. The specific roles of different types of alcoholic drinks are very clear.4.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?A. How to do some easy experiments.B. How to reduce the calories contained in wine.C. How to prove the finding mentioned above.D. How to make wine in a healthy way.【文章大意】文章讲述了饮酒和健康的关系，告诉我们适量葡萄酒还会减肥。1.B【解析】推理判断题。文章讲述了饮酒和健康的关系，比如和肥胖、疾病等的关系。所以说是写给有喝酒习惯的人的，故选B。2.D【解析】猜测词义题。与上句形成对比，此处指适量饮酒的人事实上能减肥，moderation适度与D项同义，故选D。4.C【解析】推理判断题。文章最后讲到葡萄酒和红酒混合会破坏肥胖细胞，所以下文会证明这一观点，故选C。
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