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第一讲动词的时态和语态一 般 体全析考法.单句语法填空1. (2018全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government _ (start) a soiltesting program that gives specific fertilizer remendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.解析：started根据破折号前的内容可知，此处说的是2005年发生的事情，应用一般过去时。 2(2017全国卷)Later, engineers _ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.解析：managed由语境可知，此处讲的是发生在过去的事情，所以用一般过去时，主语engineers和manage之间是主动关系，故填managed。3(2017全国卷)Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school _ (e) first.”解析：es此句是直接引语，陈述客观事实，根据前面句子的谓语可知，动词e应该使用一般现在时。4(20176月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband _ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.解析：searchedbut后面的“turned up nothing”使用了过去时，search是与之并列的谓语动词，根据语境可知，此处描述的是过去发生的行为，故要用一般过去时。5(2016四川高考)However, it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest.Then, after two and a half years, the mother _ (drive) the young panda away.解析：drove此处讲过去发生的事，所以用一般过去时且为主动形式，故用drive的过去式drove。6(2015全国卷)This cycle _ (go) day after day：The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.解析：goes此处指这种循环日复一日地不断持续下去，由冒号后内容的时态可知这种情况是客观性陈述，故用一般现在时。7(2014全国卷)In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It _ (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.解析：was根据“In 1969, the pollution was terrible”可知，此处叙述的是过去发生的事情，因此用一般过去时，由于主语是It，因此此处谓语用was。.单句改错1(2018全国卷)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there._解析：findfound根据第一句中的时间状语During my last winter holiday可知，此处叙述的是去年寒假中的事情，故第二句中的谓语动词应用一般过去时。2(2018全国卷)I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high school._解析：arewere根据主句的谓语动词didnt realize和until引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词entered可知，此处叙述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时。3(2018全国卷)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin._解析：beginbegun根据语境：写作课刚刚已经开始，再结合前面的had，表明这是一个过去完成时的句子，因此把begin改为 begun。4(2017全国卷)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank._解析：goeswent此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情，所以用一般过去时。5(2017全国卷)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables！_解析：camees此处主句是一般将来时，when引导的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来，且从句主语为第三人称单数，故应用es。6(2017全国卷)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and bee a new member of the school music club._解析：beebecame此句中的bee和前面的entered是并列谓语，形式上应保持一致，故bee应使用一般过去时。7(2016全国卷)Some classmates suggest we should go to places of interest nearby. I thought that it is a good idea.It does not cost much, yet we can still learn a lot._解析：thoughtthink根据前面的suggest和后面的does, can still learn 可知此处应用一般现在时。8(2016全国卷)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself. However, my parents didnt seem to think so.They always tell me what to do and how to do it._解析：telltold根据前面两句的时态可知此处应用一般过去时。9(2015全国卷)Tony was scared and begun to cry. _解析：begunbegan“was scared”与“begun”是由and连接的两个并列谓语，由“was scared”可知应用一般过去时，begin的过去式是began, begun是其过去分词，所以begun改为began。10(2015全国卷)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop._解析：tellingtold句子的主语为“A woman”，谓语为saw, crying为宾语补足语，and连接的是两个并列谓语，而不是两个宾语补足语，所以telling改为told。谨记规则(一)一般现在时1表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与频度副词及表示现在的时间状语连用。例如：always总是 often经常usually通常sometimes有时 hardly ever几乎不 frequently经常on Sundays在星期天 seldom很少 yearly每年2表示主语目前的性质、特征、状态或能力等。He is a man of few words.他是一个少言寡语的人。3表示客观事实、普遍真理及自然现象，或用在格言中。4表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事情，常与具体的时间状语连用。该用法常用于火车时刻表、飞机航班时刻表，以及电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上，且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动词，例如：e来go去arrive到达leave离开 begin开始 start开始take off起飞 finish完成 stop停止(二)一般过去时1表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态，其中包括过去的习惯性动作，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。例如：yesterday昨天in 2019在2019年the other day几天前 . days/years ago 天/年前once upon a time从前 the day before yesterday前天last week/month/year上周/上个月/去年2描述过去时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。He opened his eyes, put on his clothes quickly and jumped down from the bed.他睁开眼睛，迅速穿上衣服，并从床上跳了下来。特别注意在before和after引导的时间状语从句中，若表示两个过去的动作相继发生，两个动作都用一般过去时，前一个动作不必用过去完成时。Henry visited New York before he left for Washington.亨利去华盛顿之前游览了纽约。3有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生，应使用一般过去时。如I didnt know .或I forgot .等表示事先或说话之前不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。I didnt know you were here.我不知道你在这里。(三)一般将来时1will/shall动词原形(1)表示将要发生的动作或将来存在的状态，shall一般用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如：tomorrow明天in the future将来later on后来 before long不久以后；很快next week/month/year下周/下个月/明年the day after tomorrow后天(2)will还可表示说话时临时作出的决定。Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.All right. I will call him later.杰克逊医生现在不在办公室。好吧，我过会给他打电话。2be going to动词原形表示按计划、打算将要做某事；还可表示“预见”，即根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.看那些乌云。要下雨了。3be about to动词原形/be on the point of动名词“be about to动词原形”及“be on the point of动名词”表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”，因此，这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词when(and at that time)引出的分句连用。The train is about to start.火车就要开了。4be to动词原形用法例句表示“按计划或安排即将要做的事”They are to meet at the gate of the school.他们将在学校门口见面。表示“按照职责、义务、规定、命令等应该做某事”，相当于should, ought toYou are to report it to the police.你应该报警。表示注定要发生的事情Your plan is to be a failure. 你的计划注定要失败。(四)过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，其构成是“should/would动词原形；was/were (going/about) to动词原形”。He said he would be here at nine oclock.他说他会在九点钟到这里。进 行 体全析考法单句语法填空1(2018北京高考改编)Susan had quit her wellpaid job and _ (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 解析：was working句意：去年我拜访苏珊的时候，她已经辞去了那份高薪的工作，正在社区当志愿者。根据句意可知，此处强调过去的时间点正在进行的动作，因此用过去进行时。2(2017天津高考改编)I _ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.解析：was driving句意：我正开车去伦敦时，突然发现走错路了。be doing sth. when .是固定句型，表示“正在做某事，这时突然”。3(2014北京高考改编)Hi, lets go skating.Sorry, Im busy right now.I _ (fill) in an application form for a new job.解析：am filling句意：“嗨，我们去滑冰吧。”“抱歉，我现在正忙着呢。我正在填一份新工作的申请表。”此句表示说话时正在发生的动作，故用现在进行时。谨记规则(一)现在进行时1表示现在(说话人说话时)正在发生或进行的动作、状态，或现阶段一直进行着的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。其构成是“am/is/are doing”。例如：now现在right now现在 at present目前these days目前；如今at this moment此刻2一些非延续性动词可用现在进行时表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，常见的这类动词有：e来go去leave离开arrive到达 start开始 begin开始return返回 move移动 take拿走(二)过去进行时1表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。其构成是“was/were doing”。常用的时间状语有：at this/that time过去时间at . oclock过去时间from . to .过去时间 those days那些日子just now刚才；刚刚特别注意现在进行时及过去进行时常与always, constantly, continually, all the time等状语连用，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，或强调赞赏、厌恶、生气、好奇等感情色彩，不强调动作正在进行。He is always helping others.他总是乐于助人。(表赞赏)She is always forgetting something.她总是忘事。(表不满)2表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle yesterday.我弟弟昨天骑自行车时摔倒了。3一些非延续性动词可用在过去进行时表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，多用于从句中。常见的该类动词有：go去 e来 leave离开 start开始arrive到达 return返回 work工作 move移动He said he was starting tomorrow.他说他打算明天出发。(三)将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。其构成是“will be doing”。例如：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow明天/后天的这个时间(by) then 那时from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow 明天/后天从1：30到4：30完 成 体全析考法单句语法填空/单句改错1(2018全国卷)Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country _ (grow) more corn than rice.解析：has grown由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。且主语the country 是第三人称单数名词，故填has grown。2(2018北京高考改编)Chinas highspeed railways _ (grow)from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years. 解析： have grown句意：在过去的几年，中国的高铁已从9 000千米延长到25 000千米。“during/over/in the past/last时间段”作状语，句子应用现在完成时态。3(2018江苏高考改编)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be emailing each other, for we _ (develop) more convenient electronic munication tools by then. 解析：will have developed句意：我们有望在2025年的时候不再互相发电子邮件了，因为那时我们已经开发出更方便的电子通讯工具了。2025年为将来的时间，由by then可知要用将来完成时。4(2017全国卷)I had grown not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years._解析：hadhave根据时间状语“in the past few years”可知，本句应该使用现在完成时。谨记规则(一)现在完成时1表示过去发生且已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。其构成是“have/has done”，常用的时间状语有：already, just (刚刚), yet, before等。I have already seen the film.我已经看过那部电影了。2表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有：lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里)，since then, up to now, so far (至今)等。In the past few years, many new railways have been laid down.在过去的几年里修建了许多新铁路。3在“最高级名词”或“It/This is/will bethe first/second . time”之后的定语从句中，谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the first time (that) I have e here.这是我第一次来这里。4瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语；若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。He has e to Beijing since last year.()He has lived in Beijing since last year.()部分非延续性动词(短语)和延续性动词(短语)之间的转换：买buyhave借borrowkeep结婚get marriedbe married 认识get to knowknow离开leavebe away 回来e backbe back生病fall illbe ill 死亡diebe dead关闭turn offbe off 打开turn onbe on动身leave forbe off to 变成beebe返回returnbe back 开始beginbe on睡觉go to bedsleep 穿put onhave on/wear来/去e/gobe in/away 参加joinbe a member of感冒take/get/catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to sleepbe asleep到达get to/arrive in (at)/reachbe in/stay(二)过去完成时1过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即表示“过去的过去”)。其构成是“had done”。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了三年了。2表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一时间，还可能持续下去，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/by the end of“表示过去的某一时间”。By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时，他已学了三年英语了。3表示愿望、打算的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)4用于某些固定句型中：(1)Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely . when .和No sooner . than .句型中， when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚就”。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。(2)It was/had been一段时间since从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们有10年没这么高兴过了。(3)That/It/This was the first/second . timethat从句。that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时。It was the third time (that) he had left the key at home.那是他第三次把钥匙落在家里了。That was the first time that I had passed the exam.那是我第一次考试及格。(三)将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成。其构成是“will have done”。常用的时间状语为“by将来的某个时间”。By this time of next year, all of you will have bee college students.到明年的这个时候，你们就都成为大学生了。被动语态全析考法单句语法填空/单句改错1(2018北京高考改编)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _ (trap) in the mountains for two days. 解析： had been trapped句意：一位救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两名被困在山里两天的游客。游客被困发生在被救之前，表示过去的过去，因此要用过去完成时态的被动语态。2(2018天津高考改编)My washing machine _ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. 解析：is being repaired句意：我的洗衣机这周正在被修理，因此我不得不手洗我的衣服。洗衣机正在被修理，因此用现在进行时的被动语态。3(2018江苏高考改编)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _ (carry) out in the past two years. 解析：had been carried句意：上个月，我被派往这个村子，去看了看过去两年里这个发展计划执行得怎么样了。carry out发生在I was sent之前，所以要用过去完成时，且plan与carry out之间为被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。4(2017全国卷)When fat and salt _ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.解析：are removed根据语境和主句时态可知此处用一般现在时；主语“fat and salt”与remove之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。5(2017全国卷)Steam engines _ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.解析：were used此处讲的是过去的事情，主语“Steam engines”和use之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。6(2017全国卷)Sarah _ (tell) that she could be Britains new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.解析：has been told/was told句意：有人告诉过萨拉，她可能成为英国的一名新超模，下一年能挣一百万美元。根据句意可知，句子谓语应该使用现在完成时的被动语态。再由从句中的谓语动词“could be”可知，此处也可使用一般过去时的被动语态。7(2016全国卷)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I _ (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre.解析：was allowed根据空格前一句的时态及allow与I之间为被动关系可知，此处要用一般过去时的被动语态。8(2016四川高考)The giant panda _ (love) by people throughout the world.解析：is loved大熊猫为世界各地的人们所喜爱是个客观事实，故用一般现在时；panda与love之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填is loved。9(2016北京高考改编)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _ (reward) with success in the end.解析：will be rewarded句意：学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力最终将会以获得成功作为回报。根据句意和语境可知，此处应该使用一般将来时，且动词reward与主语efforts之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故用一般将来时的被动语态。10(2016江苏高考改编)More efforts, as reported, _ (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supplyside structural reform.解析：will be made句意：据报道，为加快供给侧结构性改革，今后几年将会付出更多的努力。时间状语是in the years ahead“在今后的几年里”，故使用一般将来时；efforts与make之间是被动关系，故用一般将来时的被动语态。11(2015全国卷)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already bee a very serious problem._解析：去掉 beenstudies与show之间为主动关系，应用主动语态。谨记规则(一)被动语态的构成(以do为例)现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式am/is/are donewas/were donewill/shallbe donewould/shouldbe done进行式am/is/arebeing donewas/werebeing done完成式have/hasbeen donehadbeen donewill/shallhave beendonewould/should havebeen done(二)被动语态的基本用法1强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.新西兰的葡萄酒品质很高，广销全世界。特别注意(1)有些及物动词或及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：have有cost花费lack缺少own拥有 suit适合 hold抓住fit适合 belong to属于 wish希望suffer from遭受 take part in参加 date back to追溯到(2)不及物动词或不及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：happen/take place/occur (to)发生remain剩下break out爆发last持续 e out出版e up被提出 lose heart失去信心 run out用完2不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。He is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.他被公认为早期最杰出的运河工程师之一。3用在科技文献或新闻报道中。Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s.这种小汽车是20世纪80年代制造的。(三)主动形式表示被动意义1表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, catch, draw, cut, photograph, peel等，常与well, badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。The book sells well.这本书卖得很好。2系动词smell, taste, feel, look, sound, prove等后接形容词作表语，用主动形式表示被动意义。Her voice sounds beautiful.她的嗓音听起来很美妙。3open, close, lock, move, keep等动词常与wont, cant, wouldnt, hardly, scarcely等连用，及表示“开始”“结束”的动词，如：begin, start, finish, end等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。This drawer wont lock.这个抽屉锁不上。语法填空解题“3策略”1掌握独特的时间状语标志(1)看到always, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等要想到用一般现在时；(2)看到yesterday, last night, a few days ago, the other day等要想到用一般过去时；(3)看到tomorrow, next year等要想到用一般将来时；(4)看到now, at present等要想到用现在进行时；(5)看到at that time, then, at six oclock yesterday等要想到用过去进行时；(6)看到this time tomorrow, from 1 oclock to 3 oclock tomorrow等要想到用将来进行时；(7)看到since, so far, up to now, in the last/past few years等要想到用现在完成时；(8)看到by/until/before/by the end of“表示过去的某一时间”， 要想到用过去完成时。2熟记句式，利用语境暗示(1)be doing . when ., 主句常用过去进行时， 从句常用一般过去时；(2)It is/has been时间段since .表示“自从以来已经”， 主句用现在完成时或一般现在时， 从句用一般过去时；(3)祈使句and/or陈述句， 陈述句常用一般将来时；(4)有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下，正确理解语境也是解决时态问题的行之有效的方法。3分清主动被动，辨析语态看到动词为及物动词， 后面缺少宾语要想到用被动语态。据第1条解题1Last year, I was (be) lucky enough to take part in an event called “Shanxi in the eyes of foreigners”2Its success is very encouraging in todays television world where reality shows have_played (play) a leading part so far.3Tom was shocked to realize that the twomonth summer vacation had_passed (pass) before he knew it.4The festival traditionally begins (begin) on the first day of the first month in the Chinese calendar and ends with Lantern Festival which is on the 15th day.5The styles, rules, and regulations for Chinese poetry gradually changed_ (change) over the centuries until the time of the Tang Dynasty.据第2条解题6One day I was_reading_ (read) a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman Lindas married name.7Take the chance, or you will_regret (regret) it.据第3条解题8The song which is_being_sung (sing) on the stage now was just written by Albert, for whom being a famous musician is his forever dream.9It is_reported (report) that many people die of traffic accidents each year.10According to the result of the inspection, they found that the insect contains a powerful drug, so local farmers were_employed (employ) to catch the insects.11At the end of December, the librarys old and classic books will_be_put (put) online too, bringing borrowers a lot of convenience.12Facial recognition technology has_been_extended (extend) into many areas of school life so far.短文改错解题“2关注”1关注时态“5个根据”定时态(1)根据语篇和上下文整体把握时态；(2)根据时间状语判断时态；(3)根据并列连词连接成分的对称原则辨清时态；(4)根据主句谓语识别从句时态： 在复合句中，主句用一般现在时，从句可根据需要用各种时态；主句用一般过去时，从句用过去的某种时态；(5)根据固定句式结构判断时态。2关注语态根据主语与谓语动词的逻辑关系判断语态据第1条解题1But a few minutes later, I refresh myself. refreshrefreshed2As long as we made our efforts, we can achieve success！mademake3Many of the students feel strongly against the rule, arguing that the mobile had bee a necessary part of our life.hadhas4I knew that they will be worried about me because I was so far away, and that my mother would not sleep if she knew. willwould据第2条解题5When my English teacher told me that I had chosen as a petitor, I devoted myself to the preparation.had后加been6I still remember the soup made by my grandmother was tasted so delicious that the whole family enjoyed it.去掉was7They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is rebuilt._is后加being8When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what have marked. have后加been
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