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Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars(一)课前自主学习.阅读单词知其意1solar adj.太阳的；日光的2chain n. 链子；连锁；锁链3dissolve vt.&vi. 溶解；解散4acid n. 酸5multiply vi.&vt.纵联1 乘；增加6gravity n. 万有引力；重力7extinct adj. 灭绝的；绝种的8exhaust vt. 用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽9satellite n. 卫星；人造卫星10spaceship n. 宇宙飞船11physicist n. 物理学家12oxygen n. 氧.重点单词写其形1atmosphere n. 大气层；气氛2fundamental adj. 基本的；基础的3thus adv. 因此；于是4gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的5climate n. 气候6crash vi.&vt. 碰撞；坠落7pull n&vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力8float vi.&vt. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮n. 漂浮物9system n. 系统；体系；制度10theory n. 学说；理论.拓展单词通其变1globe n球体；地球仪；地球global adj.全球性的；全世界的2violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的violence n暴力violently adv.暴力地；猛烈地3unlike prep.与不同；不像 adj.不同的like vt.喜欢 prep.像dislike vt.不喜欢；讨厌likely adj.可能的纵联24harmful adj.有害的harm n&vt.伤害harmless adj.无害的纵联35exist vi.存在；生存existence n存在；生存6puzzle vt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难 n谜；难题puzzled adj.困惑的puzzling adj.令人困惑的7religion n宗教；宗教信仰religious adj.宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的8biology n生物学biologist n生物学家biological adj.生物的；生物学的纵联49reaction n反应；回应react v反应纵联1.数学运算大集合plus prep. 加；加上minus prep. 减n. 减号；负号multiply vi.&vt. 乘；增加divide v. 除；除以纵联2.un前缀高频形容词集锦unlike不同的 unfair不公平的unimportant不重要的 unusual不寻常的unhappy不幸福的 unfortunate不幸运的unsuccessful不成功的 untidy不整洁的纵联3.以ful结尾的形容词聚焦harmful有害的 useful有用的helpful有帮助的 powerful强大的careful小心的 faithful忠实的纵联4.后缀ist名词荟萃biologist生物学家 tourist旅游者；游客physicist物理学家 scientist科学家psychologist心理学家 pianist钢琴家单元话题天文学子话题太空科技astronaut n. 宇航员telescope n. 望远镜universe n. 宇宙rocket n. 火箭orbit n. (天体等的)运行轨道monitor vt. 监测；监控 data n. 资料；数据space station 太空站；空间站the outer space 外太空manned spaceship/spacecraft 载人飞船weather satellite 气象卫星space shuttle 航天飞机学考对接活学活用高考采撷(一)阅读中的词汇应用1(2016四川高考阅读C)In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of indigenous (土著的) people. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs. And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony (殖民地) of the French Republic since 1946. _ theory, they should live by the French law. However, their remote locations mean that the French law is often ignored or unknown, _ making them into an interesting area of “lawlessness” in the world.写出本单元中与加彩词意义相近的词：exist在空白处填入适当的介词：In，与后面的theory搭配，意为理论上选词填空：AbutBhoweverCthus2(2017江苏高考阅读D)Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have bee more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His notforprofit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as _ (float) libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other municating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity (连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.用float的适当形式填空：floating写出加彩词在句中的含义：太阳的；日光的， solar panels意为太阳能电池板写出加彩词在句中的含义：基本的；基础的高考采撷(二)写作中的词汇应用(根据汉语及提示词补全句子)1(2018全国卷书面表达)与西方风俗习惯不同，如果你被邀请参加晚宴，准时是有礼貌的。(unlike)Unlike_western_customs,_it_is_good_manners to be punctual if you are invited to attend a dinner party.2(2016江苏高考书面表达)虽然许多人对于网络投票的负面影响感到困惑，但是现在网络投票仍然受欢迎。(puzzled)While_many_people_are_puzzled at the negative side of the voting, Internet voting is quite popular nowadays. (二)课堂重点释疑1harmful adj.有害的记牢(1)be harmful to sb./sth.对某人/某物有害对某人有害 做某事没有坏处练通单句语法填空As we all know, a bad eating habit is harmful (harm) to ones health.As far as Im concerned, there is no harm in making an apology to him first.These days, breaking traffic rules and littering are mon, causing/doing serious harm to life and the environment.写美一句多译众所周知，吃太多垃圾食品对你的健康有害。What is known to us is that eating too much junk food is_harmful_to_your_health.(harmful)It is known to us that eating too much junk food does_harm_to_your_health.(harm n)2exist vi.存在；生存记牢(1)exist in 存在于之中exist on 靠为生there exists . 某地有；存在(2)existence n. 存在；生存e into existence 产生；成立；开始存在(3)existing adj. 现存的；现行的练通单句语法填空Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence (exist)You cant imagine what difficulty they have existing on the money he is earning.The parking place for bikes was an existing (exist) problem for a long time in our school.用准exist是不及物动词，没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态。写美翻译句子众所周知，年轻人和老年人之间存在代沟。As_is_known_to_us,_there_exists_a_generation_gap_between_the_young_and_the_old.3puzzle vt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难；(使)困惑n.谜；难题记牢(1)puzzle about/over冥思苦想；苦苦思索(2)a puzzle to sb. 一件让某人感到困惑的事情(3)puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的；困惑的be puzzled about 对迷惑不解(4)puzzling adj. 令人困惑的练通单句语法填空When the little girl was asked such a puzzling question, she stood there with a puzzled look on her face.(puzzle)She lost heart since she failed the exam, because her future was puzzling (puzzle)People have long puzzled over/about how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.用准过去分词形式的形容词，如puzzled, confused, frightened, excited, surprised等，除了可以用来描述人的心理活动以外，还可以用来修饰与人有关的一些名词，如look, voice, smile, expression, face等。写美翻译句子事实上，困扰你的事情对于中国的许多父母来说也是一个难题。What_puzzles_you_is_actually_a_puzzle_to_many_parents_in_China.词汇过关综合训练 .单词拼写1Unlike (不像) his brother, he is talkative and has a sense of humour.2Accustomed to the climate (气候) in the countryside, the old couple prefer not to move to the city.3They pletely ignored these problems as if they never existed (存在)4As is known to us, lack of sleep does great harm (伤害) to us students.5He was quite puzzled (困惑的) about what to do next, so he turned to his father for help.6The old scientist told his students that scientific theories (理论) must be based on facts.7Those anxious for reform say that the present system (系统) is not perfect.8He found something floating (漂浮) on the lake，which frightened him.9A truck went out of control and crashed (碰撞) into the back of a bus.10Some experts think reading is the fundamental (基本的) skill upon which school education depends.单句语法填空1He often says that he doesnt believe in any religion (religious) and only believes in himself.2As is known to us, the Peoples Republic of China came into existence (exist) as an independent country in 1949.3Not all people are aware of the various effects of global (globe) warming on earth.4He is one of the greatest physicists (physics) in the world and many people admire him very much.5The conversation was carried on in a harmonious and friendly atmosphere.根据提示补全句子1众所周知，过量饮酒对我们的健康有害。(harmful)What is known to us is that drinking too much is_harmful_to_our_health.2他相信和中国建立更加良好的关系对这一地区的繁荣发展至关重要。(fundamental)He believes better relations with China are_fundamental_to the wellbeing of the area.3这个地区的建筑物是否需要拆毁还存在争议，人们仍旧在寻找着其他可能的解决方法。(pull)Whether the buildings in this area should_be_pulled_down has remained controversial; people are still looking for other possible solutions.4这次台风太猛烈了以至于损坏了许多小汽车、树木甚至房子。(violent)The typhoon was_so_violent_that it destroyed many cars, trees and even houses.语境辨义根据语境选出动词multiply的词义1It is possible to multiply these bacteria in the laboratory._C_2In maths class the children are learning to multiply and divide._A_3Our problems have multiplied since last year._B_(一)课前自主学习1in_time及时；终于；迟早2lay_eggs 下蛋3give_birth_to 产生；分娩4in_ones_turn 轮到某人；接着5watch_out_for 串记1 密切注意；当心；提防6cheer_up 感到高兴；感到振奋7depend_on 依靠；取决于8break_out 突发；爆发9prevent_._from 串记2 阻止；制止10block_out 串记3 挡住(光线)11now_that 既然12get_the_hang_of 熟悉；掌握；理解同根短语串记串记1.表达“小心；当心”的高频短语聚焦watch out (for)小心；当心 look out当心take care小心 be careful小心串记2.“阻止/禁止某人做某事”的多种表达prevent sb. from doing sth.stop sb.from doing sth.ban sb.from doing sth.keep sb.from doing sth.discourage sb.from doing sth.串记3.“动词out”短语荟萃block out挡住(光线) break out突发；爆发find out查出；弄明白 die out灭绝put out扑灭 run out用完let out泄露；发出(声音) e out出版1solar system 太阳系2begin with 从开始；起源于3in all directions 朝四面八方4a chain reaction 连锁反应5make a trip into space 太空旅行6get close to 接近，靠近7step forward 朝前走，迈步向前8fall over 跌倒；摔倒1This produced a chain reaction, which made_it_possible_for_life_to_develop.这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。2But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。3“Oh dear，” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now_that gravity has changed.”“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”4We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased.我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。学考对接活学活用高考采撷(一)阅读中的短语(补全句子/同义替换/选词填空)1(2018全国卷阅读B)If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent_them_turning_brown (阻止它们变成棕色)2(2017全国卷阅读七选五)I must say that I have certainly e to enjoy camping. It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature.(写出本单元与加黑词意义相近的短语)in_time3(20176月浙江高考完形)Her friends came to help her when the war _B_.Atook placeBbroke outChappened Dburst高考采撷(二)写作中的句式(补全句子)1(2018北京高考书面表达)我详细地解释这个过程的每一步，这让他们理解如何泡茶成为可能。(makeitadj.for sb. to do)I explained every step of the process in detail, which made it possible for them to understand how to make tea.2(2018全国卷书面表达)这部短片讲述了我们学校的发展。现在，我们的学校是十年前的三倍大。(倍数as .as)The short film tells about the development of our school. Now our school is three times as big as that ten years ago.(二)课堂重点释疑短语集释1in time及时；终于；迟早记牢(1)in time for .刚好赶上in time to do sth. 及时做某事(2)in no time 立刻；马上at no time 决不at a time 每次；一次at one time 曾经；一度at the same time 同时at times 有时；偶尔from time to time 有时；偶尔(3)take ones time 别着急；慢慢来练通单句语法填空As a proverb goes, “Where theres a will, theres a way.” Our efforts will pay off in time.(2016全国卷)At one time, I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be free from them.Luckily, I adapted to the new surroundings and everything returned to normal in no time.We reached on the top of Mount Tai, just in time to_enjoy (enjoy) the rising sun.用准at no time等表示否定意义的短语位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。写美句式升级In my view, you should at no time lose heart whenever you are in trouble.In my view, at_no_time_should_you_lose_heart whenever you are in trouble.(倒装句)2in ones turn轮到某人；接着记牢in turn依次；相应地；反过来by turns 轮流；交替地take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事It is ones turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事It turns/turned out that . 结果练通单句语法填空Now that we have finished the design, it is in their turn to construct.At the meeting they took turns to_put (put) forward a number of suggestions aiming to promote the reform of education system.The two daughters looked after their sick mother by turns.用准by turns是“交替地；轮流”的意思，多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行；如果表示“按顺序”则应该用in turn。写美补全句子人们使用自己的小汽车避免公共交通延误，反过来，这造成更多的问题。People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, which_in_turn_creates_more_problems.3cheer up (使)高兴；(使)振奋；感到高兴；感到振奋记牢(1)cheer sb.up使某人振作起来cheer sb.on (比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励；为某人加油cheer for 为而欢呼(2)Cheers! 口语(用于祝酒)干杯！练通单句语法填空Cheer Mary up,_and things will work out for the best.Cathy didnt expect any award but was still there to cheer on her friends and praise their acplishments.补全句子I do hope she can cheer_up and accept the challenge of life bravely! 我真心希望她能振作起来，勇敢地接受生活的挑战！用准cheer up既可以用作及物动词短语，也可用作不及物动词短语。写美词汇升级When Im feeling depressed, my mother tells me funny stories to make me happy.(升级加黑词汇)When Im feeling depressed, my mother tells me funny stories to cheer_me_up.句式集释1make itadj./n.for sb. to do教材原句This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.悟拓展例句(1)She made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.(2)People in the west make it a rule to_buy (buy) Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.(3)He is stubborn, which makes it no use quarrelling (quarrel) with him about it.析用法规则用法归纳(1)makeitadj./n.that从句(2)makeitadj./n.to do 不定式(3)makeitno good/no use/no value .doing sth.注意事项常用于这种句型的动词还有：think, consider, find, feel等背写作佳句(1)I have a good mand of English, which makes it easier for me to find a good job.(要点句)(2)(2018浙江高考写作)You have much experience in voluntary work so that I find it a good idea for you to apply for the position.(要点句)2倍数表达法教材原句But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.悟拓展例句(1)There are five_times_as_many_books in our library as in yours.我们图书馆里的书是你们图书馆里的书的五倍。(2)据我所知，这个城市是那个城市的三倍大。(一句多译)As far as I know, the city is three times as_large_as that one.As far as I know, the city is three times larger_than that one.As far as I know, the city is three times the_size_of that one.析用法规则用法归纳(1)倍数asmany/muchn.as(2)倍数as形容词/副词原级as(3)倍数形容词/副词比较级than(4)倍数the size/length/height/depth/widthof注意事项(1)表示“两倍”时用twice或double，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词times”表达。(2)此句型中倍数也可以用分数、百分数，half等其他程度状语来表达。背写作佳句(1)My school has expanded into a big one, which is three times as big as the previous one.(开头句)(2)The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.(要点句)词块、句式过关综合训练 .选词填空1Mr Brown had intended to catch the early train, but he didnt get up in_time.2Do remember to watch_out_for cars while crossing the street.3At last the firefighters put out the fire in the supermarket, which broke_out at ten this morning.4When the professor turned up, all the students cheered_up.5Class Three should be responsible for raising the red flag this week in_its_turn.6Now_that you have grown up, you should not rely on your parents.根据提示补全句子1这些游客们回到宾馆，又累又困。(形容词短语作状语)These travelers returned to the hotel, tired_and_sleepy.2无论他在哪里，早饭前散散步成为他的习惯。(make it n.to do .)No matter where he is, he makes_it_a_rule_to_go_for_a_walk before breakfast.3李明的手机看起来和张华的一样，但价格是他的两倍。(倍数表达法) Li Mings mobile phone looked just the same as Zhang Huas, but the price was twice_as_much_as Zhang Huas.应用文分步写作假定你是中学生李华，你爱好太空探险但是却得不到父母的理解，于是你给英国朋友Stephen发电子邮件进行交流并请求帮助。要点如下：1你的观点；2父母的意见。注意：1.词数80左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点本写作是一封求助信，时态为一般现在时，人称为第一人称。此书面表达开放性较大，题干给出的信息非常有限，因此准确审题并准确表达要点至关重要。文章可分三个层次：首先点明写信目的(寻求帮助)；主体部分陈述你对太空探险的热爱程度，并说明你的观点(健康的爱好有利于全面发展)及父母的观点(爱好影响学习)；最后表达希望(希望对方提供帮助)。要点1：我写信向你求助。Im_writing_to_seek_your_help.要点2：我对太空探索痴迷。Im_crazy_about_space_exploration.要点2：我认为健康的爱好有利于我们的全面发展。(overall)I_think_healthy_hobbies_are_beneficial_to_our_overall_development.要点2：我的父母认为我的爱好迟早会对我的学习有不好的影响。My_parents_think_my_hobby_will_have_a_bad_effect_on_my_study_in_time.要点3：我希望你能给我提供一些宝贵的建议。期待你的早日答复。I_hope_you_can_offer_me_some_valuable_suggestions._Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼为了使内容更充实，我们需要对要点进行添枝加叶，让要点在内容上和形式上更丰满。要点2增加痴迷于太空探索经常做的事情，并用so .that .倒装句型提升作文档次；要点2后增加细节句“父母为此所采取的行动”；要点3使用高级句式Id appreciate it if .表达殷切盼望。拓展要点2：我对太空探索如此痴迷以至于我常去图书馆阅读有关太空探索的东西。(so . that .倒装句型)So_crazy_am_I_about_space_exploration_that_I_often_go_to_the_library_to_read_something_about_space_exploration.补充要点2：他们试图阻止我去图书馆。 (prevent .from)They_try_to_prevent_me_from_going_to_the_library.升级要点3：如果你能给我提供一些宝贵的建议我将感激不尽。期待你的早日答复。(Id appreciate it if .)Id_appreciate_it_if_you_could_offer_me_some_valuable_suggestions.Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡结合要点，文章可分两段来成文，介绍你及父母对太空探索的观点时可添加连接词but， as a consequence把基本要点和拓展要点巧妙衔接，以使行文连贯。Dear_Stephen，Im writing to seek your help. So crazy am I about space exploration that I often go to the library to read something about space exploration.I think healthy hobbies are beneficial to our overall development. But my parents think my hobby will have a bad effect on my study in time.As a consequence, they try to prevent me from going to the library.Id appreciate it if you could offer me some valuable suggestions.Looking forward to your early reply.Yours，Li_Hua理清文体结构之(十四)说明文之事理类掌握行文结构最重要事理类说明文在某个程度上与议论文相似，在文章开头往往提出一个现象，接着以科学研究成果为例，说明这个现象的普遍性与真实性，在文章最后给出结论，与篇首的现象相互印证。高考典例2016天津卷C篇速读全文，理行文结构1When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.2These are the findings of a 40year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. “Boys who worked in the home or munity gained petence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society，” said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery. “And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”3Vaillants study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers pared the mens mentalhealth scores with their boyhoodactivity scores. Points were awarded for parttime jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.4The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out.5Working at any age is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and petence the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward mon goals. The most petent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isnt everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love ones work.”1.提出现象(第1段)童年时期帮助做家务的孩子长大后更快乐。(可解46题)2.以研究成果为例说明该现象的普遍性和真实性用数字验证现象3.给出结论第5段点明工作的重要性，童年时期的各项活动能够帮助孩子情感健康发展，这也印证了第1段提出的现象。(可解50题)定区间细比对46What do we know about John?AHe enjoyed his career and marriage.BHe had few childhood playmates.CHe received little love from his family.DHe was envied by others in his childhood.50What can be inferred from the last paragraph?Apetent adults know more about love than work.BEmotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.CLove brings more joy to people than work does.DIndependence is the key to ones success.答案46.A50.B46由题干关键词定位到第1段划波浪线部分，分析得出答案。50由题干关键词定位到最后一段(结论段)，归纳得出答案。
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