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（家庭、社会生活） 导读：妈妈总是告诉我们如果我们在暗处看书会弄坏眼睛。这种说法有科学依据吗？Some facts about vision scienceMom always told us wed go blind if we read in the dark. Does science back her up? Jim Sheedy, a doctor of vision science and director of the Vision Performance Institute at Oregons Pacific University, sets his sights on the truth.Dark MatterTurns out, our parents were wrong. “There is no reason to believe nor evidence to support that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark,” Dr. Sheedy says.That is not to say that nocturnal page-turning wont lead to disfort or fatigue.The lack of light will cause the pupils to dilate, resulting in a smaller depth of fieldthe distance between the nearest and farthest object that the eye considers to be in focus. Dr. Sheedy says the added effort to change focus and the effort to change the angle of the lines of sight between the two eyes will likely make your eyes feel tired and your body spent. But, of course, thats often the object of reading under the covers.Seeing ClearlyDr. Sheedy says he assures his students that there isnt enough evidence to argue that what you do with your eyes leads to myopia. The predominant determinant of myopia is genetics. No link to long-term damage has ever been conclusively shown, says Dr. Sheedy. Its an old tale, a ploy used by moms to get kids to go to sleep when they wanted them to, he says.Electronic AgeReading on a tablet device wont damage your eyes, Dr. Sheedy says. His team has studied various fonts, puter displays and pixel resolutions, and found the difference in effect on the eye between reading e-ink and the printed word to be negligible.He adds that pixel density and screen resolution have reached the point at which the eye doesnt know which it is seeing. So if reading a printed book in dim light is fine, so is reading a Kindle or iPad.Moving from Dark to LightThe eyes adapt quickly when going to the lightemerging from a tunnel into the sun, saybut going to the dark requires the regeneration of photo pigments, and that takes some time to reach full dark-adaptation, says Dr. Sheedy.Adjusting to the dim light next to your bed should only take seconds. But when going from bright light to maximum darkness, studies have shown, eye sensitivity continues to change for up to 25 minutes, he says.Ever wonder why a pirate wears patches? Its not because he was wounded in a sword fight, says Dr. Sheedy. Seamen must constantly move between the pitch black of below decks and the bright sunshine above.视觉科学的一些事实妈妈总是告诉我们如果我们在暗处看书会弄坏眼睛。这种说法有科学依据吗？俄勒冈太平洋大学视觉功能学院所长、视觉科学医生吉姆希迪为我们揭示真相。暗处阅读原来，我们的父母是错的。希迪博士说：“我们没有理由认为，也没有证据证明，在暗处阅读会造成眼睛的长期损害，或引起眼睛的生理变化。”但这并不意味着在夜间昏暗光线下看书不会引起不适和疲劳。光线不足会引起瞳孔扩张，导致景深变小，即眼睛能聚焦的最近和最远的物体之间的距离变小。希迪博士说，费力地去变焦(通通过眼睛的调节系统)和费力去地改变两眼之间的视角(通过眼睛的收缩系统)可能会使你的眼睛和身体感到疲倦。当然，这通常是在被窝里看书的后果。看清楚希迪博士说他告诉他的学生现在还没有足够的证据能说明用眼习惯会导致近视。“近视的主要决定因素是遗传。”他说并没有确凿的证据证明长期损害跟近视之间存在关联。希迪博士说：“这只是一个古老的传说，是妈妈们希望孩子们去睡觉时常用的一个说辞。”电子时代希迪博士说，在平板设备上阅读文字不会伤害眼睛。他的团队对各种字体、电脑显示器和像素分辨率进行了研究，发现阅读电子读物和印刷文字对眼睛影响的差异是可以忽略不计的。他补充说，像素密度和屏幕分辨率已经发展到了让眼睛分辨不出电子读物和印刷文字之间差异的程度。如果在昏暗的光线下阅读印刷书籍没什么问题的话，在Kindle或iPad上阅读也不会有问题。从暗处到亮处希迪博士说，从暗处到亮处时眼睛适应起来非常快，比如从隧道里出来重见天日时，但从亮处到暗处时“需要新生成光色素，因此需要一些时间来完全适应黑暗”。他说，你对自己床边暗光灯的光线的适应只需要几秒钟的时间。但有研究表明，如果从亮如白昼转到漆黑一片，眼睛的感光度要持续变化长达25分钟的时间。希迪博士说：“想知道为什么海盗总是戴着眼罩吗？这并不是因为他在剑战中受了伤。”真正的原因是水手必须经常在漆黑的甲板下和明亮的阳光下这两处地方之间变换位置。【重点单词】1. pupil pjupl; -p()l n. 瞳孔2. dilate dalet; d- vi. 扩大；膨胀3. spent spent adj. 精疲力尽的4. myopia map n. 近视5. predominant prdmnnt adj. 主要的6. ploy pl n. 策略7. negligible negldb()l adj. 微不足道的，可以忽略的【重点短语 / 亮点句式】1. back up 支持。如：They try their best to back up the educational cause.他们尽全力支持教育事业。2. There is no reason to believe nor evidence to support that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark.我们没有理由认为，也没有证据证明，在暗处阅读会造成眼睛的长期损害，或引起眼睛的生理变化。该句子中 that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark为宾语从句。如：He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学。3. result in 导致，引起。如：Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration. 紧张和疲劳常使人精神不集中。A minimal error or deviation may result in wide divergence.失之毫厘,谬以千里。4. emerge from 出现；从显露出来。如：The rabbit will not emerge from its hole while you are there.你在那儿,兔子是不会出洞的。【练习】1. Restaurants in every corner of Mianyang not only provide job opportunities but_ lots of taxes as well.A. bring in B. bring about C. result in D. result from2. How long does it take to go from bright light to maximum darkness?【答案】 家庭和社会生活是高中新课程标准主要话题之一，该话题包括人与人之间的关系、矛盾冲突和问题的解决、社会政治、经济、文化等方面。在高考试题当中，社会交往类话题占了较大比例，常以社交礼仪、社会价值观、文化碰撞等为主题。此话题多包含爱恋、友谊、信任、尊重和感恩等，贴近学生日常生活，并为他们所熟悉。以这些话题命题有利于促进学生身心健康成长，形成良好的价值观和积极向上的舆论导向。该话题为高考热点话题，近几年的高考英语命题当中，各种题型如听力、完形填空、阅读理解、七选五、语法填空、短文改错、书面表达等该话题频频出现。例如2017年新课标卷I的阅读理解B篇和七选五、2017年新课标卷II的短文改错、2016年全国卷阅读理解B篇、2016全国卷完形填空、2016年四川卷阅读理解B篇；2016年北京卷阅读理解A篇；2013年山东卷完形填空；2012年山东完形填空等。【相关词汇】 1.abandon vt.抛弃，舍弃，放弃2.abuse vt.虐待；辱骂；滥用3.acpany vt.陪伴；陪同；伴奏4.acquaintance n.相识(的人)；熟人5.admirable adj.值得赞赏的；可钦佩的6.adopt vt.收养；采用；通过7.ancestor n.祖宗；祖先8.appreciate vt.欣赏；感激9.argue vi.争辩，争论10.argument n.争论，辩论11.associate vt.使联合12.attitude n.态度13.barrier n.屏障，障碍14.beneficial adj.有利的，有帮助的，有用的15.benefit n.益处，好处；v.受益；有益于16.bother vt.打扰；麻烦17.blame vt.责备，指责18.bride n.新娘19.bridegroom n.新郎20.bury v.埋葬；埋藏；遮盖21.close adj.关系亲密的；靠近的22.panion n.同伴；同事；伴侣23.plain v.抱怨；投诉24.condemn vt.谴责，指责；宣判25.conflict n.冲突26.congratulate vt.祝贺27.congratulation n.祝贺28.conscience n.良心；良知29.cooperate vi.合作30.colleague n.同事；同僚31.divorce vt. 离婚32.direct v.管理；指挥33.enthusiastic adj.热情的34.familiar adj.熟悉的35.friction n.摩擦36.friendly adj.友好的37.forgive vt.原谅38.generation n.代；世代；一代人39.grateful adj.感激的40.harmony n.和睦；和谐41.harmonious adj.和谐的42.headmaster n.(中小学)校长43.headteacher n.班主任；(中小学)校长44.household n.一家人；家庭45.junior n.年幼者；低年级学生46.merciful adj.宽大的；仁慈的47.misunderstand vt.误会；不理解48.modest adj.谦虚的；谦逊的49.neighbourhood n.社区；街坊50.nephew n.侄子；外甥51.partner n.伙伴；搭档；同伴52.teenager n.青少年53.patient adj.有耐心的54.patiently adv.耐心地；有毅力地55.politely adv.礼貌地56.precious adj.珍贵的57.prejudice n.偏见，成见58.private adj.私人的；个人的；私有的；秘密的；私立的59.promote vt.促进；提升60.quarrel n.& vi.争吵；吵架61.relative n.亲戚62.relationship n.关系63.reliable adj.可信赖的，可靠的64.respect vt.尊重；尊敬65.respectful adj.恭敬的，有礼貌的66.senior n.年长者；高年级学生67.separate v.使分离，分开68.share vt.分享；合用；分摊；n.股份；份额69.sincere adj.真诚的70.tension n.紧张局势71.tolerance n.忍受72.treat vt.& vi.治疗；对待；n.款待 1.a lack of understanding缺乏理解2.be concerned for/about对担心/关心3.be familiar to为所熟悉4.be in harmony with.与和谐相处/协调5.be on good terms(与某人)关系好6.be tolerant with包容7.be to blame应受责备8.break up分手；解散；结束9.bring up养育；抚养；教育10.care for喜欢11.depend/rely on依靠，相信，信赖12.fit in with与相适应/合得来13.get on/along well with sb.与某人相处融洽14.get in touch with与取得联系15.go wrong出毛病；失败16.have.in mon有共同之处17.have words with与发生口角18.keep cool保持冷静19.keep in touch with与保持联系20.look down upon/on鄙视，看不起21.make up和解22.share feelings and ideas with与分享情感和想法23.show respect for尊重24.split up分开；分手25.see sb.off为某人送行26.turn down拒绝27.watch out当心28.wave sb. goodbye向某人挥手告别29.wish sb. a pleasant journey祝某人旅途愉快 I阅读理解阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。A （2018江苏卷）In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consomm. Although the main attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables, crowding. high prices dont necessarily. Diners at bad tables next to the kitchen door, say spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not be overly concerned about bad tables, given that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.zx.xk1. The underlined phrase none the wiser in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A. not aware of eating more than usualB. not willing to share food with othersC. not conscious of the food qualityD. not fond of the food provided2. How could a fine dining shop make more profit?A. Playing classical music.B. Introducing lemon scent.C. Making the light brighter,D. Using plates of larger size.3. What does the last paragraph talk about?A. Tips to attract more customers.B. Problems restaurants are faced with.C. Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D. mon misunderstandings about restaurants.B （2017年新课标卷II）I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul he stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core（核心）of our relationship off the screen.We shared the brief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didnt talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.1.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first?A. Paul Newman wanted it.B. The studio powers didnt like his agent.C. He wasnt famous enough.D. The director remended someone else.2.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?A. They were of the same age.B. They worked in the same theater.C. They were both good actors.D. They have similar characteristics.3.What does the underlined word that in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Their belief.B. Their care for children.C. Their success.D. Their support for each other.4.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?A. To show his love of films.B. To remember a friend.C. To introduce a new movie.D. To share his acting experience.CGrandparents Answer a CallAs a third-generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obamas mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents., 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own, says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents. We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when youre raising children.Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.1.Why was Garzas move a success?A. It strengthened her family ties.B. It improved her living conditions.C. It enabled her to make more friends.D. It helped her know more new places.2.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinsons decision?A.17% expressed their support for it.B. Few people responded sympathetically.C.83% believed it had a bad influence.D. The majority thought it was a trend.3.What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?A. They were unsure of themselves.B. They were eager to raise more children.C. They wanted to live away from their parents.D. They had little respect for their grandparents.4.What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.D. Get to know themselves better.DMy dad and I had always been extremely close. We understood each other like no one else, probably because we were so much alike. Both of us were hardworking, creative and very stubborn.My dad was the smartest person I know. He knew how to build a house, how to paint them and how to fix almost anything. He loved music and played the trombone(长号)his whole life. My favorite moment with my dad was our playing duets(二重奏)together he would play the trombone while I played the piano.Every month wed go on a date and would go to dinner, then go shopping or sightseeing. The entire night he would talk about his younger days when he and my mom were dating. Hed go on for hours just talking, but I didnt mind as I knew he loved his life and wanted to share his memories with his only daughter.My dad was someone that always made my day better. When I came home from school after being teased for being the overweight kid, my dad would always state how pretty, smart or talented his daughter was. Im not sure how I would have made it through my teen years without such a loving dad. He always made people laugh with his jokes and would give the biggest hugs.I knew for quite a while that I didnt have much time with my dad as he had been slowly losing his health. There is nothing worse in this world than watching someone you love so much slowly slip away and not being able to do a thing about it. Nothing prepared me for the day when my dad told the doctors that he didnt want to suffer in the hospital any more and wanted to go home. The final month with him was spent wondering if today was the day. It was difficult for me to sleep each night wondering if, when I woke up, my dad would be gone. But my dad always kept a positive attitude and smiled to everyone all the way. Therefore, I also began to face it bravely.1.What does the second paragraph mainly tell us?A. Dad was only a music-lover.B. Dad could make the trombone.C. Dad was an able person.D. Dad could play the piano.2.What would her dad do when the author was made fun of?A. He would give her a hug.B. He would praise and encourage her.C. He would make her laugh with some jokes.D. He would criticize the students who made fun of her.3.What can be inferred from this passage?A. Daughter looked like her dad very much.B. Daughter had everything in mon with her dad.C. Daughter liked her dads recalling his younger days.D. Daughter was worried about her dads worsening health.4.Which can best describe the tone in writing this passage?A. Warm but pessimistic.B. Happy and proud.C. Warm and optimistic.D. Happy but helpless. A【文章大意】本文为议论文，介绍了现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，介绍了刺激消费和食欲的几种方法，以及人们对餐厅就餐的一些错误认识。1.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第三段划线部分的前句they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else,可知在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据划线后 的句子they didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.可知他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，所以A正确。 3.D 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables, crowding，high prices dont necessarily.可知你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如不好的桌子，拥挤以及高价等不一定会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对于饭店的几个误解，故选D。B【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者与Paul Newman之间的深厚友情。当制片人不想让我参演电影时，Paul Newman站出来为我说话，两人因此而建立了深厚的友谊。在此后的很多年里，两人一直相互扶持，相互鼓励，因此两人的深厚友情维系了很多年。1.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据When the studio didnt want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul可知，作者当时还不是很有名。故选C。2.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our relationship off the screen可知，作者与Paul之间有着相似的性格特征。故选D。3.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据We shared the brief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back，我们都有这个信仰：如果你有幸获得成功，你应该有所回馈。下文he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival是作者举的例子，因此sharing that brought us together.that指代前面提到的信仰。故选A。4.B 【解析】写作意图题。根据I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didnt talk about it可知Paul已经去世了，再结合前文I first met Paul Newman in 1968，可推断作者非常怀念这位朋友。故选B。C【文章大意】祖父母搬去子女身边照顾小孩是如今的一种趋势，但这是否应该成为每一个祖父母的选择呢?1.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的最后一句Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities可知，三代人将这一搬家视为一种成功，因为它使一家人的关系更为密切。故选A。2.D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段的Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President O
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