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专题01 名词、主谓一致和冠词易错点1 望词生义1. Could you tell me the_ of making such tasty cakes? Well, I just follow the directions in the cookbook.A. feature B. plan C. cost D. trick【错因分析】本题侧重考查在特定的语境中辨析名词词义的能力。由后文的回答可以推断本题答案，我只是按照食谱上说明书（做蛋糕），那么前面问的肯定是你做蛋糕有啥技巧呀？再根据初步判断去看选项，B、C可以排除，A和D可能拿捏不准，尤其是D,考生可能会想到play tricks,认为是把戏的意思，就错选成A了。但是A仅仅有特征之意，D在此由把戏被转化为技巧，类似于tips。【参考答案】 D 同义词、近义词甚至是形近词有着不同的含义和适用场合，要特别注意在特定语境中准确运用词汇和语法知识的能力。平时要努力扩大词汇量，做题时要深入理解语境，整体把握，结合句意作出最佳选择。名词词义辨析是高考的热点，主要考查考生结合语境区分词义的能力，因而在记忆单词时，一定要结合语境体会其意义。如近几年高考中常出现的：(1)expectation(期望)；reputation(声誉)；contribution(贡献)；civilization(文明)(2)acmodation(住宿)；occupation(职业)；adaptation(适应，改编)；appreciation(欣赏)1.Her_for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.A. motivationB. qualification C. talentD. technique【解析】 A项表示动力，激励；B项为资格；C项是才能，天赋；D项表示技巧。句意上她写作的动力源自为女性获得更高教育的权利。故选A。【答案】 A 【名师点睛】A、B形式相近，容易让考生迷惑，不知意思。C、D读音较为相近，又让考生犯疑惑了。此时就分析题目，抓住题干中的desire，把题干简化为Her_for writing was a desire，这样看来，其实就在考查desire的近义词，下面哪个选项意为渴望、心愿就是正确答案。多角度解题是考生致胜的关键。易错点2 主谓一致错误2. It is important to remember that success _ a sum of small efforts made each day and often _ years of achieve.A. is; takesB. are; takesC. are; takeD. is; take【错因分析】 此题易错选D，关键是第二空的主语容易弄混，因此误选答案D。【参考答案】A1.如果主语有morethanone很多非常，或manya许多，构成，oneandahalf与单数名词组成的短语。尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。2.each作主语或修饰主语时1)单独用作主语(或修饰主语)，谓语用单数：Eachstudenthashisowndesk.每个学生都有自己的课桌。Twoboysentered.Eachwascarryingasuitcase.两个男孩进来，每人提着一只箱子。【注意】(1)两个或多个each+单数名词结构并列作主语时，谓语用单数。(2)eachof+复数名词或代词用作主语，谓语一般要用单数Eachofthemwasdeeplyfrightened.他们个个都惊恐万分。但是在非正式文体中(尤其是当eachof之后的名词较长时)偶尔也可用复数谓语，但很少见，学生宜慎用。2)each用于复数名词后作同位语此时谓语动词用复数：TheyeachhaveanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.他们每人都有一本英汉词典。4.有些名词的单数和复数形式一样，作主语的时候,其谓语动词单复数由上下文决定(尤其注意其前的修饰语)，这一类名词有：means,works,deer,fish,sheep,Chinese, Japanese等。5.kind种类作主语6.在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。例如:Betweenthetwowindowshangsapicture.7.分数或百分数+名词构成的短语以及由alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,aheapof,heapsof,halfof+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。8.表时间长度、钱数、速度等的词组作主语，此时通常将其视为整体，谓语用单数。2. All we need_a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruittrees throughout the growing seasons of the year.A.areB. wasC. isD. were【答案】C易错点3 误用冠词3.I couldnt remember the exact date of the storm, but I knew it was _ Sunday becauseeverybody was at _ church.A. a, theB. a,不填C.不填, aD.不填,不填【错因分析】容易误选 D，因为星期名词前不加冠词；而 at church表示在教堂里做礼拜，其中也不用冠词。【参考答案】B冠词的考查一直以来是一个易错点，虽然冠词只有3个(a , an, the) 但是麻雀虽小五脏俱全，考查起来往往会弄错。名词第一次出现或泛指时，冠词用a/an，但名词的首字母是（A、E、I、O、U）发音时，用an, 如：apple, English, important, operation, unusual, 特殊的有umbrella, hour, honest用an, university, unique, usual 用 a。名词第二次出现用the；强调特指时用the；the + 最高级， the + 形容词（rich 富人, poor穷人, wounded伤者, dead死者, elderly长者）表某一类人 the+比较级（the more . the better）the +序数词 （表顺序）；a+ 序数词 （表又，再），固定搭配 (in the way 挡道)另外也需要注意零冠词的情况。零冠词用法归纳：独一职位在某地，用作表/补/同位语；独立主格作状语，用by短语表方式；man字一词指人类，对比含义两名词；系词turn+名单数，街/路/期刊与杂志；具体意义变抽象，as/though之倒装句；人名/地名/国一词，抽象/物质不特指；桥名/单岛/单山峰，一专加一普专用词；月份/星期/节假日，学科/语言/称呼语；颜色/病名/五感觉，棋类/球类/三餐词；复数名词系泛指，固定词组惯用语；以上情况请记住，其前均用零冠词。3. more learned a man is, more modest be usually bee.A. The ; the B. A; a C. The ; a D. A; the 【解析】句意：一个人越有学识，他就越可能更谦虚。使用the +比较级+主谓， the +比较级+主谓的句型，所以选A。【答案】A【名师点睛】冠词的考查集中在the表示特指；a/an表示泛指。另外要注意冠词的一些固定搭配中冠词的使用。这里用的是：the +比较级+主谓， the +比较级+主谓的句型，学生在平时应该多积累这些包含冠词的短语和句型。易错点4序数词、比较级、最高级前误用定冠词4.His English is _ second to none. And he is going to learn _ second language in _ second grade.A/；a；the Bthe；the；aC/；the；a Da；the；the【错因分析】 此题涉及序数词，很多学生误以为序数词a前都要用定冠词the，因此易错选答案。【参考答案】 A序数词前用不定冠词而不用定冠词the的情况：1泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。A teacher shouldnt talk like that.教师不应当那样讲话。2用于序数词前表示又一再一。用于形容词最高级前意为很，非常。Well have to do it a second time.我们得再做一次。He is a most wise man.他是一个十分明智的人。3用于具体化了的抽象名词前。He was a success in business.他是事业成功人士。4在专有名词前表示某一个类似的一个。A Mr. Smith wants to see you.一位史密斯先生想见你。5用于of短语中表示同一(the same)。Tom and Kate are of an age.汤姆与凯特同岁。4. more learned a man is, more modest be usually bee.A. The ; the B. A; a C. The ; a D. A; the 【解析】句意：一个人越有学识，他就越可能更谦虚。使用the +比较级+主谓， the +比较级+主谓的句型，所以选A。【答案】A易错点5 名词的一词多义与熟词新义5. Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?Well, you know, English is my _. So it is my best choice.A. strength B. talent B. ability C. skill【错因分析】 很多考生不知道此题该选择哪一个，关健问题是弄不清楚strength的词义。【参考答案】A 名词的一词多义与熟词新义是考查的重点和难点，因此在复习过程中，要注意学会在语境中掌握同义词的细微差别，全面掌握词汇的多层含义。如interest既要知道它有兴趣，趣味的意思，又要知道它的另一层意思：利益；好处。The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight. A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance 【解析】试题分析：句意：天气预报说今天会是多云，后半夜可能有雨。A.影响；B.感觉；C.改变；D.机会，可能性。故选D。【答案】D一、疑难名词比较与辨析1.force; energy; strength; powerforce表示力、力量的意思。指为做或实现某事而实际运用的力量。He overcame his bad habits by force of will.毅力使他克服了自己身上的不良习惯。Those people are the progressive forces in the society. 这些人是社会的进步力量。energy主要强调精力，指用来做某事或完成某事的能力。还可以指能源。Young people usually have more energy than the old. 青年人通常此老年人精力充沛。Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of energy. 很多国家正在提高天然气、风以及其他能源形式的利用。strength表示力的意思。指做事情的-种内在能力。就人而育，着重指力气；就物而言，着重指强度潜力等。He lifted the stone with all his strength.他使出全身力气举起了那块石头。The side man hasnt got enough strength to get out of bed. 那位病人还没有足够的力气下床。power 表示 能力、能量、动力的意思。指身体上、心理上和道德上的能力(不管是否发挥出)。Knowledge is power.知识就是力 量。I shall do everything in my power to help you.我将尽我的能力帮助你。2.manner; means; method; waymanner表示方式、方法的意思。指个人喜欢采用的方式。The manner of their meeting makes a good story. 他们相见的方式似乎有些传奇色彩。He has developed his own manner of acting. 它形成了自己独特的演出风格。means表示方法、手段 、工具的意思。Students sometimes support themselves by means of evening job. 学生有时通过晚上打工的方法来养活自己。The quickest means of travel is by plane.最快的旅行工具是飞机。Have you the means to support a family? 你有维持家的方法没有?method指做某事的具体步骤或程序，也指系统的、抽象概念的原理。His idea is all right, but he lacks method.他的想法不错，但是缺少方法。He is a man of method.他是个有条理的人。method of teaching 教学方法 method of study 学习方法Roasting is one method of cooking meat. 烤是做肉的一种方法。way是最通用的词，也是最不正式的词，本义是通道、通路，引申作方式、方法讲，含义很广。In this way over several days, the artist and his mice became friends. 就这样过了几天，这位艺术家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。Look ! Work on it in this way. 看!像这样搞它。My parents always let me have my own way of living.3.cost; price; value; worth; expensecost表示成本、费用的意思。 原指生产某种物品的成本 ，包括生产中所支付的原料和劳动。一般要低于售价，有时也可用来泛指价格。也可用于借喻，指所付出的代价，甚至生命。As a result, costs will be reduced by as much as 90%. 因此，成本将会降低90% 之多。China Daily has plenty of advertisements, which help to cut the costs of making the newspaper. 中国日报刊登大量广告有助于降低报纸生产的成本。price表示价格、价钱、定价的意思。 指经营商品出售的单价，通常要高于商品的出厂成本。也用于借喻，指做某事所付出的代价。Can you try to get them to bring down the price? 你能把价格讲下来吗?They can sell their beef at a high price in the capital. 他们可以在首都以高价出售他们的牛肉。value表示价值、价格。指我们所估计一件东西的价值，因此是不能 以金钱估价的。Instead, they are writing once more about things that are mon for everyone: feeling alone in the modern world, the value of having good friends and so on. 他们现在再一次写常人常事现代世界中的孤独感及交好朋友的价值等等。The park is good value for the money.公园花这么多钱值得。worth意思是价值。指东西本身的真正价值，是经久不变的，是可贵的。It was worth five hundred francs at the most.它最多值500法郎。He asked me how much this puter was worth. 他问我这台计算机值多少钱。expense意思是费用、支出、开销，指花费金钱、时间和精力。We travelled to France at our own expense. 我们自费去法国旅行了。Do you know at whose expense your visit to Japan will be?你 知道谁将担负你访问日本的费用吗?4.land; ground; soil; earthland表示陆地、土地、地，是河流和海洋的相对用语。用于指土地或土壤时，着重指它的性质、用途等。有时泛指大地，也可作国家、地产讲。The rocky soil has been turned into rich land.岩石地已变成了沃土。But some people dont want good farm land to be built on. 但是有些人不愿意把好的农田用来修建厂房。To the sea captains surprise, he found that land travel could also be quite pleasant. 使那位船长吃惊的是，他发现陆地旅行也很愉快。ground(n. )表示地、土地的意思。主要指大地表面，也可以指土壤、场地。也可用于借喻指根据、理由。He learnt how to clean rough ground before planting crops. 他学会了在种植作物之前如何拾掇毛糙的土地。Then the Class 2 runner dropped his stick on the ground when he was passing it on to the fourth runner.然而，当二班运动员传给第四棒时，接力棒掉在地上了。soil表示土壤、土地，指可以生长植物且富有有机物的沃土，宜于农耕。When the plants are in the ground, Ill put some powder on the soil.当植物种到地里时，我将给地里撒些粉剂。He studied how to improve soil conditions.他研究如何改善土壤环境。earth表示地、地球、泥土，着重指大地，以别于天空。作泥土解时，常用于以别于坚硬的岩石。Later, in a few weeks time Ill put the little plants in the earth. 几星期后，我将把小植物埋在泥土里。5.practice; exercise; training; drillpractice; exercise; training; drill都表示练习、训练的意思。training表示训练、培养、教练、锻炼的意思。一般指对于身体的锻炼、对动物的训练、对士兵的训练等。These football players had no strict training until they joined our club.这些足球队员直到加入我们俱乐部才受到严格的训练。The athlete is in training.这个运动员锻炼得好。The home training of children is the first class social problem. 儿童的家庭教育是社会的头等问题。exercise主要指为提高技巧或业务水平而规定的练习或体格锻炼。The book contains a series of graded exercises adapted to the use of beginners. 书中有一系列按难易排列的练习适于初学者应用。You need more outdoor exercise.你需要多进行户外运动。practice主要指正规的、有条理的、不断反复的 练习或把理论道理贯彻在行动中的 实践。More practice will make you speak with greater fluency. 多练习会使你口语更流利。The integration of theory and practice is one of the basic points of Marxism. 理论和实践的统一是马克思主义的基本论点之一。drill表示操练、训练的意思。一般指严格的训练或反反复复练习或军事上的练兵。Lets do some pattern drills.咱们做些句型练习吧。The soldiers were at drill in the barrack yard.士兵们在营场上操练。6.sign; signal; mark; symbolsign表示 符号、记号、招牌等意思。是最普通的用语，指一个具有公认意义的、简单的、随意制定的代表物。Letters are signs used to represent sounds.字母是用来代表声音的符号。Youll see the sign for the rest rooms.你将看到休息室的指示牌。signal表示 暗号、信号的意思。有时是有意的;有时是无意的。有意的，如强风讯号、求救信号等。There the electrical signal is changed back into sound. 在那儿电信号又变成声音。mark表示 痕迹、记号、商标、特征、分数的意思。指印在物品上的记号，可用在好坏两个方面。作动词时，表示标明、作记号的意思。He got full marks in his maths test. 他在数学测试中得了满分。Each stone was marked with a number. 每个石头上都标明号码。symbol表示 象征的意思，特别强调故意用来包含某一特定意义的东西，或故意构成的传达某一特定意义的事物。a good luck symbol 好运气的象征The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a symbol of courage and power. 狮子被看作百兽之王，是因为它是勇气与权利的象征。二、学习冠词的难点1.在特殊情况下混用a和an关于a和an的一般区别，同学们可能比较清楚，也不易搞错，但是对于数字和字母前用该用不定冠词a还是an，则是许多考生可能忽略的问题。如：They have an 8-year-old daughter. 他们有一个8岁大的女儿。(数字8在英语中读音与eight同，故其前用an，不用a;类似地，我们要说an 11-year-old child，不能说a 11-year-old boy。)Our daughter sent us an SOS for some more money. 我们的女儿给我们发来了再要点钱的求救信号。(字母s的读音为es，它的第一个音为元音，故其前要用an。)2.星期名词前冠词的使用问题表示星期的名词(如Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday等)一般不与冠词连用，但有时为了表示特指可以带定冠词;若表示不确定的某一个，其前可用不定冠词。如：When can I have my birthday party? On the Saturday nearest to it. 我的生日庆祝会在哪天举行?就在离你生日最近的那个星期六吧。Christmas Day falls on a Monday. 今年的圣诞节是星期一。You wont catch me working on a Sunday! 你绝对见不到我在星期日工作!He never opens up shop on a Sunday. 星期日他的商店从不营业。We had a card from her on the Friday after she got back. 在她回去后的那个星期五我们收到了她的明信片。When can I have my birthday party? On the Saturday nearest to it. 我的生日庆祝会能在哪天举行?在离你生日最近的那个星期六吧。3.三餐饭前冠词的使用问题一般说来，表示一日三餐的 breakfast, lunch, supper前不用冠词。如：Breakfast is served until 9 a.m. 早餐一直供应到上午9点。Can you manage lunch on Tuesday? 你星期二能来吃午饭吗?但是，若要特指某一顿早餐、中餐或晚餐，则可在其前加定冠词。如：The supper is well cooked. 晚饭做得很好。Thank you for the breakfast. 谢谢你的这顿早餐。另外，若 breakfast, lunch, supper 受到描绘性定语的修饰，则其前通常要用不定冠词。如：We make a good breakfast before leaving. 我们动身前好好吃顿早饭。Ive got out of the habit of having a cooked breakfast. 我已不再保持早餐吃热食的习惯。After a quick breakfast, he hurried to the station. 匆匆忙忙吃完早餐，他就赶到车站去了。We were well primed for the journey with a large breakfast. 为了去旅行, 我们早餐都吃得饱饱的。4.冠词的非前位用法限定语与所修饰的中心名词的关系一般顺序是：冠词+表示大小尺寸的限定词+表示颜色的限定词+表示原材料的限定词+中心名词。但在某些固定结构中，冠词放在了形容词之后。【锦囊妙计】1.不定冠词用在quite，rather，many，half，what，much等词之后。例如：He is rather a fool.What did you think of the concert？Oh，it was quite a success.2.不定冠词用在so（as，too，how）+形容词之后。例如：She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.Its too difficult a book for us to read.注意：以元音音素开头的名词前加不定冠词时用an。例如：an apple。即使单词拼写以辅音字母开头，但该词的读音是元音音素开头，加不定冠词时也要用an，例如：an hour，an honest boy；反之，拼写以元音字母开头，但读音是辅音，加不定冠词时要用a，例如：a university。3.sothat与suchthat:sothat和suchthat都作如此以致解，that引导结果状语从句。常见句型如下：sosuchthat和sothat有时可以换用，条件是such所修饰的名词必须是一个单数可数名词，且该名词还带有表性质的形容词。转变公式如下：such a/an+形容词+名词so+形容词+a/an+名词。例如：He is such a good student that we all like him.He is so good a student that we all like him。但是，如果是不可数名词或复数可数名词，则只能用such，不能用so修饰。例如：It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home。如果复数名词前有many，few，不可数名词前有much，little等表示量的形容词时，应该用so而不用such。如：Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together（维持生活）。但little不表示数量而表示小的意思时，仍用such。例如：They are such little children that they cannot clean the house by themselves.三、高考主谓一致的知识结构一致原则考点详解例句语法一致1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.What he said is very important for us all.The children were in the classroom two hours ago. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.2. 由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。Lucy and Lily are twins. She and I are classmates.The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. Both she and he are Young Pioneers.3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than， besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。Mr. Green，together with his wife and children，has e to China. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She，like you and Tom，is very tall. 4. either，neither，each，every 或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。Each of us has a new book.Everything around us is matter.5. 在定语从句中，关系代词that，who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 一致原则考点详解例句语法一致6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, mittee, population, audience等。Class Four is on the third floor. Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注：people，police，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7. 由a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of +名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful. 50% of the students in our class are girls.注：a number of 与the number of的区别8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。There es the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. 逻辑一致1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag？Which are your bags？All is going well. All have gone to Beijing.2. 表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Ten miles is too long.3. 若主语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。The Arabian Nights is an interesting story-book.4. 表数量的短语one and a half后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.一致原则考点详解例句逻辑一致5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。Twelve plus eight is twenty.Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6. 一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。The paper works was built in 1990.I think physics isnt easy to study. 7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes，jeans 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8. 定冠词the + 形容词或分词，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。The old are taken good care of.9. a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词, 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。A large quantity of people is needed here.注意：quantities一般用复数。Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.10. a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可数名词，作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of 修饰不可数名词， 作主语时， 谓语动词通常用复数。A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.就近一致1. 当两个主语由either or， neither nor，whether or ，not only but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends.Neither they nor he is wholly right. 2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.Here引导的句子用法同上。如：Here is a map and a handbook for you.【巧学妙记】主谓一致记忆口诀单单复复最常见，集体名词谓用单。如若强调其成员，复数谓语记心间。有些名词谓常复，people, police即这般。主语单数后接介，谓语单数介无关。many a作主语也如此，谓语动词应用单。or、nor、but also、there be，近主原则挂嘴边。关系代词定主语，谓语根据先行词判。不定式短语、动名词，主语从句谓全单。时间、货币与距离，谓语多单复少见，rest，means，following等，意义决定其复、单。none，all，half of等，of之宾语定答案。还有分数、百分数，仍据of之宾定复、单。代词all指人谓复数，all指事情谓用单。量词用法请注意，谓语要随量词变。and连接两名词，身兼两职一定冠。no，each，every后单名，两种事物一概念。以上情况请记清，谓语动词全用单。形容词带the一类人，姓氏复数加定冠，-s结尾的海峡、山脉与群岛，谓语用复勿用单。代词neither，either，each，用作主语谓全单。1.（2018全国新课标卷I语法填空）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).【答案】causes 【解析】考查单复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。2.（2018全国新课标卷I短文改错）Last winter when I went here（改为there） again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.【答案】chicken改为chickens【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。3. （2018全国新课标卷II短文改错）When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night.【答案】Fridays改为Friday。4. （2018新课标II卷短文改错）As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me.【答案】the改为a 【解析】考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the表示特指。故把the改为a。5.（2018新课标卷I语法填空）While running regularly cant make you live forever, the review says it 64 (be) more effective at lengthening life 65than walking, cycling or swimming.【答案】is【解析】考查主谓一致和时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时，且主语是it，表示单数概念。故填is。6. （2017全国新课标卷I语法填空）This trend, which was started by the medical munity（医学界） as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical munity was trying to fight.【答案】effects 【解析】考查单复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是一些不为人知的副作用，根据前文的some可知side effect(副作用)有很多，故填effects。7.At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study of mathematics。A. approachesB. meansC. methodsD. ways【答案】D 8. The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they dont give you any direct_.A. solution B. targetC. measure D. function【答案】A【解析】 句意：学校顾问会帮你梳理一下你的问题，但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决办法。本题考查名词辨析。solution 解决问题的办法；target目标，靶子；measure措施；function功能，作用。根据句意可知选A。9.（2016江苏卷单项填空） Can you tell us yourfor happiness and a long life? Living every day to the full, definitely.A. recipe B. recordC. rangeD. receipt【答案】A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。recipe秘诀，食谱，药方；record记录；range范围；receipt收据，收条；句意：你能告诉我你对幸福长寿的秘密吗？当然是尽情享受每一天。根据句意可知A项意为秘诀，与上下文相符。10.（2017新课标I卷语法填空）As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.【答案】a 【解析】考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示结果。句意：结果，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。11.（2016全国新课标卷II语法填空）Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 48 while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy. 【答案】a【解析】介词短语for a while意为一会儿，本句是指通过锻炼或做一些你喜欢的事情，让你的身体和大脑休息一会儿。12.Dr.PeterSpence,_
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