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专题03 puters【考纲解读】1. 通过本单元的学习，了解计算机的发展历程及其在当今社会的广泛应用。2. 用英语表达自己的观点并进行简单的理由阐述和做出决定。【高频单词】1calculate (vt.)计算calculation (n.) 计算2universal (adj.)普遍的；通用的；宇宙的universe (n.) 宇宙；天地万物3simplify (vt.)简化simple (adj.)简单的simply (adv.) 仅仅；只；不过4operator (n.) (电脑)操作员；接线员operate (v.) 运转；工作operation (n.) 手术；运作5logical (adj.)合逻辑的；合情理的logically (adv.)逻辑上；合逻辑地；有条理地6intelligence (n.)智力；聪明；智能intelligent (adj.)智能的；聪明的7solve (vt.)解决；解答solution (n.)解决；解答8reality (n.)真实；事实；现实real (adj.)真正的；真实的really (adv.)真正地；确实地9personal (adj.)私人的；个人的；亲自的personally (adv.)就个人而言；亲自personality (n.)个性；人格；风云人物；名人10total (adj.)总的；整个的(n.)总数；合计(vt.)共计；总计totally (adv.)完全地；整个地11application (n.)应用；用途；申请apply (v.)应用；涉及；申请applicant (n.)申请人；求职者applied (adj.)应用的；实用的12finance (n.)金融；财经financial (adj.) 金融的；财政的13explore (vt. & vi.)探索；探测；探究explorer (n.)探险家；勘探者exploration(n.)探索14anyhow (adv.)(也作anyway)无论如何；即使如此15goal (n.)目标；目的；球门；(进球)得分16happiness (n.) 幸福；快乐happy (adj.)高兴的；快乐的17signal (vi. & vt.)发信号(n.)信号18type (n.)类型(vt. & vi.)打字19arise (vi.)出现；发生arose (过去式)arisen(过去分词)20electronic (adj.)电子的electricity (n.)电；电学21appearance (n.)外观；外貌；出现appear (vi.)出现22character (n.) 性格；特点characteristic (adj.) 典型的；独特的；特有的23technology (n.)工艺；科技；技术technological (adj.)科技的【重点短语】1from.on 从时起2as_a_result 结果3of_high_quality 高质量的 4go_by 时光流逝；顺便拜访 5in_a_way 在某种程度上 6make_up 弥补；化妆；编造；构成7after_all 毕竟8with_the_help_of 在的帮助下9deal_with 处理；安排；对付10watch_over 看守；监视【热点句型】1before“之后才”，引导时间状语从句I developed very slowly and it_took_nearly_two_hundred_years_ before(差不多过了两百年才)I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage.(教材P18)2as “随着”，引导时间状语从句 As_time_went_by(随着时间的推移), I was made smaller.(教材P18)3so.that.“如此以至于”，引导结果状语从句Over time my memory has developed so_much_that (如此快以至于), like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told！(教材P18)4It isadj.to do sth.“做某事是的”I think its_impossible_to_live(无法生活)without puters！(教材P19)5by the time.“到为止” By_the_time_I_was_sixteen(在我满十六岁时)，my dream had e true.(教材P20)6what引导表语从句After all, with the help of my electronic brain which never forgets anything, using intelligence is what_Im_all_about！(我的一切)(教材P23)高频考点一、单词例1、totaladj.总的；整个的n总数；合计totally adv. 完全地；整个地As a result I totally changed my shape.(P18)因此，我已经完全改变了形状。【归纳拓展】(1)a total of 总共in total 总计；总共(in all)(2)totally adv. 完全地；整个地【语境助记】How much do you have to pay in_total if four of you go together?如果你们四个人一起去的话你总共需要支付多少钱？You got 47 points on the written examination and 18 on the oral, making a_total_of 65.你笔试得了47分，口试得了18分，总分65分。They came from totally different cultures.他们来自完全不同的文化。例2、signalvi.& vt.发信号；发暗号；示意n信号；暗号I have learned to signal to my teammates in puter language to give me the ball when.(P23)我已经学会了用计算机语言示意我的队友把球传给我【归纳拓展】(1)signal (to) sb. to_do sth.示意某人做某事signal (sb.) that 示意(某人)(2)a danger/warning/traffic signal一个危险/警告/交通信号【语境助记】The police signalled/signaled_(to) the driver to_stop his car by raising his hand.警察举手示意司机停车。He stood up, signalling/signaling_to the police officer that he had finished talking with his client.他站起身，向警官示意他和他的当事人已经谈完了。A red light is a_signal_of danger, which is even known to a fiveyearold child.红灯是危险信号，这是一个5岁孩子都知道的事情。 例3、arisevi.出现；发生；(由)引起；起身；起床Then she prepares reliable moves to use if a new situation arises.(P23)接着她准备好了可行的步骤来应对新情况的出现。 (1)arise表示“出现；发生”之意时，其主语多为problem, argument, quarrel, danger, movement, question等抽象名词，多指不好的事情发生或出现。(2)arise from/out of由而引起；由而产生；从中产生【语境助记】A new difficulty has_arisen.出现了新困难。Problems arise_from/out_of the lack of munication.由于缺乏交流而产生问题。写出下列句中arise的含义aUnexpected difficulties arose in the course of their experiment. 出现bMistakes often arise from carelessness.由而引起cA curl of smoke is arising out of the chimney.上升dThey arose at sunrise to get an early start to the park.起床eSeeing their teacher e into the classroom, all the students arose from the chairs.起身易混辨析单词词性词义过去式过去分词v.ingarise(vi.) 出现；发生；起因于arosearisenarisingarouse(vt.) 唤醒；激起arousedarousedarousingrise(vi.) 升起；起身；增长；上升roserisenrisingraise(vt.) 举起；唤起；提高；饲养raisedraisedraising高频考点二、短语例1、as a result 结果；因此As a result I totally changed my shape.(P18)因此，我已经完全改变了形状。【归纳拓展】as a result表示“结果；因此”，引出结果，在句中充当状语as a result of表示“作为的结果；由于”，引出原因，是介词短语without_result 毫无结果；白费result from由造成；因而产生result in导致【语境助记】The weather was bad; as_a_result,_we had to put off our hiking. 天气不好，结果我们不得不推迟徒步旅行。She died as_a_result_of her injuries.她因伤死亡。I think his illness resulted_from the overfull tiredness.我认为他是因为过度的劳累而得了病。The flood has_resulted_in many deaths.洪水已经造成了很多人死亡。2016北京高考Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting_in electrocution (电死) if they touch two lines at once.它们的翅膀可以在两根线之间搭建桥梁。这就导致如果它们接触两根线时就会马上触电死亡。The meeting broke up without_result.会议没有结果就结束了。例2、in a way 在某种程度上In a way our programmer is like our coach.(P23)在某种程度上，我们的程序员就像我们的教练。【归纳拓展】all the way一路上；自始至终；完全by the way 顺便说by way of 经由；通过方法in this way 用这种方式；通过这种方式in no way 一点也不；决不in the way 挡道；碍事No way! 俚别想！没门！【名师点睛】(1)表达“在某种程度上”时，还可用in a sense， to a/some degree及to an/some extent三个短语。(2)in no way置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。【语境助记】In_a_way,_he has made great progress this term.从某方面来说，这学期他已经取得了很大的进步。Her social life got in_the_way of her studies.她的社交活动妨碍了她的学习。He decided that he would drive all_the_way home instead of putting up at a hotel for the night.他决定一路开车回家而不是在旅馆里过夜。By_the_way,_I found that book you were looking for.顺便提一下，我找到了你在寻找的那本书。All the goods were transported by_way_of the Netherlands.一切货物均需经荷兰运送。Only_in_this_way can we grow up to the independents and bee truly successful.只有用这种方法，我们才能独立成长，真正成功。例3、deal with 处理；安排；对付；涉及；讨论This means that it should clean the house, mop the floors, cook the dinner and deal with telephone calls.(P24)这就意味着，我的机器人要打扫房间、擦地板、做饭和接听电话。【归纳拓展】do with sth.处理某事deal in sth.做生意；经营；买卖make a deal 达成协议；做成交易Its a deal! 成交/一言为定！【名师点睛】(1)deal with意为“处理；对待；对付；涉及；与交易”等众多含义，其中的deal为不及物动词，常与疑问副词how连用；(2)在do with短语中，do为及物动词，表示“如何处理、对待”时，要与疑问代词what连用。【语境助记】2016全国卷For years I dealt_with my travel agent only by phone.多年以来我和我的旅行代办人仅靠电话联系来处理业务。Ive dealt_with this pany for 20 years.我跟这家公司做生意已有二十年。I dont know how they will deal_with the problem.I dont know what they will do_with the problem.我不知道他们将如何处理这个问题。If youll knock down the price by another 5 dollars, its a_deal.如果你把价格再降5美元，就成交了。写出下列句中deal with的含义aThere are too many difficulties for us to deal with.处理bHe has learnt to deal properly with all kinds of plicated situations.应付cIt is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics.对付dThey have learnt to deal with various persons.与打交道高频考点三、句型例1、As time went by, I was made smaller.(P18)随着时间的推移，我被做得更小了。【归纳拓展】(1)as是连词，引导时间状语从句。(2)with是介词，后接名词或代词等构成with短语或with复合结构，如：with time going by “随着时间的流逝”。 【语境助记】As we grow older, we get wiser.随着年龄的增长，我们变得越来越聪明。With winter ing on, it is getting colder and colder day by day.冬天来临了，天气越来越冷了。As time went_by,_I gradually adapted myself to the school life.With time going_by,_I gradually adapted myself to the school life.随着时间的推移，我逐渐适应了学校生活。例2、I developed very slowly and it_took_nearly_two_hundred_ years_before I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage.(P18)我发展缓慢，差不多到了两百年之后，查尔斯巴比奇才把我制成了一台分析机。【归纳拓展】本句型中，before引导一个时间状语从句。before的本意为“在之前”，但如果主句是肯定句，并且与时间段连用，意为“之后才”，表示主句的动作发生得迟缓。It will not be long before.不久就会(从句常用一般现在时)It will be时间段before.要过多久才(从句常用一般现在时)【语境助记】If you miss this chance, it_may_be_years_before you get another one.如果你错过这次机会，可能要等几年才会有下一次机会。It_will_be_more_than_100_years_before the country begins once again to look as it did before.要过100多年以后，这个国家才能再一次恢复到以前的样子。It_wont_be_long_before they graduate from college.不久他们就要大学毕业了。Three_weeks_went_by_before she realized her mistakes.三周过去了，她才意识到自己的错误。例3、Over time my memory has developed so much that,_ like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told！(P18)随着时间的推移，我的记忆能力发展得如此之快，就像一头大象一样，我从来不会忘记别人告诉我的任何事情！【归纳拓展】so/such.that.意为“如此以至于”，引导结果状语从句。(1)so.that.句型的常见形式：(2)such.that.句型的基本结构：(3)当so/such及其后成分放在句首时，主句用部分倒装。【语境助记】Maybe it was so crowded that my handbag slid off my arm.也许太拥挤了，我的包从胳膊上滑落了。It was so hot a day that nobody wanted to do anything.(It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.)天气如此热，谁也不想干活。There were so many cars in the street that I couldnt get through.路上的车很多以至于我过不去。There was so_little water left that only little children were given some.剩下的水不多了，只给小孩分了一些。So fast is_the_city developing that you can never imagine what it will be like tomorrow. 现在城市发展得如此之快，你永远想象不到它明天会是什么样子。高频考点四、语法现在完成时的被动语态1.结构肯定式主语have/has been done.否定式主语have/has not been done.一般疑问式Have/Has主语been done.？特殊疑问式特殊疑问词have/has主语been done.？2.用法（1）表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响和结果，且这个动作与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系。Jacks boss has always praised him for his devotion to work.Jack has always been praised by his boss for his devotion to work.（2）表示一个被动的动作或状态从过去开始，持续到现在，并且有可能继续持续下去。常与“for时间段”或“since时间点”等时间状语连用，此时，该被动语态的动词应使用延续性动词。They have built many houses in the village in the past few years.Many houses have been built in the village in the past few years.【2018全国I】阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。During my second year at the city college，I was told that the education department was offering a freecourse, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.I_41_the idea of taking the class because ，after all ,who doesnt want to_42_a few dollars?More than that, Id always wanted to learn chess. And,even if I werent_43_enough about free credits,news about our_44_was appealing enough to me. He was an international grandmaster,which_45_I would be learning from one of the games_46_.I could hardly wait to_47_him.Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this_48_was no game for him: he meant business. In his introduction, he made it_49_that our credits would be hard-earned. In order to_50_the class ,among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to_51_what we would learn in class to our future professions and,_52_,to our lives. I managed to get an A in that_53_and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the_54_.Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, Im still putting to use what he_55_me:“The absolute most important_56_that you learn when you play chess is how to make good_57_.On every single move you have to_58_a situation ,process what your opponent(对手）is doing and_59_the best move from among all your options.”These words still ring true today in my_60_as a journalist.41. A. put forwardB. jumped atC. tried outD. turned down42. A. wasteB. earnC. saveD. pay43. A. excitedB. worriedC. movedD. tired44. A. titleB. petitorC. textbookD. instructor 45. A. urgedB. demandedC. heldD. meant46. A. fastestB. easiestC. bestD. rarest47. A. interviewB. meetC. challengeD. beat48. A. chanceB. qualificationC. honorD. job49. A. realB. perfectC. clearD. possible50. A. attendB. passC. skipD. observe51. A. addB. exposeC. applyD. pare52. A. eventuallyB. naturallyC. directlyD. normally53. A. gameB. presentationC. courseD. experiment54. A. criterionB. classroomC. departmentD. situation55. A. taughtB. wroteC. questionedD. promised56. A. factB. stepC. mannerD. skill57. A. gradesB. decisionsC. impressionsD. ments58. A. analyzeB. describeC. rebuildD. control59. A. announceB. signalC. blockD. evaluate60. A. roleB. desireC. concernD. behavior【答案】41. B 42. C 43. A 44. D 45. D 46. C 47. B 48. D 49. C 50. B 51. C 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. A 56. D 57. B 58. A 59. D 60. A【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。文章讲述了我在大二学的免费课程下棋及它对我生活的指导意义。41. 考查动词短语辨析。我在大二时，学校教育处提供一种名叫思维象棋的免费课程，这个课程3个学分。我急于接受这个课程，是因为我想节省点钱。A. put forward提出；B. jumped at急于接受；C. tried out尝试；D. turned down拒绝。故选B。42. 考查动词辨析。我在大二时，学校教育处提供一种名叫思维象棋的免费课程，这个课程3个学分。我急于接受这个课程，是因为我想节省点钱。A. waste浪费；B. earn赚钱；C. save节省；D. pay付钱。故选C。43. 考查形容词辨析。我总是想学象棋，即便是我对免费的学分不激动，单是我们导师的信息就足以吸引我。A. excited激动的；兴奋的；B. worried担心的；C. moved感动的；D. tired劳累的。故选A。44. 考查名词辨析。我总是想学象棋，即便是我对免费的学分不激动，单是我们导师的消息就足以吸引我。A. title头衔；题目；B. petitor竞赛者；C. textbook教科书；D. instructor导师。故选D。48. 考查名词词义辨析。一位先前的毕业生回校教书，这项工作对他来说根本不是游戏。A. chance机会；B. qualification合格；C. honor荣誉；D. job工作。故选D。49. 考查形容词辨析。在他的介绍中，他明确指出这些学分不容易得到。A. real真实的；B. perfect完美的；C. clear清楚的；D. possible可能的。故选C。50. 考查动词词义辨析。为了通过考试，我们必须写一篇关于把我们在课堂里学到的东西应用于未来的职业中。A. attend参加；B. pass通过；C. skip跳跃；D. observe遵守。故选B。51. 考查动词词义辨析。我们必须写一篇关于把我们在课堂里学到的知识应用于未来的职业中。apply把运用于52. 考查副词词义辨析。最终，把我们在课堂里学的知识应用到我们的生活中。A. eventually最终；B. naturally自然地；C. directly直接地；D. normally正常地。故选A。53. 考查名词辨析。我设法在这个课程中获得了个A。A. game游戏；B. presentation介绍；陈述；C. course课程；D. experiment实验。故选C。54. 考查名词辨析。我还学习了课堂之外对我很有用的生活课程。A. criterion标准；B. classroom教室；C. department部门；系；D. situation情况。beyond the classroom课堂之外，故选B。57. 考查名词词义辨析。你在学下棋的时候，学到的绝对重要的技能是如何做出好的决定。A. grades等级；B. decisions决定；C. impressions印象；D. ments评论。故选B。58. 考查动词词义辨析。每一步你都必须分析形势，审视对手要做什么。A. analyze分析；B. describe描述；C. rebuild重建；D. control控制。故选A。59. 考查动词词义辨析。从你所有的选择中，评估出最好的一步。A. announce宣布；B. signal发信号；C. block阻塞；D. evaluate评估。故选D。60. 考查名词词义辨析。现在这些话对我作为一名新闻记者的角色来说仍然是正确的。A. role角色；B. desire欲望；要求；C. concern涉及，关系到；D. behavior行为。故选A。【2017新课标III】BMinutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups. It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theaters 75-year history. This time, however, the cleanup was a little different. As one group of workers carried out the rubbish, another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the buildings end.The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater. Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-be to the old building. Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate. The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to pete. He added that the theaters location(位置) was also a reason. “This used to be the center of town,” he said. “Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.”Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place. However, these plans were abandoned because of financial problems. Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping plex on the land where the theater is located.The theater audience said good-by as Bradford locked the doors for the last time. After 75 years the Plaza Theater has shown its last movie. The theater will be missed.24. In what way was yesterdays cleanup at the Plaza special?A. It made room for new equipment.B. It signaled the closedown of the theater.C. It was done with the help of the audience.D. It marked the 75th anniversary of the theater.25. Why was The Last Picture Show put on?A. It was an all-time classic. B. It was about the history of the town.C. The audience requested it. D. The theater owner found it suitable.26. What will probably happen to the building?A. It will be repaired. B. It will be turned into a museum.C. It will be knocked down. D. It will be sold to the city government. 27. What can we infer about the audience?A. They are disappointed with Bradford. B. They are sad to part with the old theater. C. They are supportive of the city officials. D. They are eager to have a shopping center. 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了一家具有75年历史的剧院因为不利的地理位置和现代剧院的竞争，而面临着不得不关门，转手出售的故事。11.【2017新课标III】CAfter years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations major food sources (来源) for the wolf grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park s red foxes, and pletely drove away the park s beavers.As early as 1966,biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent nearly 30 years ing up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red fores have made a eback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.28.What is the text mainly about?A. Wildlife research in the United States.B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.29.What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Tested.B. Separated.C. Forced out.D. Tracked down.30.What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the parks ine.C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals.31.What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。因为人类活动影响到灰狼数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而造成植被遭到大量破坏。30细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；而且红狐和海狸也不断减少，由此推断灰狼的消失引起了当地生态的破坏。故选A。31推理判断题。根据文章末段末句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，是很值得推广的。可知作者对黄石公园引进灰狼的态度是”积极的，赞成的“，故选B。12.【2017新课标III】DThe Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them being more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or i
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