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专题03 语言知识 2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲（英语）中有关语言知识的要求： 要求考生掌握并能运用英语语音、词汇、语法基础知识以及所学功能意念和话题，要求词汇量为 3500 左右。【解读】 高考试卷对语言知识的考查主要体现于完形填空和语法填空。核心语法，构建网络，不纠缠“偏难怪”词法、句法、章法是语法的灵魂，对于这三个要素要形成体系，不要支离破碎地学习，尽量掌握核心内容，不要把重心放在“偏难怪”且有争议的语法现象上。可以制作一个语法知识本，以梳理核心语法知识，形成自己的知识网络，进而提升借助语法进行阅读和写作的能力。如牢记常见的不可数名词，如advice, equipment, evidence, fun, furniture, information, luck, news, luggage/baggage, progress等牢记核心的词形变化，如warmwarmth, argueargument, strongstrength, justjustice, unjustinjustice, explainexplanation等。题型1 完形填空三年新课标卷完形填空试题分析年份试卷类型体裁词数话题考点分布2018年新课标卷I夹叙夹议文271讲述了我在大二学的免费课程下棋及对我生活的指导意义动词9 名词7形容词3 副词1新课标卷II记叙文277讲述了作者13年后和儿子见面的情景动词9 名词3形容词5 副词2介词1新课标卷III记叙文271Dennis Williams认真对待陌生人的信息，使陌生人倍受感动的故事动词10 名词6形容词4 2017年新课标卷I记叙文251学习美式手语的经历和感受名词5 动词10形容词4副词1新课标卷II记叙文266作者自己的学生Feddy的性格特征及多年后的生活、工作状况名词8 动词9形容词3新课标卷III记叙文271一个加拿大青年在和女朋友分手后，希望免费赠送自己为女朋友购买的环球航空旅行机票的故事，体现了年轻人无私的精神名词：7个动词：9个形容词：4个2016年新课标卷I记叙文 253讲述了司机Larry在路上遇到着火的汽车，积极救人的故事。动词7 名词 4形容词3 副词1 连词2 介词短语2代词1新课标卷II夹叙夹议文 262作者通过自身的经历总结出，电话中的感受有时与现实生活中的感受不一致，因为像微笑这样无声的信号无法通过电话传播。动词6 名词 4形容词5 副词3 介词短语2 新课标卷III记叙文 276作者通过刻苦训练，最终实现了成为足球队明星球员的目标。动词8 名词4 形容词5 副词 1连词1 代词1全国卷对完形填空的考查，近几年来一直以记叙文和夹叙夹议文为主，以说明文和议论文为辅，2018年全国卷II和全国卷的完形填空就选用了记叙文，全国卷I采用了夹叙夹议文。从选材到试题的设置都呈现出“稳中有变”的特点：1. 题材相对稳定：文章的选材都是中学生熟悉的话题，能够传递正能量，弘扬社会主义核心价值观，读后 能给考生带来心灵的启迪。且文章大多原汁原味，语言地道，注重思想性和教育性，具有积极的教育意 义，体现出了课程标准中对培养学生的情感、态度和价值观的要求。2. 文章短小精悍：完形填空的文章长度一般为250词左右，结构完整，脉络清晰，难度适中，全文设置20 个空格，要求考生根据文章的整体内容，从层次结构和上下文的逻辑关系方面选择符合文章情节的选项， 很少涉及纯语法知识试题。3. 稳定中有变化：近几年高考完形填空在选项的设置上，打破了传统的四个选项类别一致的命题规律。如 2015年全国卷的第44题的四个选项中，有两个以-ly结尾的副词，另外两个副词为outside和by；2016 年全国卷的第52题的四个选项中设置了三个形容词和一个副词，第47题和第54题的四个选项均由两 个动词及两个动词词组构成，第59题把两个动词及两个介词短语设置为一组选项。此外，2016年增加了 对代词的考查，考生备考时需要注意。预计2019年高考完形填空选项的设置仍然会保持这一命题特征，考生在做题时要灵活变通。总之，备考时考生应把握考查方向，加强语篇意识，从宏观和微观两个层面解读文本，理清文章脉络。平时考生还应注重对常考体裁、题材的训练。 【样题1】记叙文（2018新课标全国卷II）Two weeks earlier, my son, Ben, had got in touch. Hed moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since Id 41 seen him. So imagine my 42 when he emailed me saying he wanted to e to visit me.I was 43 ! I arrived early at Byron Bay where we were supposed to 44 . The bay was 45 in sunshine, and there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore. Getting a little 46 , I realized one kayak（皮划艇） was in 47 . Somethings not 48 ! I took off my T-shirt and 49 into the water. I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle. He was 50 violently. Linking arms with one of the instructors. I helped 51 the young man out of the water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face, something 52 to me. Those brown eyes were very 53 . Whats his name? I asked the instructor. Ben, he replied, and immediately I 54 . That stranger was my son!The instructors called for an ambulance. 55 , after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to 56 and later the family met up for dinner. We chatted about everything and then Ben 57 to me. I just want to say thank you, he said. You 58 my life!I still cant believe what a 59 it was. Im just so glad I was there 60 to help my son.41. A. alsoB. oftenC. evenD. last42. A. delightB. reliefC. angerD. worry43. A. scaredB. shockedC. thrilledD. ashamed44. A. talkB. stayC. meetD. settle45. A. bathedB. cleanC. deepD. formed46. A. fasterB. closerC. heavierD. wiser47. A. troubleB. advanceC. questionD. battle48. A. realB. rightC. fairD. fit49. A. staredB. sankC. divedD. fell50. A. arguingB. fightingC. shoutingD. shaking51. A. leadB. persuadeC. carryD. keep52. A. happenedB. occurredC. appliedD. appealed53. A. sharpB. pleasantC. attractiveD. familiar54. A. agreedB. hesitatedC. doubtedD. knew55. A. FortunatelyB. FranklyC. SadlyD. Suddenly56. A. returnB. relaxC. speakD. leave57. A. jokedB. turnedC. listenedD. pointed58. A. createdB. honoredC. savedD. guided59. A. coincidenceB. changeC. pity D. pain60. A. on boardB. in timeC. for sureD. on purpose【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者13年后和儿子见面的情景。在和儿子见面的地点，作者救了一个年轻人，没有想到的是，年轻人竟然是自己13年未见的儿子。43.C 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据第一段可知，作者13年没有见到自己的儿子，突然收到儿子要来拜访自己的电子邮件，肯定是欣喜若狂。A. scared惊恐的；B. shocked震惊的；C. thrilled欣喜若狂的；D. ashamed惭愧的。故选C项切题。44.C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据空前可知，我很早就到了拜伦湾，我们应该在那里见面。A. talk谈话；B. stay停留； C. meet见面；D. settle解决。故选C项切题。45.A 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据上下文可知，早晨海湾应该是沐浴在阳光里。A. bathed沐浴；B. clean清扫；C. deep深处；D. formed形成。故选A项切题。46.B 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据常识和下文儿子出现意外情况可知，只有是离的比较近一点，才能意识到一只皮划艇出现意外。A. faster迅速的；B. closer靠近，逼近(其他船只等)；C. heavier重的，沉重的；D. wiser有智慧的；聪明的。故选B项切题。47.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据下文儿子出现意外情况可知，一只皮筏艇处于麻烦之中。A. trouble麻烦，困难；B. advance前进，进展；C. question问题，疑问；D. battle战斗，战役。故选A项切题。48.B 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据上句皮划艇处于麻烦之中可知，某件事不正常。A. real真实的；B. right正确的，正常的；C. fair公平的；D. fit合适的。故选B项切题。50.D 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据上文a man lying across the middle和下文He was unconscious可知，应该是剧烈的颤抖、摇动。A. arguing争论，辩论；B. fighting打架；C. shouting呼喊；D. shaking摇动。故选D项切题。51.C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。我帮助把年轻人带出水面。A. lead领导，引导，带领；B. persuade说服，劝服；C. carry搬运，装运；D. keep保持；保存，保留；故选C项切题。52.B 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据句意可知，当我看着他的脸时，我想到了一些事情。occur跟to短语时，表示“想到”，而不是“发生”，happen后接不定式，是碰巧的意思。故选B项切题。53.D 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据下文，“Whats his name?”可知，他棕色的眼睛对我来说是很熟悉的。A. sharp锐利的；锋利的；B. pleasant愉快的，快乐的，舒适的；C. attractive有吸引力的；引人注目的；D. familiar亲密的，熟悉的。故选D项切题。54.D 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据下文“That stranger was my son”可知，我马上就知道。A. agreed同意，赞成，承认，答应；B. hesitated犹豫，踌躇；C. doubted怀疑；疑惑；D. knew知道，了解。故选D项切题。55.A 【解析】考查副词词义辨析。根据空后句子可知，应该是幸运地。A. Fortunately幸运地，侥幸地；B. Frankly率直地，坦白地，真诚地；C. Sadly悲哀地，悲伤地；D. Suddenly突然地，忽然地；故选A项切题。56.D 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据空前was well enough可知，应该是被允许出院。A. return返回；报答；B. relax放松，休息；C. speak说；D. leave离开。故选D项切题。57.B 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据下文“I just want to say thank you”可知，Ben转向我向我说谢谢。A. joked开玩笑；B. turned转向；C. listened听；D. pointed指出。故选B项切题。58.C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据上文“I helped carry the man out of the water”可知，应该是挽救了我的生命。A. created创造；创作；B. honored尊敬；尊重；给与荣誉；C. saved救，拯救；D. guided指导，指挥；故选C项切题。【样题2】夹叙夹议文（2018新课标全国卷）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 41 the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesnt want to 42 a few dollars? More than that, Id always wanted to learn chess. And, even if I werent 43 enough about free credits, news about our 44 was appealing enough to me. He was an international grandmaster, which 45 I would be learning from one of the games 46 . I could hardly wait to 47 him.Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this 48 was no game for him; he meant business. In his introduction, he made it 49 that our credits would be hard-earned. In order to 50 the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to 51 what we would learn in class to our future professions and, 52 , to our lives. I managed to get an A in that 53 and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 54 .Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, Im still putting to use what he 55 me: “The absolute most important 56 that you learn when you play chess is how to make good 57 . On every single move you have to 58 a situation, process what your opponent (对手) is doing and 59 the best move from among all your options.” These words still ring true today in my 60 as a journalist. 41. A. put forwardB. jumped atC. tried outD. turned down42. A. wasteB. earnC. saveD. pay43. A. excitedB. worriedC. movedD. tired44. A. titleB. petitorC. textbookD. instructor 45. A. urgedB. demandedC. heldD. meant46. A. fastestB. easiestC. bestD. rarest47. A. interviewB. meetC. challengeD. beat48. A. chanceB. qualificationC. honorD. job49. A. realB. perfectC. clearD. possible50. A. attendB. passC. skipD. observe51. A. addB. exposeC. applyD. pare52. A. eventuallyB. naturallyC. directlyD. normally53. A. gameB. presentationC. courseD. experiment54. A. criterionB. classroomC. departmentD. situation55. A. taughtB. wroteC. questionedD. promised56. A. factB. stepC. mannerD. skill57. A. gradesB. decisionsC. impressionsD. ments58. A. analyzeB. describeC. rebuildD. control59. A. announceB. signalC. blockD. evaluate60. A. roleB. desireC. concernD. behavior【文章大意】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。文章讲述了我在大二学的免费课程下棋及它对我生活的指导意义。42.C 【解析】考查动词辨析。我在大二时，学校教育处提供一种名叫思维象棋的免费课程，这个课程3个 题型2 语法填空20162018年高考新课标全国卷语法填空考点统计年份试卷类型体裁词数话题考点分布2018年新课标卷I 说明文 196跑步的好处，它可以帮助人们延年益寿61.副词的级 62. 不定式63.动名词64.时态65.比较句型66.定语从句67.名词数68. 词形变化69.词形变化。70.代词或名词新课标卷II 说明文 208 中国为保护环境在农作物种植上做了一些变化并得到了世界上的知名人士的认可61.时态62. 冠词63. 副词64. 非谓语动词65. 连词66. 词性转换67.词性转换68. 时态69. 定语从句70. 省略句新课标卷III 记叙文 193在中非偶遇大猩猩，彼此惊恐的经历61.宾语从句62.冠词63.最高级64. 动词65. 非谓语66. 名词67. 动词短语68. 代词69. 时态70. 非谓语2017年新课标卷I 说明文 223低脂肪、低盐的饮食趋势及其对人们健康的影响61. 介词62. 名词的数63. 非谓语动词64. 谓语动词65. 冠词66. 比较级67. 主谓一致68. 非谓语动词69. 形容词70. 定语从句新课标卷II 说明文201世界第一个地铁的形成和发展61.名词的数62.介词63.非谓语动词64.冠词65.被动语态66.副词67.代词68. 时态69. 名词70. 形容词新课标卷III 说明文215 Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择。61. 非谓语动词62. 冠词63.时态和语态64. 定语从句65. 非谓语动词66. 名词67. 名词的数68. 介词69. 动词时态70. 副词2016年新课标卷I 记叙文 197作者的成都之旅及其与大熊猫之间的故事61.名词62.时态和语态63.副词64.介词65.定语从句66.非谓语67. 非谓语68.代词69.复数70.冠词新课标卷II 说明文 192缓解工作中的压力的一些方法61.形容词的比较级62.词性转换63. 主谓一致和时态64.介词65.连词66.名词复数67. 词性转换68.冠词69.非谓语动词70.祈使句新课标卷III 说明文 196 筷子的材质和中国使用筷子的历史及文化内涵 【考情分析】从统计表可以看出，语法填空题主要考查考生对语法、词汇和语用知识的掌握情况。根据具体语境，借助词法、句法、特殊句式以及固定搭配进行考査，体现了考查实词为主，考查虚词为辅的命题原则。1.有提示词类试题比重大。表中统计表明，高考试题中语法填空题有提示词类试题均占考查总量的70%。2.动词为重中之重。谓语动词和非谓语动词用法为必考点。3.派生词用法为必考点。以上四套试题中语法填空题均考查了派生词的用法。4.考查特殊句式及固定搭配的用法。【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2018年全国高考试题还会：1. 文体以记叙文、说明文为主；2. 上下文语境提示34个，单词基本形式提示67个；3. 侧重对词汇变形的考查。【样题】(2018全国新课标II) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop. Since 2011,the country _61_（grow）more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.A taste for meat is _63_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corns rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water _65_ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased _66_ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _67_ (globe)fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government _68_ (start) a soil-testing program _69_ gives specific fertilizer remendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. Chinas approach to protecting its environment while _70_ (feed) its citizens offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide. says the banks Juergen Voegele.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文中讲述了中国为保护环境在农作物种植上做了一些变化并得到了世界上的知名人士的认可。61. has grown 【解析】考查时态。since加时间点，主句要用现在完成时。句意：2011年以来，中国种植的玉米比水稻多。故填has grown。63. actually 【解析】考查副词。句意：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰句子。故填actually。64. to improve【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以且谓语动词是encourages，故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填to improve。65. than【解析】考查连词。句意：玉米比大米使用的水更少。根据关键词less可知，填比较连词。故填than。66. pollution【解析】考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased后跟名词作宾语，故填pollution。67. global【解析】考查词性转换。句意：中国约占全球化肥总消费量的30%。fertilizer consumption是名词短语，故应该用形容词修饰。故填global。68.started【解析】考查谓语动词。句意：在2005年政府开始了一项土壤测试项目。本句是when引导的定语从句，由于时间是2005年，故用过去时。故填started。70. feeding【解析】考查省略句。句意：中国在养活了中国人民的同时又保护了环境。这一做法为全世界的农业和粮食政策制定人提供了很有用的经验。空格处表示正在进行的动作，while后面省略掉了China is，省略句的原则：在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且含有be动词时，那么可以把主语和be动词一块省略。故填feeding。
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