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.2018 年高考英语介词精讲一.概念: 介词表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系. 二.介词的分类1. 表示时间的介词:about, around, before, by, at, after, in, on, around, between, during, for, from, since, till, until, within2. 表示地点的介词:about, at, in, on, over, through, across, along, around, before, between, beyond, down, up, to, toward, under, near3. 表示方式的介词:by bus 乘公共汽车;see with ones own eyes 亲眼看 . write in ink 用墨水写.on foot 步行,徒步;He looked at me without expression. 他毫无表情地看着我。4. 表示原因的介词:He was punished for stealing. 他因偷窃而被惩罚。suffer from a cold 患伤风 be ashamed of 因而感到羞愧 shake with cold 因寒冷而发抖5. 表示关于的介词:What is the book about? 这本书是关于什么内容的?(about 关于一般情况)I heard him talk on Chinese medicine last night. 昨晚我听到他讲中国医学。 (on 关于理论、学术) ;a long story of adventure 一个长篇冒险故事6. 表示比较的介词:His face is as black as coal. 他的脸跟煤炭一样黑.He saw a number of small hard things like stones. 他看见一些像石头一样的小小的坚硬的东西。7.表示除外的介词:He works every day but Sunday. 除星期天外,他每天都工作。We all went except Tom. 除汤姆外,我们都去了。The letter is good except for the spelling. 这封信除了拼写错误之外,还算是很通顺的。Besides English, he studies German and French. 除英语外,他还学习德语和法语。 (besides 中文译成“除外”,实则表示包含在内。 )8. 表示条件的介词:With your help, we might finish the work earlier. 有你的帮助,我们可能早点做完这工作。Man cannot live without water. 如果没有水人就不能活。9. 表示结果的介词:She tore the letter to pieces. 她把信撕个粉碎。10.表示对于的介词:Sea air is good for the health. 海上的空气对健康有好处。To her it was all unusual. 这一切对她都很不平常三常见介词的用法:1. 表示年、月、日、时刻等用 at, on, ina) at 用于表示时刻、时间的某一点:at nine (oclock) 在九点at dawn 拂晓时at noon 正午时 at present 目前b) 指具体的某一天时,一律用 on 但特指某日的上午(下午/ 晚上)时用 on:on Monday on June 6 on a cold night on the night of July 1st on the morning of on Sunday morningon Christmas Eve on New Years Day c) in 用于表示周、月、季节、年,泛指的上午、下午、晚上:in the first week in spring in 2010 in Septemberin the morning 2 .表示期间等用 for, during, through/throughouta) for 引导一段时间,强调动作的延续:We will stay in the city for two days. 我们要在那里呆两天。He has lived here for a long time. 他在这儿已经住了很久了。.b) during 意为“ 在 (期间)内”的行为或状态。during the spring, during last year, during 1980 ,during my childhood, during the lesson, during his visit。c) through/throughout 表示“一直”,强调贯穿始终:They played the cards throughout the night. 他们打了一整夜的牌。3.表示期限等用 before, by, until/till, (from.) to, within, ina) before 与 bybefore 指 “在之前 ” :Please come before ten oclock. 请 10 点以前来。by 指“ 在前(时间) ;截至(到)”: How many English books had you read by the end of last year? 到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书?表示“在 以前” 时, before 与 by 基本可通用。但 by 还有“截至为止” 之意:How many models have you made by the end of last month? 截至上月底你做了多少个模型?b) until/till 与 tountil/till 指“直到为止”,until 和 till 可以通用:until/till seven oclock 直到 7 点由 until/till 形成的句子,句中的动词如果是短暂性动词,则必须用否定句:Ill wait for him until he comes here. 我将在这儿一直等到他来。 (wait 是延续动词,用肯定式)We didnt begin to watch TV until/till nine oclock. 一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。 (begin 是短暂性动词,所以用否定式)till/until 常用于from.till/until结构中,表示“一个动作的终结” ;to 常用在from.to的结构中,用来表示“一个阶段的终结”。两者在这种结构中意义十分接近:He studies from morning till/until night everyday. 他每天从早到晚学习。The Americans stayed here from June to September. 这些美国人从六月到九月都呆在这里。c) within 与 inwithin 和 in 后都必须跟时间段。within 强调“在时间之内” ,没有时态的限制;in 是以现在为基准,.之后,所以一般用于将来时:He will be back in five hours. 他五小时之后回来。They worked hard. They finished the work within 2 days at last. 他们努力工作,结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。4. 表示时间的起点等用 from, sincea) from 表示“从开始”时,常用词组from.to. :The meeting will be held from eight to ten. 这个会议将从 8 点开到 10 点。而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时可用 at:The exam will start from/at 9:00 am. 考试将从上午九点开始。b) since 指“自从以来”,表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续,通常用于完成时:I have been sick since yesterday. 我从昨天就病了。 (一直到现在)We have been missing them since they left here. 自从他们离开这里,我们就一直很想念他们。5.表示超越 beyond beyond words 无法用语言表达四介词的其他用法:1. at, in, onat 一般指小地方;in 一般指大地方或某个范围之内; on 往往表示“ 在某个物体的表面”。例如:He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. 他昨天到上海。They arrived at a small village before dark. 他们在天黑前到达一个小村庄。 There is a big hole in the wall. 墙上有个大洞。The teacher hung a picture on the wall. 老师把一幅画挂在墙上。2. over, above, onover, on 和 above 都可表示“在上面”,但具体含义不同。Over 表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反义词是 under。above 也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反义词是 below。On 指两个物体.表面接触,一个在另一的上面。例如:There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座桥。We flew above the clouds. 我们飞越云层。They put some flowers on the teachers desk. 他们把一些花放在讲桌上。3. across, throughacross 和 through 均可表示“ 从这一边到另一边” ,但用法不同。Across 的含义与 on 有关,表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Through 的含义与 in 有关,表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如:The dog ran across the grass. 狗跑过草地。 The boy swam across the river. 那男孩游过河。They walked through the forest. 他们穿过森林。 I pushed through the crowds. 我挤过人群。4. in front of, in the front ofin front of 表示“ 在某人或某物的前面 ”,在某个范围以外;in the front of 表示“在的前部”,在某个范围以内。例如:There are some tall trees in front of the building. 大楼前有一些高大的树。The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom. 老师坐在教室前面。5. among, between两者都含有“ 在中间 ”的意思。 一般说法是:among 用于“三者或三者以上之间”,而 between 则用于“两者之间”。例如:I bought three hundred eggs and there was not a single bad one among them. 我买了三百鸡蛋,里面一个坏的也没有。Whats the difference between Asian elephants and African elephants? 亚洲象与非洲象有什么不同?不过这个定义过于简单。Oxford 上对于两者的解释是: Among is used of people or things considered as a group. Between is used of people or things, either two in number or more than two considered individually.1) among 除了表示多于两者之间的关系外,更重要是它表达了“在其中”的意思。究竟是多少人或事并不重要,因为他们/它们已经被视为一体。例如:He stood among the crowd. 他站在人群中。 2) Between 可用于 “三者或三者以上之间”,指每个人或物与别的每个人或物分别发生联系,例如:A treaty was signed between Great Britain, France and the United States. 英国同法国、美国分别有协定。Ecuador lies between Columbia, Peru, and the Pacific Ocean. 厄瓜多尔位于哥伦比亚、秘鲁和太平洋之高考中常见含有介词的短语About be curious about sth.对某事物感到好奇的 be about to dowhen(正要做突然);常与 when连用 bring about 引起,使发生 set about 着手,开始做 come about 发生,偶然 hear about 听说,听到有关care about 关心 think about 思考 After after all 毕竟,终究 soon after 不久以后Away throw away 丢掉 blow away 吹走 take/carry away 拿走 clear away 清除掉 pass away 去世 wash away 冲走 put away 收拾好 give away 泄漏,赠送 wear away 消磨掉 break away 摆脱 sent away 送走 turn away 打发走against warn sb. against doing sth. 警告某人不要干某事 against ones opinion 反对某人的见解 Back keep back 隐瞒,忍住 hold back 控制住 call back 回电话 look back 回头看 give back 回来 take back 收回between between classes 课间beyond beyond ones wildest dreams “大大超出某人的预料”beyond reach 无法到达 beyond the reach 超出范围 beyond repair 无法修理 beyond control 无法控制 beyond description 无法 beyond the visiting hours 过了开放期 beyond words 无法用语言表达by by nature 天生地 by chance 偶然地 by the back door 从后门 by the way+从句通过方式 by means of 通.过的方式(all) by oneself=alone 单独;靠自己;无他人的帮助 what do you mean+ by that/doing that/saying so?你那样/这样讲( 说)是什么意思?For run for 竞选 ask sb for 要求 wait for 等待 care for 关心 search for 搜查 call for 要求 change for 交换apply for 申请 say something for oneself 为自己辩解 seek for 寻求 set/fix a date for sth.确定做某事的日期stand/represent for 代表 hope for 希望,得到 beg for 乞求 look for 寻找 hunt for 寻找 charge sb for 要价take sth for 以为,误以为think for oneself= make decisions independently 独立思考(形成想法, 作出决定等)come for 来取,为 而来 except for sth.肯定整体、除去瘕疵 for enjoyment 为了寻求乐趣 for ones opinion 同意某人的见解 for one thing 一则, 常与 for another thing 连用Down burn down 烧毁 take down 记下 cut down 砍倒,消减 pass down 传下来 calm down 冷静下来 settle down 安居,安家 tear down 拆毁 break down 坏掉,精神崩溃 slow down 减速 put down 记下,镇压 come down 落下来At come at 袭击 run at 冲击 tear at 用力撕 stare at 盯着看 glance at 瞥一眼 knock at 敲 smile at 冲 笑 aim at 瞄准 wonder at 惊讶 shut at 冲 嚷 look at 盯 看 glare at 怒视 point at 指向 strike at 敲打 shoot at 射击call at 拜访 at the beginning of 在之初/开始at that time 就在此时,忽然From differ from sth./sb.与某物、某人不同 suffer from 受 苦 hear from sb.收到某人的来信;得知某人的消息 die from 因 死掉(外因)stop from 阻止 learn from 向 学习 date from 追溯到 result from 由于 separate from 分离 bring sth. From从某处带某物 apart from 表“ 除以外”,far from 远离 form ones opinions= make decisions independently 独立思考(形成想法, 作出决定等)Of as a result of 由于as a matter of fact 事实上 be convinced of sth.坚信think of 想到 consist of 组成 approve of 赞成 talk of 谈论 complain of 抱怨 dream of 梦想到 hear of 听到有关speak of 说到 die of 死掉(内因)become of 因为 instead of 代替,而不是 regardless of 不管,不顾 of oneself “自动地”, “自然而然 Off start off 出发 set off 出发 leave off 中断 show off 炫耀 get off 下车 sent off 运行 put off 推迟 cut off 切断 keep off 避开 knock off 撞倒 pay off 还债 get/take off 下车 ring off 挂电话 come off 推测 fall off 跌落 go off 走开,消失,坏了 break off 打断 carry off 带走,携走 give off 散发出(固.气)lay off 解雇, 停止工作, 休息 , 划On agree on sth.在 方面取得一致意 depend on 依靠 assist on 坚持 impress on/upon sb 是固定搭配, 给留下印象 the effect on sth/sb.对于的影响 put on 穿上 move on 继续前进 fed on 以 为生 take on 呈现 have on 穿着 look on 旁观 rely on 依靠 carry on 继续进行 live on 以 为生 call on 拜访 spend on 在 花钱 bring on 引起, 导致 , 使发展, 提出 try on 试穿 pass on 传递 switch/turn on 打开(电器)some books on China 关于中国的一些书 on purpose 故意地 on time 准时,按时 on the condition that+从句 条件是, 以为条件 on ones mind 某人有心事, 担心 on the other hand 另一方面Out break out 爆发 point out 指出 pick out 选出 burst out 迸发 carry out 执行 bring out 阐明 help out 救助 set out 出发,着手 wear out 穿破 finger/make out 理解,看清 cross out 划掉 keep out 挡住 find out 查出,弄明白 try out 试用,试验 put out 扑灭 hand out 散发,分发 let out 泄漏,发出声音 turn out 结果是 come out 出版,发行 leave out 省略,删掉 work out 可以解决, 设计出, 作出, 计算出, 消耗完 give out 散发,分发(光和热)look out 小心 speak out 大声讲出 sent out 派遣 go out 熄灭 out of sight 看不见 out of reach够不到 out of order 杂乱, 出故障 out of place 不在原来的地方Into look into 调查 burst into 闯入 turn/change into 变成 run into 碰到 divide into 分成 translate into 翻译put into 翻译 break into 破门而入 sink into a chair 颓然坐在椅子上In differ in 在方面不同 give in 屈服 bring in 引进 result in 导致 join in 参加 get in 收获 fill in 填写hand in 上交 cut in 插话 drop in 拜访 succeed in 在 方面成功 take in 接纳,吸收 break in 采访,召集persist/insist in 坚持 In color 表示“ 使用彩色.in short 简言之 in doubt 怀疑 in exchange for 作为交换 in time 及时 in preparation 准备 in store 贮藏着;储备着 in all 总共 in praise of 表扬 In place of 代替 in spite of 尽管 in terms of 就而言,按照, 从方面来说 in need of 需要 in favor of 支持 in honor of 为了纪念 in face of 面.对, 面临, 不顾 in the past couple of weeks 在过去的这几个星期 In detail 详细地 in general 通常,大体上in return 作为回报, 作为交换 in turn 反过来 in case 万一, 以防,以免 in that 引导原因状语从句, 意思是 “因为 in ones opinion 在某人看来 in ones mind 在某人心里in other words 换句话说 in fact 事实上Over turn over 打翻, 周转, 移交给, 反复考虑, 翻身, 折腾, 翻阅 go over 审查,检查,复习 get over 克服 take over 接管 fall over 倒下 think over 仔细考虑 look over 翻阅,检查 run over 看守,照看 roil over 翻滚 over the past couple of weeks 在过去的这几个星期 over a cup of coffee 在喝咖啡期间Since ever since 自从以来To belong to 属于 refer to 谈到,涉及,参阅 turn to 向 求助 reply to 回答 abject to 反对 point to 指向stick to 坚持 come to 苏醒,共计 get to 到达 bring to 苏醒 agree to sth.同意(计划、安排、方案等)supply sth to 提供 add to 增加 devote to 贡献 compare to 比作 write to 写信给 lead to 导致 attend to 处理,照顾 the answer/answers to sth.某事的答案 to the point 中肯, 切题 have sth.to oneself “自私的”; “为.所独有 ”say to oneself=think to oneself “心里想 ”,不强调出声 speak to oneself=talk to oneself “自言自语”Up grow up 成长 build up 建立 put up 建造 do up 整理,包装,打扮 get up 起床 bring up 抚养,提出stay up 熬夜 use up 用光 lay up 贮存, 搁置, 卧床 cut up 切碎 end up 总结 burn up 烧毁 clear up 整理, 消除, 放晴 hurry up 赶快 keep up 保持 send up 发射 open up 开创,开辟 break up 分解 set up 建立 go up 增长 pick up 捡起 , 获得语言, 使恢复精神, 加快, 收听,看到, 加速 turn up 出现 eat up 吃光 take up 占据,从事,开始学 tear up 撕碎 make up 弥补, 虚构, 缝制, 整理, 包装, 和解, 编辑, 化妆,补足,拼凑 come up 上来,长出 throw up 呕吐 look up 查出 catch up 赶上 fix up 修理,安排,装置 hold up 使停顿,耽误 ring up 打电话 hung up (on sb) 挂某人电话 divide up 分割Through get through 到达 , 做完, 通过, 接通电话,成功做到 go through 审阅,检查,学习 see through 识破 pull through 渡过危机 look through 翻阅,仔细察看 live through 熬过,艰难度过With do/deal with 处理,对付 meet with 遭遇 agree with sth./sb.同意某人(的意见)combine with 相结合talk with 与 交流 compare with 与 相比 equip with 用 装备 cover with 用 盖上 end with 以 结束 provide with 以 供给 begin with 以 开始 supply sb with 以 供给 play with 玩弄 with regard to 至于, 关于 cut with a knife 用刀切三个单词构成的短语add up to 总计 look down upon 看轻 keep away from 避开 put up with 忍受 make up for 化妆,弥补 get along with 交往 get close to 靠近 get out of 逃避 set fire of 纵火 take notes of 注意 do well in 在 干得好 take a photo of 照相 make fun of 开玩笑 get/be used of 习惯于 keep in touch with sb 保持联系 come into being 出现 take pride in 为 自豪 take an interest in 对 感兴趣 make fool of 愚弄 take charge of 掌管 break away from 摆脱 get rid of 摆脱,除去 do away with 废除 look up to 仰望,尊敬 catch up with 起飞 run out of 用完,用光 go on with 继续 look forward to 盼望 take hold of 握住 get down to sth 开始认真考虑 pay attention to 注意 set an example to 做榜样 pay a visit to 拜访 take the place of 取代make use of 利用 get into the habits of 染上不良习惯 keep oneself to 自己来 make room for 腾地方 take advantage of 利用 take pity on 同情 lose sight of 看不见play an important role in 在 起重要作用2018 年高考英语形容词和副词精讲I、重点难点解析形容词、副词比较级和最高级的常用句型及用法。系动词后接形容词作表语和一些常用副词(seldom, even, enough, never, hardly)也是高考热点之一。一 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的常用句型名 称 句 型 例 句1. as+原 级 +as The train travels as fast as the 3: 55 train相 等2. as+原 级 +a/an+单 数 名 词 +as He is as honest a man as you.3. as many+名 词 复 数 +asas much+不 可 数 名 词 +asI have as many books as you.4. 倍 数 +as+原 级 +名 词 +as My room is twice as big as my brothers.不 及 not as/so+原 级 +as She is not as/so beautiful as her sister1 比 较 级 +than Health is more important than wealth超 越 2 the+比 较 级 +of the two 两 者 中较 的 一 个He is the taller of the two用 于 否 定 no+比 较 级 +than和 一 样 不He is no richer than I他 和 我 一 样 不 富 有 。用 于 否 定 再 不 过 ( 可 译 为 “非 常 , 十 分 ”)His work couldnt be worse他 的 工 作 再 糟 糕 不 过 了 。程 度 递 增 -er and -er, more and more+多 音节 词 原 级 (越 来 越 )higher and higher; more and more important两 种 情 况同 时 变 化the+比 较 级 , the +比 较 级 (越 , 越 )The quicker you get ready, the sooner well be able to leave三 者 或 三者 以 上 比较the+最 高 级 +of in + 比 较 范 围 (之 中 最 )Of all things in the world, people are the most precious.二 比较级结构的修饰语1 用于原级之前 almost, nearly, just, quite, half, twice, three times, etc The river is three times as long as that one.1) many, a few (用于“more+可数名词复数”前)It takes many more hours to go there by train than by plane.2 用于比较级前 2) a lot, much, even, still, far, a great deal, rather, two years, 5%, twice, etc.My desk mate is even fatter than me.3 用于最高级前 the very, much the, by far the, the first/second This cake is by far the largest in the world.三 两种形式的副词,一个与形容词同形,一个以 ly 结尾。hard 劝告;刻苦地;猛烈地;困难地 He studies very hard . 他学习非常努力。1 hard hardly hardly 几乎不;简直不 We hardly had time to eat breakfast . 我们简直没时间吃早饭。high 高高地;地位高;声音高 The plane flies high . 飞机飞得很高2 high highly highly 高度地;非常(常和 praise , speak 等动词连用) They spoke very highly of him . 他们称赞他。3 deep deeply deep修饰具体动作时,往往两个词可换用,但多用 deepThey had to dig very deep (deeply) in order to find water . 他们必须挖得很深,才能发现水。.表示静止状态时只用 deep (此时多与介词、副词连用)。The meeting continued deep into the night . 会议持续到了深夜。修饰形容词或过去分词只能用 deeply。I am deeply grateful to you . 我非常感谢你。deeply deeply 可与 hate , dislike , regret , admire , love , value 等动词连用,但不能与动词 like 连用。I deeply regret his death . 我对他的去世深感遗憾。late 迟;晚。 The bus arrived 5 minutes late . 公共汽车迟到了五分钟。lately 最近;不久前 (同 recently )。 What have you been doing lately ? 最近你在做什么 ?4late latelyas late as 与 as lately as 都有“ 近至;直到”之意,用法相同。I saw him as late(lately) as yesterday . 直到昨天我才看见他。near 近;临近;在附近。 The train came nearer and nearer . 火车越来越近了。5 nearnearly nearly 几乎;差不多;将近。 It is nearly ten oclock . 差不多十点钟了。close 靠近;挨近;接近。 Come close so that I can see you . 走近点以便我能看清你。6 close closely closely 紧密地;紧紧地;秘密地;仔细地;严密地。We followed closely after him . 我们紧紧地跟在他后面。四 以 ly 结尾的形容词:1 表示时间的形 容词hourly, daily, nightly, weekly, monthly, quarterly(季度的), yearly, early, timely 及时的。This theatre gives a nightly performance.2 表示人的形容 词manly 男子气的,womanly 女人气的,wifely 妻子似的,fatherly 父亲般的,childly 孩子般的,comradely 同 志式的What are wifely duties? 什么是做妻子的责任?3表示人的外貌、特征、身体状况、性格、心理等的形容词lovely, friendly, ugly, lively, lonely, friendly, unfriendly,sickly(令人作呕的,有病的), poorly(健康欠佳的), elderly 年长的,homely 不漂亮的、平凡的、朴实的。Children are usually lively.4表示事物特征、环境、情况、状态的形容词likely 可能的,orderly 整齐的,costly 花费大的,deadly 致命的,mannerly 有貌的,chilly 凉的,disorderly 乱七八糟的 ,unlikely 不可能的。Please leave our classroom in an orderly way.让我们的教室整整齐齐的。五 senior, junior, superior, inferior 等词与 to 连用1 能与 to 连用,但不能与 thansuperior 优秀的,高级的(反义词This restaurant is superior to the one we went to last week这家饭馆比我.inferior)。 们上周毒的那家好。连用senior 年长的,地位高的,资格老的(反义词 junior ).She is senior to everyone else in the company.她在公司里比其他人资格都要老。2 既不能与 than连用,又不能与 to 连用的major 主要的 minor 次要的,表示不太重要或较次要。The young actress was given a minor part in the new play 年轻的女演员在这部新戏里被分配担任一个小角色。The infection is fairly minor, nothing to worry about感染不严重,用不着担心。六 某些以 a 开头的表语形容词以 a- 开头的只能作表语的形容词还有 afraid, alone, asleep, alive, alike 等。特殊用法1) alive“活着的,活的”是表语形容词,既可指人又可指物,有时可与 living 互换。He is dead, but his dog is still alive/living .他死了,但他的狗仍然活着。2) alive 作定语一般放在所修饰的名词后:Who is the greatest man alive? 谁是当今活着的最伟大的人?3) alive 可作宾语补足语:Lets keep the fish alive. 让鱼活着的吧。4)这类形容词一般都不能用 very 修饰,但可用 much 或 very much 等修饰。不能说:I am very alone,只可以说 I am much alone 或 very much alone。七 多个形容词修饰一个名词的排列顺序大致为:限定词(冠词/代词) 数词 描绘形容词大小形状新旧年龄颜色国籍材料名词a small round wooden table; an old Chinese stone bridge;the mans first two famous small red French oil paintings
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