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,ARGUMENTATION,Introductionof,CONTENTS目录,1.Definition,2.PrinciplesandConventions,3.Argumentstructures,4.Strategy,6.Anexample,5.Commonlogicalfallaciesandweaknessinargument,Argumentationisanalyzed,reviewofaproblemorsomething,thatastyleoftheirownpointofview,position,attitude,viewsandpropositions.,Examplesofargumentationwritingare:,2.PrinciplesandConventions,Agoodargumentationshouldabidebythefollowingconventions:,Followtherulesofreason,Threekindsofevidence:objectivedata,socialconsensus,personalcredibilityandexperience,Evidencemustbepresentedlogically,Threetypesofappeals:ethos(喻德）,logos（喻理）,pathos（喻情）,1,4,Awell-defined,controversialissue,Aclearpositiontakenbythewriter,Aconvincingargument,2,3,Areasonabletone,Agoodargumentationshouldinclude:,CONTENTS目录,1.Definition,2.PrinciplesandConventions,3.Argumentstructures,4.Strategy,6.Anexample,5.Commonlogicalfallaciesandweaknessinargument,Convergentargument,Argumentstructures,1.Simpleargument,Claim,Support,inference,Asimpleargumentonlycontainsaclaim,asupportandainference,asshowninthefollowing:,SUPERNANNIES,Tokeepupwiththetimes,NorlandCollegeinEngland,trainningnannies,hasaddedtwonewclassestoitscurriculum:martialartsandstuntdriving(特技驾驶).Why?Becausethechildrenoftherichandfamousareoftentargetedbythepaparazzi(狗仔队),andcouldpotentiallybecomevictimsofkidnapping（绑架）attempts.So,Nolandthinksitsnaanniesneedtoknowhowtohandlethesehigh-risksituations.,Claim,Support/Claim,Support,inference,inference,Achainargumentcontainsmorethanonelayersofargument.Thesupportofthefirstlayerbecomestheclaimofthesecondlayer,whichneedsfurthersupport,asshowninthefollowing:,relayrace接力比赛,2.Chainargument,小伙伴，此处有视频哦！,3.Compoundargument,Acompoundargumentcontainsmorethanonesupportforthesameclaim,asshowninthefollowing:,Claim,Support,inference,inference,inference,Support,Support,CELEBRITIESWHOFELLFROMGRACE那些自毁前途的明星,“Thehigheryougo,theharderyoufall”isacommonEnglishexpression.Itmeansthemoresuccessfulyoubecome,themoreyouhavetolose.Anditsanexperiencesharedbymanycelebritieswhohaveruinedtheircareersbydoingsomethingstupidorillegal.Herearesomefamouspeoplewhohavefallenfromgrace.,TigerWoodsIn2009,TigerWoodswasthebestgolferintheworldButthenhehadanaffair.InDecember2009,thetabloids（小报）revealedthatWoodshadcheatedonhiswifewithmorethan12women,LindsayLohanBetween2003and2005,LindsayLohanstarredinastringofhighlysuccessfulfilmsandbecameknownastheteenmovequeenUnfortunately,in2006,Lindsaystarteddrinkinganddoingdrugs;andsince2007,shesbeenarrestedovertwentytimes.,PhilSpectoriscurrentlyinprisonformurder.,LanceArmstronguseperformanceenhancingdrugs.,ShouldSmokingBeBanned?Ithasbecomefashionableintheworldtodaytocondemnsmoking.However,althoughIfeelthatsmokingcanbeharmful,Idonotthinkitshouldbebanned.First,smokingundoubtedlyhelpsmanypeopletorelax.Forsome,it.Afurtherpointisthatgovernmentsthroughouttheworldmakehugeprofitsfromlevyingtaxesoncigarettes.Thisprovidesfunds.Iwouldalsoarguethatpeopleshouldhavetherighttochoosewhethertheysmokeornot.Peopleshouldnotsmoke.,兄弟，来一根呀！,Support,Support,Support,Claim,4.Convergentargument,Claim,Support,inference,Support,Aconvergentargumentrequirestwosupportstoworktogetherforaclaim.Inotherwords,onlyonesupportcannotstandwellwithouttheother,asshowninthefollowing.,ratherthanittellsyouastructure,itteachesyouawaytothink：well-knit（严谨）,1、itssocoldoutside,letshavehotpotfordinnerok?,3、becauseitsbettertoeatspicyfoodincoldweather！,4、ok,letsgo!,最后，他们在一起了！,2、whydowehavetoeathotpot?,Theweatherissocoldtoday.,weshouldeathotpotfordinnertoday.,Itsbesttoeatspicyfoodincoldweather.,热火锅结构,5.Complexargument,Claim,Support,Support/Claim,Support,Support,Support,Support,Acomplexargumentcombinesalltheabovestructuresandusuallyappearstobethefinaloutlineofanargumentation,anshowninthefollowing:,Sherlock：Watsonishisflatmate,Watsonneedtogetaflatshare.,Justafterlunch,MikeandWatsoncome.,Watsongotshot,WatsoncantaffordLondononanArmypension.,SherlocktoldMikethatheisadifficultmantofindaflatmate.,小伙伴，此处有视频哦！,Convergentargument,Argumentstructures,CONTENTS目录,1.Definition,2.PrinciplesandConventions,3.Argumentstructures,4.Strategy,6.Anexample,5.Commonlogicalfallaciesandweaknessinargument,Strategies,1.Reasoning,2.Example,3.Raisingfigures,4.Contrastandcomparison,5.Makingconcessions,6.Quotation,7.Analogy,.,1.Reasoning,Reasoningistoorganisethecausesandeffectsinalogicalway.inductivereasoning（归纳法）reasoningfromdetailedfactstogeneralprinciles(orfromeffecttocause)deductivereasoning(演绎法)reasoningfromthegeneraltotheparticular(orfromcausetoeffect),常用关联词,therefore,asaresult,consequently,fortunately,surprisingly.,常用句式,As，since，becauseDueto，owingto，Becauseof，thankstoThereasonwhyisthatberelatedtobeassociatedwithcontributeto,“Factsspeaklouderthanwords.”-AbrahamLincolnSometimesaspecificexampleismoreusefulinsupportingyourclaim.,2.Example,常用关联词,asanillustration,forexample,inparticular,specifically,toillustrate,todemonstrate.,常用句式,AgoodcaseinpointisthatAtypicalexamplecanbefoundin,Claim:opinionsonthesafetyofgeneticallymodifiedfoodaredrasticlyvaried.,支持：便宜、安全又环保，为什么不选择它呢？反对：又没有足够的实验证明转基因食品绝对安全，所以应该谨慎对待！,“Letthedataspeakforthemselves.”Statisticdatafromanauthenticresearchpapercouldbeaverypowerfulsupportofyourclaim.,3.Raisingfigures,Waystopresentfigures:,table(表格)linegraph（折线图）barchart（柱状图）piechart（饼状图）processdiagram（流程图）,Claim:isverypapular,expeciallyamongyoungwomen.,4.Contrastandcomparison,claim:ItismoreexpensivetoliveinChinathaninAmerica.,e.g.Assumethatyouearn8000/monthinChinaandyour.AmericancounterpartPeterearns8000$/monthinAmerica.,foryou:60yearsforPeter:6years,foryou:10yearsforPeter:0.5years,204$,常用关联词,Likewise,similarlyIncontrast,onthecontrary,while,whereas.,5.Makingconcessions,Itisaindirectwaytoexpressyourdisagreementwithanopinion.Ithelpstomakeyourrefutationmuchsoftersothatyoudontoffendothersandthusmakesyouropinionmoreacceptable.,常见表达,AlthoughthoughAsisgrantedInspiteofthefactthatOpponentswouldarguethat,小伙伴，此处有视频哦！,6.Quotation,Aquotationisaphrasefromabook,research,play,etc,thatsbrepeatsbecauseitisinterestingoruseful.Usingquotationinyourargumentationmakesitmoreobjectiveandunbiased,thusyourclaimmayseemmorecredibleandauthoritive.,Inthemiddleofdifficultyliesopportunity.-AlbertEinstein,常用句式,Justassbputsit.Accordingtoarecentstudy.Arecentopinionpollrevealedthat,Acatisagoodcatonlyifitcancatchamouse.-XiaopingDeng,Asoldierwhodoesntwanttobeageneralisnotasoldier.-NapolonBonaparte,7.Analogy,Analogyisaninferencethatifthingsagreeinsomerespectstheyprobablyagreeinothers.,e.g.wateristofishwhatairistohumans.Iloveyou,justlikemicelikerice.,常用句式,AistoBwhatCistoD.Justlike.,CONTENTS目录,1.Definition,2.PrinciplesandConventions,3.Argumentstructures,4.Strategy,6.Anexample,5.Commonlogicalfallaciesandweaknessinargument,1.Absolutestatements,Althoughitisimportanttoconvincereadersbymakingastrongimpression,avoidmakingabsoluteclaimsthatcanbedismissedwithasingleexception.,example,WecantcommunicatewithpeoplefromothercountrywithoutlearningEnglish.,要不咱说中文？,成啊。,小伙伴，此处有视频哦！,Moneyiseverything.,Theheartmadebymoneyisempty.,example,男人没一个好东西,NoonecandenythefactthatThereisnodoubtthatEveryone/everything/nothing.,2.Falsedilemma,Avoidoverdramatizingyourcasebyofferingreadersonlytwoalternatives.Mostreaderswillimmediatelyrecognizetheweaknessofsuchanunrealisticargument.,example,ItsnecessarytoorwewillAmerica-loveitorleaveit!,love,hate,老妈,女盆友,3.Basingargumentsonpersonalities,Dontpresumethatreaderswillbeimpressedbycitingendorsementsbyfamouspeople.Thefactthatacelebrityorsingleexpertssupportsyourargumentisnotconvincingevidence.Dontattackthepersonalityofopposingauthoritiesorrejectanideabecausesomeonecontroversialsupportsit.Nationalhealthcare,forexample,weretenetsofbothNazismandCommunism.,example,KathieLeeGifford,apopularTVcelebrity,saysthatcruisesarewonderful,sotheymustbe.,我是权威我怕谁！,Nationalhealthcare,forexample,weretenetsofbothNazismandCommunism.,4.Falseanalogy,Comparisonsformweakarguments.Althoughtheymaybeusefultoillustrateanidea,theyrarelyprovideconvincingevidence.ThefactthataneducationalpolicyworksinJapandoesnotmeanitwillworkintheUnitedStates.,example,Thefactthatapolicyworksinthepastdoesntmeansitstillworksintoday.Birthcontrolpolicyisessentialtooursocialandeconomicsystem.,5.Hastygeneralizations,Makesurethatanyconclusionsarebasedonsufficientevidenceandnotcoincidenceorsimplecircumstance.,example,FrenchpeoplearemoreromanticAsianstudentsarebetterinmath.,6.Beggingthequestions,Avoidassumingelementsthatmustbeproven.Youcannotargue,“theoutmodedcomputersystemsmustbereplaced,”untilyouprovethatthesystemisindeedoutdated.,example,Theweakestcountrieshavenorealinternationalstatus.,这话谁说的？,Absolutestatements,Basingargumentsonpersonalities,Hastygeneralizations,Falsedilemma,Falseanalogy,Beggingthequestions,Logicalfallacies,IstronglyrecommendthatpeopleshouldIagreetothepointtosomeextent.IwouldliketobelievethatshouldbeFormypart/Astome/AsfarasIamconcerned,Idliketoagreetotheformerpointofview./Myfavorgoestothefirstpointofview.Thereareprobablysometruthsinbotharguments/statements.ItistruethatButPersonally,Iprefer/Iminfavorof/onthesideof,Howtoexpressyouropinion：,CONTENTS目录,1.Definition,2.PrinciplesandConventions,3.Argumentstructures,4.Strategy,6.Anexample,5.Commonlogicalfallaciesandweaknessinargument,Tobeginwith,DisneylandtobebuiltinShanghaiwillboosttheemploymentinfaceoftoughjobmarketglobally.,Obviously,anotherbenefitwillbespiritualenjoymentandculturalamusement.,Moreover,thiswillbeanothergoldenopportunitytoelevateShanghaisinternationalmetropolisimage,asidefromthe2010WorldExpo.,Chinahasbecomethethirdlargestentity.Embracingmulti-culturesandintegrationintoglobalizationaretheinexorabletrend.,IbelieveDisneylandtobebuiltinShanghaiwillbeacorrectchoice,notonlyforShanghai,butalsoforChina.,ShouldWeBuildDisneylandinShanghai?,3.Argumentstructures,1.Definition,5.Commonlogicalfallaciesandweaknessinargument,4.Strategy,2.PrinciplesandConventions,6.Anexample,谢谢观看,THANKYOU,总负责：郝晓帅PPT制作：林洁12部分：王思桐徐菲第3部分：陈晨郭嫚嫚郝晓帅第4部分：张楠张林霞第5部分：苏昕第6部分：闫妍,
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