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第28课 动词的语态课堂突破基本概念语态（Voice）是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。动词中只有及物动词有被动语态。种类英语动词有两种语态：主动语态（Active Voice）和被动语态（Passive Voice）。构成基本结构被动语态的基本结构是：be+动词过去分词，而对于动词的各种时态的被动结构需将被动式与时态的构成式“合二为一”，即将被动语态构成中的be看作时态构成中的动词，而将其做相应的变化。各种时态的主动式和被动式见下表：时态主动式被动式一般现在时动词原形am/is/are+动词过去分词现在进行时be+v.-ing形式am/is/are being+动词过去分词一般将来时will/be going to+动词原形will/be going to be+动词过去分词一般过去时动词过去式was/were+动词过去分词过去进行时was/were+v.-ing形式was/were being+动词过去分词现在完成时have/has+动词过去分词have/has been+动词过去分词过去将来时would/was（were） going to+动词原形would/was（were） going to be+动词过去分词过去完成时had+动词过去分词had been+动词过去分词情态动词情态动词+动词原形情态动词+be+动词过去分词基本用法1. 不知道动作的执行者是谁，或没有必要指出动作的执行者时用被动语态。如：Letters are collected at eight every morning. 信件每天早晨8点被收取。His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车已经被偷走了。2. 为了强调或突出动作的承受者时用被动语态。如：The bag was taken away by his elder sister. 那个包被他姐姐拿走了。The plan has already been made. 计划已经制定好了。3. 在上下文中，为了使句子间衔接紧密，常用被动语态。如：I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father. 我有辆新摩托车。它是父亲作为生日礼物送给我的。主动语态和被动语态的转换1. 主动语态变为被动语态时，应注意三个方面：（1）把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，若是代词，要变宾格为主格。（2）把主动语态的谓语动词改为相应的被动语态结构：be+及物动词的过去分词，放在主语之后。（3）把主动语态的主语改为“by+原主语（若是代词，要变主格为宾格）”，放在主谓结构之后。在意思明确时by短语可以省略。如：2. 含有双宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时有两种情况：（1）把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍留在原来的位置。（2）把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或for。如：He gave the boy an apple. The boy was given an apple by him. 或An apple was given to the boy by him. 他给了这个男孩一个苹果。3. 若动词短语是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时，要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可漏掉。如：We must take good care of the young trees.The young trees must be taken good care of. 我们必须好好照顾这些小树。4. 主动语态中感官动词feel, hear, see, watch等以及某些使役动词make, have, let后须跟省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，改为被动语态时，不定式前要加to。如：We saw the children sing that morning. The children were seen to sing that morning. 那天早晨我们看见孩子们唱歌了。5. 有些被动语态结构是习惯用法。如：It is said that.据说；It is/was reported that.据报道；It is well-known that. 众所周知；It is believed that. 人们都相信。主动形式表示被动意义的情况1. 某些由及物动词转化而来的不及物动词，如read, write, clean, wash, draw, cut, open, sell等，常与副词well, easily, smoothly等连用，且通常用主动结构表示被动意义。如：The pen writes well. 这支钢笔很好用。2. 动词need, require, want, deserve等后接v.-ing的主动结构表示被动意义，相当于sth. need（s）/require（s）/want（s）/deserve（s） to be done。如：The car needs cleaning. 这辆汽车需要清洗了。3. 有些动词如cook, print等，常用主动结构表示被动意义。如：The lunch is cooking. 正在做午饭。4. 某些连系动词如feel, prove, smell, taste, sound等加上形容词，也可用主动式表示被动意义。如：The food tastes delicious. 这种食物尝起来很美味。5. be worth doing意为“值得做”，表示被动含义。如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。不用被动语态的5种情况1. 谓语为连系动词时，不用被动语态。如：He looks fine. 他气色很好。2. 谓语为不及物动词（短语）时，不用被动语态。如：The war broke out in the end. 战争终于爆发了。I happened to meet him there. 我碰巧在那儿见到了他。3. 宾语为动词不定式、v.-ing形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如：He decided to go with us. 他决定跟我们一起去。I want to buy a computer. 我想买一台电脑。4. 宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。如：We should help each other. 我们应该相互帮助。He thinks of himself too much. 他为自己考虑得太多。We live a happy life here. 我们在这儿过着幸福的生活。5. 宾语表示处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如：We will reach the station in two hours. 我们两个小时内就到站了。He has gone to London. 他去伦敦了。当堂检测一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. （xx台州）I handed in my test paper and the last question_ （leave） unanswered.2. You may go fishing if your work_ （do）.3. A terrorist attack_（happen）at Kunming Railway Station, and 29 people_ （kill） in the event.4. Although everyone wants to succeed in what he tries to do, sometimes failure cant_ （avoid）.5. How soon_ all the work_（finish）?In a week.6. Tell me one thing youre proud of in your junior high school.I was_（choose） as captain of the school football team.7. I will finish the work if I_（give） another ten minutes.二、用方框中所给词的适当形式填空，每词限用一次。（xx诸暨中考模拟） among mad two my separate 1. Although Janes schoolbag is very nice, I still prefer_.2. Tom is such a lazy boy that he exercises only a year.3. Nowadays, many students are_ from each other by iPads.4. Heart trouble is the most serious reason of death_ old people.5. How strange he is!Maybe he is the_ man I have ever seen.三、任务型阅读。（xx湖州市南浔区中考模拟）下面是Maria的一封求职信。假设你是经理Mr. Green，请根据求职信内容，完成Maria的应聘条件分析图（每空限填一词）。Dear Mr. Green,I am attracted by your advertisement（广告） and I would like to work with you from July to September.I am a 19-year-old Portuguese（葡萄牙的） student and now I am studying at Porto University, in the north of Portugal. I have studied English since I was 8 years old, so I can speak English very well. I have been to England twice where I attended two summer courses.I feel I would be suitable（合适的） for the job. I love children and I am good at playing with them. So I am popular with the children. Besides, I love sports and I exercise every day, so I can take part in any sports activities.I have some work experience and have already done a few part-time jobs during summer holidays. Last summer I worked in a primary school to take care of school children while some teachers were on holiday. I also babysit for my neighbors when they need help.I am looking forward to your reply.Yours,Maria Gonzales参考答案当堂检测一、1. was left 2. is done 3. happened, were killed4. be avoided5. is, going to be finished 【解析】问句的主语是all the work，所以应该用被动语态，且由how soon可知应该用一般将来时的被动语态。6. chosen 7. am given二、1. mine 2. twice 3. separated 4. among 5. maddest三、1. student 2. England 3. well 4. experience
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