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第24课 代词与连词课堂突破代 词 代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词。一、人称代词和物主代词人称代词物主代词单数复数单数复数主格宾格主格宾格形容词性名词性形容词性名词性Imeweusmymineouroursyouyouyouyouyouryoursyouryoursshehertheythemherherstheirtheirshehimtheythemhishistheirtheirsitittheythemitsitstheirtheirs人称代词人称代词主格1. 作主语。如：Im a student. You are a teacher. We all work very hard 我是一名学生。你是一名老师。我们都努力工作（学习）。2. 作表语，用在Its.who（that）结构中。如：Its she who has been wrong 她一直以来都是错的。人称代词宾格1. 作及物动词的宾语。如：Tell him/her to call back a little later 叫他/她等下稍微迟点回电话。2. 人称代词宾格在句中作动词短语的宾语时，如果动词短语是“动词+介词”型，则宾语放介词后；如果动词短语是“动词+副词”型，则宾语放在动词和副词之间。如：This is my family photo. Can you look at it carefully and find out which one is me? 这是我的全家福。你能仔细看看并找出哪个是我吗？I dont know the word. Please help me look it up in a dictionary.我不认识这个单词。请帮我在字典里查一下。3. 作表语。人称代词作表语时，通常要用宾格。如：Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门？Its me 是我。使用人称代词需注意的几个问题1. 主语是并列的几个人称时，应将you放在最前，I放在最后。如：You， she and I are all interested in the story 你、她和我都对这个故事感兴趣。2. she通常可以用来代替国家、船只、大地、月亮等。3. 人称代词it的一些特殊用法：（1）指代心目中不清楚的人或看不清性别的婴儿。如：Whos that at the door? 门口是谁？Its me. 是我。The woman is carrying a baby. Its so cute. 这位女士正抱着一个婴儿。它是那么的可爱。（2）指代时间、天气、距离等。如：Its eight oclock now. 现在8点整了。Its cloudy today. 今天多云。Its 3 miles from my home to school. 从我家到学校有3英里远。（3）作形式主语或形式宾语。如：Its hard to climb that mountain. （形式主语） 攀登那座山不是件易事。Some students found it very hard to learn English well. （形式宾语） 一些学生发现学好英语非常困难。（4）还可用于以下句型中：Its ones turn to do sth. 该轮到某人做某事；Its time to do/for/that. 该到做某事的时候了/该是的时候了；It seems that. 看起来物主代词形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词只能作定语，修饰名词。如：his hobby, our plan等。名词性物主代词1. 作主语。如：That isnt my car. Mine is being repaired 那不是我的车。我的车在修理中。2. 作表语。如：Is this your book or mine? 这本书是你的还是我的？3. 作宾语。如：You may use my umbrella. Ill use hers 你可以用我的雨伞。我用她的。4. of+名词性物主代词可以作定语，相当于名词的双重所有格。如：Is he a neighbor of yours? 他是你的邻居吗？【活学活用】 用所给词的适当形式填空。1. Whos that girl over there?Shes Susan, a classmate of_ （I）.2. Oh, dear!My computer doesnt work. Would you pleaselend me_ （you）?3. Are these books yours, Mike?No, they arent. They belong to_ （she）.4. Uncle Tom will visit us soon._ （his） is arriving tomorrow morning.5. I have a pet dog._ （it） name is Xiaohuan.二、反身代词反身代词的形式人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself/herself/itselfthemselves反身代词的作用1. 作宾语（及物动词或介词的宾语），表动作承受者是动作执行者自己。如：Let me introduce myself 让我介绍一下我自己。2. 作表语。如：Im not quite myself these days 这些日子我不在状态。3. 作主语或宾语的同位语，起加强语气的作用，表示“亲自”。如：The boy himself made the model plane 这模型飞机是男孩自己做的。4. 重要词组。如：help yourself请自便；by oneself单独地；for oneself亲自；enjoy oneself过得快乐；be oneself做自己；dress oneself给自己穿衣服；teach oneself自学等。【活学活用】 用所给词的适当形式填空。1. No driver is needed. The new car can run by （it）.2. Kids, help_ （you） to some fruit. Its good for your health.3. My brother is old enough to look after_ （he）.4. We enjoyed_ （us） at the party yesterday.三、指示代词概念用来指示或标示人或物的一类代词。如：this, that, these, those, it, such, same, so等。用法such可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。such作定语时，它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词，这个不定冠词应放在such之后1. 作定语。如：The foreign visitors said they had never seen such beautiful scenery before 这些外国游客说他们从未看过如此美丽的风景。2. 作主语。如：Such is our plan for the coming holiday 这就是我们的假期计划。3. 作宾语。如：Last year before Christmas they wanted help with trees and such 去年圣诞节之前他们想要树之类的帮助。4. 作表语。如：The waves were such as I had never seen before 这样的海浪，我以前从未见过。same可作定语、主语、表语和宾语，在same 前必须加定冠词the1. 作定语。如：My friend came by the same train as you 我朋友跟你坐同辆火车来的。2. 作主语。如：The same can be seen if you do the experiment once again 如果你再做一次实验，结果还是一样的。3. 作宾语。如：We must all say the same 我们说的必须一致。4. 作表语。如：Its all the same to me 对我来说都一样。so作宾语和表语的用法1. 作宾语。如：I will write today. 我今天写。Do so 就这样做。2. 作表语。如：It was cold yesterday. 昨天很冷。So it was. 确实如此。3. so常可用在省略句中。如：I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。Why so?=Why is that so? 为什么？4. so常置于句首，引导倒装句。如：Oh!Ive finished. 噢！我完成了。So have I我也是。this, these, that, those的用法1. this（复数形式是these）是指时间或空间上离说话人较近的人或物。that（复数形式是those）是指在时间或空间上离说话人较远的人或物。如：This is Mr. Smith and that is Mr. Black. 这位是史密斯先生，那位是布莱克先生。These are jeeps. Those are trucks. 这些是吉普车。那些是卡车。2. that/those有时用来代替前面说过的名词，以避免重复。如：The weather in Shanghai is not so cold as that（=the weather） in Beijing. 上海的天气没有北京那么冷。The apples in this basket are bigger than those in that basket.这只篮子里的苹果比那只篮子里的苹果大。四、不定代词概念不明确指代某个人或事物、某些人或事物的代词叫不定代词。不定代词主要有all, each, every, both, either,neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no，还有由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词。不定代词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语等。one的用法1. 指不定人称时，表人，意为“一个人；人人”，其反身代词为oneself，物主代词为ones。如：One has to do ones best. 人人都要尽力而为。2. 代替前面出现过的可数名词，以免出现重复，复数形式为ones，可与冠词连用，可以有自己的定语。如：Please pass me the book， the one on the top shelf 帮我递下那本书，在顶层架子上。some与any的用法区别1. some和any都可在句中作主语、宾语和定语。some常用在肯定句中，any常用在疑问句和否定句中。如：My son needs some color paper. Have you got any? 我儿子需要一些彩纸。你有吗？2. any用于肯定句，表示强调，意为“任何”。如：Any student can ask me any question atany time 任何学生在任意时间都可以问我任何问题。3. some也可用于疑问句中，表示请求、建议或表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答。如：Would you like some coffee? 你要一些咖啡吗？another, other, others, the other与the others的用法区别1. another（=an other）表示“别的；另一个”，泛指众多中的一个，一般后面接单数名词，前不加定冠词。如：This book is too difficult for me. Will you please give me another one? 这本书对我来说太难了。你能给我另一本吗？2. the other表示“两个中的一个”，常与one连用。如：I have two pencils. One is red, the other is blue 我有两支铅笔。一支是红的，另一支是蓝的。3. other+复数名词=others（别的）。如：Some are listening to the radio. Others arewatching TV 一些在听广播。别的在看电视。4. the other+复数名词=the others（其余的，相当于the rest），指剩下的全部。如：Someof the students are from the north. The others（=The other students） are from the south 一些学生来自北方。其余的都来自南方。every和each的用法区别：都是“每一个”的意思，形式上都是单数1. every只能作定语，而each兼有形容词和名词的作用，可作主语、定语、宾语和同位语。如：Each of the stories is very interesting.=Every/Each story is very interesting.每个故事都很有趣。2. 从数量上看，each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个，而every则指三个或三个以上的人或物中的一个。如：There are trees on each side of the road. 马路两旁都有树。（此处不能用every代替）neither, none与either的用法区别neither指两者中的任何一个都不，是单数；none指三者或三者以上中的任何一个都不，可以表示单数也可以表示复数；either指两个中的任何一个，有肯定意义。如：Which would you like, tea or coffee? 你要茶还是咖啡？ Neither. Water, please. 都不要，水就行了。None of them have/has been to America. 他们都没去过美国。Which would you like, tea or coffee? 你要茶还是咖啡？Either is OK. 任何一个都行。little, a little, few和a few的用法区别little, few表示“很少；很少几个”，含否定意义。a little, a few表示“有些；有几个”，含肯定意义。little, a little修饰或代替不可数名词，few, a few修饰或代替可数名词，它们可在句中作主语、宾语和定语。如：Little （A little） has been done to prevent the air from being polluted.没有采取什么措施（采取了一些措施）来防止空气受到污染。（作主语）Few （A few） of them know German. 他们中没几个（有几个）会德语。（作主语）something, anything,nothing与everything及somebody, anybody, nobody与everybody的用法区别1. 这些不定代词均为复合不定代词，something, anything, nothing和everything指物，它们在句中作主语时谓语动词应用单数形式。something和anything指“某物”，它们的区别与some和any的区别相同。nothing表示否定含义。而everything则表示“每件事物”。2. somebody, anybody, nobody和everybody用以指人。它们中的body均可改为one，它们的用法与something, anything, nothing和everything的用法相同。所有复合不定代词被形容词修饰时形容词应放在它们之后。如：Do you have anything important to say for yourself? 你有什么重要的事情要为你自己辩白的吗？Nothing except sorry. 除了“对不起”之外，没什么好说的。Someone is talking in class. Lets ask them to stop. 有人在课堂上说话。我们叫他们停下来吧。【活学活用】 根据首字母提示完成句子。1. I turned to bookshops and libraries looking for information but found n_.2. I was looking for a birthday gift for my mother, but I couldnt find a_ suitable.3. Do you have toys? Id like to buy o_ for my little brother.4. You can take e_ of the two toy cars and leave the other for your brother.5. I dont like these shoes. Would you please show mea_ pair?五、疑问代词概念疑问代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, what，它们用来构成特殊疑问句，位于句首。用法1. who, whom都表示“谁”，作主语时用who，作宾语时用whom。who在特殊疑问句中可以代替whom，当疑问词作介词宾语，且介词又置于句首时，只能用whom。whose通常不能单独使用，常用在名词前作定语。如：Whose shoes are these? 这些是谁的鞋？Who is standing there? 谁站在那儿？Who（Whom） are you waiting for? 你在等谁？With whom did you talk just now? 你刚才和谁谈话了？2. which, what在特殊疑问句中作定语时，后面必须紧跟一个名词。如：Which class are you in? 你在哪个班？What map is this? 这是一幅什么地图？【活学活用】 用适当的疑问代词填空。1. Hi, Jack!A dictionary is on the teachers desk. is it?I think its Marys. Because her name is on the dictionary.2. _ bus should I take to the museum?The No. 3 bus. The bus stop is over there.连 词概念连接词与词、短语与短语以及句子与句子的词叫连词。分类并列连词1. 并列关系连接两个并列关系的词、短语或句子的连词。常见的有：and, or, as well as, not only.but also., either.or., both.and., neither.nor.等。（1）both.and.连接两个主语时，谓语动词要用复数。如：Both he and I are students 他和我都是学生。（2）not only.but also.连接两个主语时，谓语动词应与最近的主语在数上保持一致，即就近原则。如：Not only he but also I am a student 不仅他，我也是学生。注：not only.but also.引导的句子可转换成as well as连接的句子。如：The cat is not only naughty butalso cute.=The cat is cute as well as naughty 这只猫不仅顽皮，也很可爱。（3）neither.nor.连接两个主语时，谓语动词应与最近的主语在数上保持一致。如：Neither you nor he is right 你和他都不对。（4）as well as与主语连用时，其谓语动词应与其前面的主语在数上保持一致。如：He as well as I is a student 他是一名学生，我也是。2. 转折关系表示两个概念彼此之间有转折关系。常见的有：but, yet, while, however等。如：Money is important, but it cant buy everything 钱很重要，但买不到一切。3. 选择关系表示两者之间选择其一。常见的有：either.or., or, or else等。如：Either you or he is right. （就近原则） 要么你对，要么他对。Be quick, or you will miss the bus. 快点，否则你将错过这班车。从属连词概念从属连词是连接状语从句、宾语从句以及其他从句的连词。引导状语从句的连词1. 连接时间状语从句的连词有：when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, before, after等。如：Ill call you as soon as I arrive. 我一到就给你打电话。2. 连接原因状语从句的连词有：because, as, since, for等。如：He was late because the traffic was heavy. 因为交通拥挤，所以他迟到了。3. 连接条件状语从句的连词有：if, unless, as long as等。如：The old man will go for a walk every day unless it rains heavily. 除非天下大雨，否则这位老人每天要去散步。4. 连接结果状语从句的连词有：so.that, such.that等。如：She was so busy that she had no time to make a dress for the party. 她如此忙以至于没时间为聚会做一条裙子。5. 连接让步状语从句的连词有：though, although, however等。如：He went to school as usual though he was ill. 虽然他生病了，但他还是照常去上学。6. 连接目的状语从句的连词有：that, so that, in order that等。如：They got up early so that they could catch the early bus. 他们早早起床以便能赶上早班车。7. 连接比较状语从句的连词有：than, as/so.as等。如：Im taller than she is. 我比她高。8. 连接方式状语从句的连词有：as, as if, as though等。如：He talks as if he knew all about it. 他说话的口气好像他全部都已经知道了。引导宾语从句的连词1. that连接由陈述句转变而来的宾语从句。如：I didnt know that Mr. Zhang was our newEnglish teacher. 我不知道张老师是我们新的英语老师。2. who, whom, what, which, whose, when, where, why, how连接由特殊疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。如：I asked my mother what gift she would give me on my birthday. 我问妈妈在我生日时她会给我什么礼物。3. if, whether连接由一般疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。如：I asked him if he would like togo to the movies with me. 我问他是否愿意和我一起去看电影。不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词1. because, so不能同时在一个句子里，只用其一，汉语翻译仍然是“因为所以”。如：Everyone in our school knew him, so we had no trouble in finding him.=Because everyone in our school knew him, we had no trouble in finding him. 因为我们学校每个人都认识他，所以没费一点事就找到了他。2. though（although）, but不能同时出现在一个句子里，只用其一即可，汉语仍译为“虽然但是”。但though可以和yet同时出现在一个句子中，这里的yet是副词，不是连词。如：Though Australia is very large, the population is quite small.=Australia is very large, but the population is quite small.=Though Australia is very large, yet the population is quite small. 虽然澳大利亚地广，但人口稀少。【活学活用】 用适当的连词填空。1. Nobody knows_ he will come to join us or not.2. Jessi is reading in the study_ her sister Carol is watching TV in the living room.3. Write clearly_ your teacher can understand you correctly.4. The child has studied English for two years_ he went to middle school.5._ they want to stay with us, my mother can cook for them.当堂检测一、用适当的连词或代词填空。1. （xx金华、丽水）He gives lessons to_ （he）students about American history.2. Whose is this T-shirt?Its_ , the girl under the tree.3. Are there any American students in your sisters class?No,_ of them is from the USA.4. We have made_ a rule to read aloud in the morning.5. Which would you like, tea or coffee?_ is OK. I dont mind.6. Sam and Henry play football very well. We hope of them can join our team.7. （xx丽水中考）Ive been busy with the course and making new friends_ I got here.8. It was still very crowded at the bus station,_ there was a bus every five minutes.9. I am writing to you_ Im afraid to talk about it face to face.10. Father wont allow me to play outside_ I wash up the dishes.二、根据短文内容和所给汉语提示，在空白处写出单词的正确形式。每空限填一词。（xx永嘉中考模拟）Pascal Pich is an old and great athlete. He has got1_（几个） records to his name. This May, he com-pleted the longest and shortest race of his careerover 3,000 kilometers pedalled on an unmoving bike.Being 2_（疯狂的） is the way he managed to deal with the challenge. He succeeded in 3_（骑） around 600 kilometers a day on an unmoving bike with little sleep. Only 120 to 180 4_（分钟） of sleep a day made it possible to shorten the time.Pascal already holds the world record for the longest distance pedalled on an unmoving bike in six days, 5 （在之后） completing a 2,878-km journey last year. So why did he take on a challenge to beat his own record so soon? Because in 6_（四月）, a Canadian had beaten two of his ten records, the longest distance traveled on an unmoving bike in 70 hours and in 128 hours. Pascal 7_（决定） he had to take back what was his.Pascal Pich started his six-day challenge on May 2 and finished on May 7. A new record for the longest distance pedalled in six days 8_（设立） successfully. “It proves that at the age of 53, I can complete at a high 9_（水平）,” he said. “As long as I can perform, I 10_（仍然） havent found the limits of my body.”参考答案课堂突破代词一、1. mine 2. yours 3. her 4. He 5. Its二、1. itself 2. yourselves 3. himself 4. ourselves四、1. none/nothing 2. anything 3. one 4. either 5. another五、1. Whose 2. Which连词1. whether 2. while 3. so that 4. since 2. 5. If当堂检测一、1. his 2. hers 3. none 4. it 5. Either 6. both 7. since 8. although/though 9. because 10. unless二、1. several 2. crazy 3. riding 4. minutes 5. after 6. April 7. decided 8. was set 9. level 10. still
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