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第23课 介词与数词课堂突破介 词常用介词的主要用法表示时间的介词表示时间的at, on与in:1. at主要表示在某时刻或中午、半夜、黎明等。如:at six oclock在6点钟;at noon在中午。2. on主要表示在某一天、周几,也可表示在具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上或某一特定的日子。如:on New Years Day在元旦;on a cold evening在一个寒冷的晚上;on Monday morning在星期一的早上。3. in主要表示月、季节、年、世纪;泛指上午、下午、晚上;还表示“后”(表示时间)。如:in the daytime在白天;in the morning在上午;in the afternoon在下午;in the evening在晚上;in spring在春天;in 1999在1999年;He will be back in an hour. 他一小时后就回来。表示时间的in与after:1. in以现在为起点,“in+时间段”表示“在以后”,常用于将来时态的句子中,对其提问用how soon(多久后)。如:She will go there in three days. 她3天后将去那里。2. after以过去为起点,“after+时间段”表示“在以后”,常用于过去时态的句子。如:She went after three days. 她是3天后走的。3. after后也可接时间点,常用于将来时态。如:He will arrive after three oclock. 他将在3点后到达。表示时间的for, since, during与from:1. “for+时间段”表示“多长时间”,指时间的延续,常与现在完成时连用。如:Mr. Zhang has worked in this factory for ten years. 张先生在这家工厂已工作10年了。2. “since+时间点/since+时间段+ago/since+一般过去时句子”表示“从到现在;自从以来”,常与现在完成时连用。如:The Blacks have lived here since 1989. 自从1989年以来,布莱克一家一直住在这儿。3. during表示特定的某一段时间,常与一般过去时连用。如:It rained several times during the night. 夜里下过好几场雨。4. from只表示时间的起点,与to连用指动作的起始时间与结束时间。如:We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从周一到周五去上学。表示方位的介词表示方位的in, to与on:in表示在某地区范围之内,to表示在某地区范围以外且不相邻,与某地接壤用on。如:Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东边。(日本不属于中国,在范围以外)Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 台湾在中国的东南部。(在中国范围以内)Mongolia is on the north of China. 蒙古在中国的北面。(与中国接壤)助记:方位介词in, on与to的用法:B is in the west of A. B在A的西部。C is on the west of A. C在A的西面。D is to the west of A. D在A的西边。表示“在上”的介词above, over与on;表示“在下”的介词below与under:1. above指“在上方”,不强调是否垂直,与below相对;below表示“在下方”,不一定在正下方。2. over指垂直的上方,但与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触,与under相对;under表示“在正下方”。3. on表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如:The bird is flying above my head. 这只鸟正在我的头上空飞翔。There is a bridge over the river. 河面上有一座桥。There is a dog under the desk. 有一只狗在课桌下。Please write your name below the line. 请在这条线下方写下你的名字。There is a book on the desk. 课桌上有一本书。表示“在前”的介词in front of与in the front of:1. in front of表示“在某人或某物的前面(范围之外)”。2. in the front of表示“在某一物体或空间范围的前部(范围之内)”。如:The teachers desk is in front of the blackboard. 讲台在黑板前。I was sitting in the front of the cinema but then someone sat in front of me.我坐在电影院的前面(前排),但是后来又有人坐在了我的前面。表示“在之间”的介词between与among:between指在两个人或两个事物之间;among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。如:Our school is between the hospital and the bookstore. 我们学校在医院和书店之间。Mike is sitting among the students. So its not easy to find him. 迈克坐在学生中间,所以要找到他真是不容易。表示“穿过;越过”的介词1. across表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行的。2. through则表示动作是在某一空间内进行的。3. over指从上方跨越过。4. past指从某物旁边经过。如:We walked past the hospital. 我们从医院旁边走过。The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea. 长城从西到东,越过沙漠,跨过高山,穿过深谷,蜿蜒而行,最后直抵大海。表示交通方式的介词1. in/on+修饰语(冠词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格等)+表示交通工具的单数名词。on多用于开放性或半封闭式的交通工具前,而in多用于封闭式的交通工具前。如:on my bike骑(我的)自行车;in thecar开小汽车。2. by+表示交通工具的单数名词。如:by bus乘公共汽车;by bike骑自行车。表示手段或工具的介词1. with指借助于具体的手段或工具。如:He wrote it with a pen. 他是用钢笔写它的。2. in表示“以方式;用(语言、文字等)媒介”。如:We can sing the song in English. 我们会用英语唱这首歌。3. by表示“以方式(方法、手段)”。如:We had to do all the work by hand. 所有的活儿我们都必须要用手工完成。You can learn English well by using it every day. 你可以通过每天使用英语的方法来学好英语。与“制成”有关的介词1. be made of/from表示“由制成”,后面跟表示材料的名称。be made of从制成品上可以看出原材料,be made from从制成品上看不出原材料。如:The desk is made of wood. 课桌是由木头制成的。This kind of paper is made from wood. 这种纸是由木头制成的。常用介词的主要用法与“制成”有关的介词2. be made in意为“在(地点)制造”,in后接产地。如:The car is made in Germany. 这车是在德国制造的。3. be made by意为“由(谁)制造”,by后接动作的执行者。如:The cake was made by my grandmother. 这蛋糕是我奶奶做的。4. be made into意为“把做成”,主语在意义上为原材料,后接制成品。如:These old clothes can be made into bags. 这些旧衣服可以被做成包。表示“除了”的介词1. besides作“除了以外还有”讲,强调部分包括在整体之内。如:Besides Hong Kong, Ive also been to Macao. 除香港之外,我还去过澳门。2. but作“除了外”讲,相当于except。but常与否定代词nothing, nobody及部分形容词的最高级连用,后接名词、代词或不定式。如:I did nothing but write a letter this morning. 今天早晨除了写一封信外,我什么都没有做。He wanted nothing but to have a chance to try it. 除了想有机会试一试外,他别无所求。常用介词词组动词+介词如:laugh at嘲笑;hear from.收到的来信。be+形容词+介词如:be famous for.因而著名;be busy with忙于。其余常见介词towards朝向;against反对;without没有。【活学活用】 用适当的介词填空。1. There is a street_ many flowers and green grass on both sides.2. You can improve your English_ reading more.3. My sister was born_ July 25th, 1995.4. My speech is quite different_ yours. My topic is about out-of-class activities.5. Who else do you know at the party_ Jim?Lucy and Lily.数 词概念数词用来表示人或物的数目多少和顺序。所以数词主要有两种:基数词,用于计数;序数词,用于表示位置先后或次序。基数词用法1. 当hundred, thousand, million, billion前面有基数词表示具体的数量或与several, some, many等连用时,要用单数形式。2. 当表示笼统、不具体的数量时,用复数,其后加介词of。如:hundreds of students;thousands of factories;millions of birds。序数词用法1. 一、二、三要全变,其余后加-th,加-th时有例外,八去t,九去e,字母f代ve,ty变成tie。2. 2199等数,十位数用基数词,个位数用序数词,而且十位和个位之间加连字符“-”。如:twenty-first, eighty-ninth。3. 序数词前一般加the,但表示“再一;又一”时要加a。4. 若序数词前已有物主代词或名词所有格时,其前不加the。几种表示法年、月、日表示法1. 数字表示的年份通常分成两半来说。如:1074 ten seventy-four;1880 eighteen eighty。2. 月、日的表示。月在前,日在后,日要用序数词且读作序数词。如:May 23rd读作May the twenty-third或the twenty-third of May。时刻的表示法1. 用基数词,按顺序读。如:6:00 six (oclock);3:45 three forty-five。2. 在半小时内,包括半小时(半小时用half表示,一刻钟用a quarter表示),可以用介词past。past之前为分钟数,之后为钟点数。如:6:15 fifteen(a quarter) past six;12:30 half past twelve。3. 在半小时以上,不包括半小时,可以用介词to。to之前为分钟数,之后为下一个钟点数,表示“差几分到几点”。如:7:45 a quarter to eight;10:50 ten to eleven。编号表示法1. 用序数词表示,the+序数词+名词。如:第五页the fifth page;第十二课the twelfth lesson;第二次世界大战the Second World War。2. 用基数词表示,名词+基数词(第一个字母均要大写)。如:202房间 Room 202;第十页Page Ten;第一课Lesson One;六班Class Six。表示分数表示分数时分子在前,用基数词;分母在后,用序数词,当分子大于1时,分母应用复数形式。如:one fifth五分之一;two thirds三分之二。表示年龄1. at the age of+基数词,表示“在几岁时”。如:At the age of ten, she could read novels. 她在10岁时就会读小说了。2. in+ones+整数的基数词复数形式,表示“在某人几十岁时”。如:He was in his fifties. 他是五十几岁。In his sixties, he rode a bike round the world. 在他六十多岁时,他骑自行车环游世界。3. ones+序数词+birthday表示“某人几岁生日”。如:Today is my fathers fortieth birthday. 今天是我爸爸的40岁生日。表示年份或年代数字表示年代,则要用复数形式。如:in the 1980s在20世纪80年代;in the thirties在30年代。表示“几个半”表示“几个半”可用“数词+名词(单复数视前面的数词而定)+and+a half”或“数词+and+a half+名词复数”。如:three years and a half=three and a half years三年半;one hour and a half=one and a half hours一个半小时。基数词和名词构成的合成形容词基数词和名词用连字符号构成的词具有形容词特性,但不能作表语,只能作定语修饰名词。且合成形容词中的名词要用单数形式。如:This is a three-year-old girl. 这是一个三岁的女孩。Ive got two six-yuan stamps. 我已经有两张面值6元的邮票了。【活学活用】 A)根据汉语提示完成句子。1. Early in the_ (第二十) century, two famous scientists developed their personal ideas about dreams.2. Tom called up_ (四十) people to join in the activity on Volunteers Day.3. To our surprise, this_ (十岁的) boy can sing the English song so well.B)用所给词的适当形式填空。4. The man set up his own company in his_(thirty), and he becomes rich now.5. Jiangnan Examination Office in Confucius Temple attracted_(thousand) of tourists on China Tourism Day this year.当堂检测一、用适当的介词或用所给数词的适当形式填空。1. (xx绍兴)It is necessary to encourage kids to come up_ new ways to make use of technology in school life.2. Mr. Black is strongly_ keeping animals in the zoo, because he thinks animals should also have the right to enjoy freedom.3. Now people can keep in touch with each other_the micro-message on the phone.4. Theres no secret_ you and me.5. Alan bought a big house_ a nice garden.6. My uncle bought me an iPhone for my_ (twelve) birthday.7. The man became famous in his_ (forty).8. On my sisters_ (nine) birthday, I gave her a useful book.9._ (hundred) of people come here to read books on weekends.10. Three_ (four) of the students in our class like basketball.二、根据短文内容和所给汉语提示,在空白处写出单词的正确形式。每空限填一词。(xx湖州市吴兴区中考模拟)Have you ever seen Wolf Warrior 2? Like a storm, the movie quickly swept 1_(横过;穿过) the whole country in the summer of xx. It has received much attention and good 2_(影评) after it was shown in China and overseas markets including Australia and the US.His movie has made 3_(历史). The big success of this movie has brought him a lot of fame. For Wu Jing, it is something he could never 4_(想象). Now he is no 5_(疑问) the hottest director in China.This movie was a dream 6_(项目;工程). Before he made this movie, he was only an actor and worked hard for years. To film it, he led his team to several7_(非洲的) countries and they experienced many accidents and problems. He 8_(几乎) lost his life at sea. The strong-willed man kept going and believed it was 9_(值得) all risks, anyway.Wus hard work paid off. “I will 10_(继续) to work hard to make more great movies for Chinese audience,” said Wu Jing.参考答案介词1. with 2. by 3. on 4. from 5. besides数词1. twentieth 2. forty 3. ten-year-old 4. thirties5. thousands当堂检测一、1. with 2. against 3. through 4. between5. with 6. twelfth 7. forties 8. ninth 9. Hundreds 10. fourths二、1. across 2. reviews 3. history 4. imagine5. doubt 6. project 7. African 8. nearly/almost9. worth 10. continue
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