虚拟语气要点及练习.ppt

,虚拟语气要点及练习,英语中有三种语式：陈述语式、祈使语式和虚拟语式。,A.陈述语式表示谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，也就是说把动作或状态当做事实表达出来。例如：Flowersblossominspring.Themoonispeepingthroughthewindowsatthesleeplessgirl.,B.祈使语式表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等。例如：Dodropintoseeus.Keepoffthegrass.,C.虚拟语式虚拟语式把动作当做一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当做客观现实中的真实事件。它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。例如：MothertoldmetoputonmysweaterlestIshouldcatchcold.,虚拟语式在条件句中的运用英语中的条件句一般有两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句，虚拟语式用在非真实条件句中。非真实条件句包括A.虚拟条件句B.推测条件句C.错综时间条件句等,A.虚拟条件句虚拟条件句可分为三类：a.叙述与现在事实相反的情况b.叙述与过去事实相反的情况c.叙述与将来事实相反的情况一般构成为:条件从句+结果主句(结果主句中的would可换用should,could或might),A.与现在事实相反:条件从句-IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+动词过去式(be动词的过去式一律用were)结果主句-I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+would+动词原形,B.与过去事实相反:条件从句-IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+had+过去分词结果主句-I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+would+have+过去分词,C.与将来事实相反:条件从句-A式：一般过去式B式：were不定式C式：should+动词原形结果主句-would(should)+动词原形,EXAMPLES：Hewouldntfeelsocoldifhewereindoors.与?相反与现在事实相反IamsorryIamverybusyjustnow.IfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemovieswithyou.与?相反与现在事实相反Theconferencewouldnthavebeensosuccessfulifwehadntmadeadequatepreparation.与?相反与过去事实相反Thefloodmighthavecausedgreatdamagetothepeopleifwehadntbuiltsomanyreservoirs.与?相反与过去事实相反,B.推测条件句对未来的事进行推测，在讲话人心目中，虽不认为推测条件的实现违背事实或绝对不可能，但却认为可能性是极小的。这种怀疑和推测要用虚拟语式表示:IfIweretoseehim,Iwouldspeaktohimaboutit.,推测条件句的构成形式：条件从句1.IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+动词过去式(be的过去式一律用were)2.IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+should+动词原形3.IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+were+to+动词原形结果主句I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+would+动词原形,C.错综时间条件句在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语式形式。,EXAMPLES：HadItakenmyumbrellawithmewhenIcameoutthismorning,Ishouldnotbewetnow.Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnthavemissedthefilmlastnight.Iftheshiphadleftatnoon,itwouldbepassingthroughthecanalnow.,无“条件”的虚拟语式句子这里的所谓无“条件”，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的if或Iwish等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。这种条件可以用介词、形容词、动词、分词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等表示出来。表示无“条件”的词有with,without,butfor,or,but,otherwise,even,incaseof,whatif等。这种句子往往是有主句而无从句。,EXAMPLES:Butforyourhelpwecouldnthavesucceeded.Theywouldnthavereachedtheagreementsoeasilywithoutthatcommonground.UndersuchcircumstancesIwouldprobablyhavedonethesame.Shewasntfeelingverywell.Otherwiseshewouldnthaveleftthemeetingsoearly.,Withbetterequipment,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.（介词短语）Shesaidshewouldhavecometotheparty,onlyshehadanurgentmattertoattendto.（副词句子）Totalkwithhim,youwouldknowheisafrankman.（不定式短语）Tohavestudiedharder,youwouldhavepassedtheexam.(=Ifyouhad.，不定式完成式)Thesamething,happeninginwartime,wouldamounttodisaster.（分词短语）Indoingso,hemightforgiveyou.（介词动名词）Amanwhostoppedworkingwouldamounttonothing.（定语从句）,动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语式与现在事实相反，用were或动词的一般过去式；与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词或would/could+have+过去分词；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would/should(could,might)动词原形。,EXAMPLES(1):Iwishshewerehere.Iwishshehadtakenmyadvice.Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.,EXAMPLES(2):A:“Youhavemadesomemistakes.”B:“IwishIdidntmakemistakeseveryday.”A:“Whatwouldyouwishtodoifyouwereacollegestudentagain?”B:“Thatsveryhardtosay,butIwishIhadstudiedpsychology.”,ifonly和wouldthat后用虚拟语式ifonly和wouldthat后用虚拟语式，谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为“要是就好了”。例如：Ifonlyshehadknownwheretofindyou.IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages!WouldthatIwereyoungagain.,wouldthat实际上是I/Wewould的简化Iwould相当于Iwish:Iwould(Wouldthat)Iwereabirdandcouldflyfreelyinthesky.Wewould(Wouldthat)thatwehadseenthroughhimearlier.,在suggest,order,demand等动词后要用虚拟语式在propose,command,request,desire,insist,require,decide,promise,arrange,ask,move,consent,determine,recommend,advise,intend,beg,resolve,argue,maintain,deserve,prefer,decree,vote,urge,instruct,advocate,persuade,dictate,legislate,sentence,object,expect,direct,appoint,provide,specify,persist,permit这些意念动词、祈使动词或态度动词后的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语式，这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。,EXAMPLES：Theyintendedthatthenews(should)besuppressed.Ipreferthatyounoteatthemeat.Sheinsistedthattheseats(should)bebookedinadvance.Theworkersdemandedthattheirwages(should)beraisedby10percent.Theyrequestedthatthe(should)singasong.Headvisedthatthedoctor(should)besentfor.Thecommitteedecidedthatnooneshouldbeadmittedwithoutaticket.SometimesshewouldsuggestthatIshouldbesavingsomeofthemoney.Theexaminationinstructionsaskthatthestudents(should)notusearedpen.Itwasarrangedthatsheleavethenextweek.,Note:Whenhewasaskedwhyhisfriendhadnotacceptedtheoffer,hesuggestedthathisfriendspridepreventedhimfromaccepting.句中suggested不作“建议”解，而是作“暗示”解，故用陈述语式。Heinsistedthathewasnotinvolvedinthecase.当insist不表示“坚决要求”，而作“坚决认为”解，其后的从句要用陈述语式，不用虚拟语式。,在advice,demand,order等名词后要用虚拟语式在advice,demand,order等名词后的主语从句和表语从句中用虚拟语式。常用的这类名词有：advice,demand,order,necessity,resolution,pay,decision,proposal,requirement,suggestion,idea,recommendation,preference,request,plan,motion等。这时，谓语用动词原形或should+动词原形。例如：Thedemandisthatmanuscripts(should)bewrittenononesideonly.Heissuedtheorderthatthetroops(should)withdrawatonce.,在important,necessary等后用虚拟语式形容词important,necessary,imperative,natural,urgent,essential,appropriate,desirable,insistent,obligatory,probable,vital,advisable,better,keen,preferable,possible,incredible,funny,concerned,ridiculous,unthinkable,以及短语nowonder,apity,notright等可以构成“itis+形容词/名词+that”句型，其后的句子要用虚拟语式，为(should)be型。例如：,Itisnecessarythatsomeimmediateeffort(should)bemade.Hehasmadeathoroughinvestigation.Nowonderheknowsomuchaboutit.Itisnotrightthatweshouldgiveitupnow.,Note:Itisamazing(odd,strange,surprising,wrong,astonishing,inconceivable,apity,ashame,athousandpities,toberegretted)、Iamsurprised(sorry)和Iregret等结构后的that从句中要用should，意为“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。,EXAMPLES：Itisamazingthatheshouldhavelearntsomuchinsuchashorttime.Iamsurprisedthatheshouldhavebeensorudetoyou.IregretthatIshouldhaveforgottentotellyouthefact.ItisapitythatHenryshouldbesocareless.Itisashamethatheshouldhavedonesuchathing.,Itis(high,about)time句型用虚拟语式谓语动词用过去式，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了”：Itistimethatwewenttobed.Itistimethatsomebodytaughtyoutobehaveyourself.,在forfearthat,inorderthat,sothat,lest引导的目的状语从句中从句谓语动词用should(could,might)动词原形。Heremindedhertwiceofitlestsheshouldforget.Iwillnotmakeanoiseforfear(that)Ishould(might)disturbyou.IdidthissothatImighthaveacoupleofweekstopreparemypaper.,marvel等动词后，从句用should动词结构marvel,rejoice,wonder,regret等表示强烈感情变化的意念动词，用于否定句、感叹句和疑问句中的think,suppose以及hate可以表示意外地可喜、可惊、可悲、可疑等情况，其宾语从句用should动词结构：Imarvelthatheshouldbeabletodosomuchinsuchashorttime.Iregretthatyoushouldconsideritaburdentodoit.Doyouthinkitproperthatsheshouldsaythat?IneverthoughtHelenshouldbesovainandselfish.,imagine和suppose(supposing)等动词后用虚拟句式：Imaginethatwewereonanislandnow.Supposeyouwerelaughedatbythoseshallowpeople.,asif/asthough引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟式从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时:Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.Shelooksasthoughsheweresick.表示与过去事实相反，用had过去分词:Ifeel(felt)asifwehadknowneachotherforyears.表示将来的可能性不大，用would(might,could)动词原形：Itlooksasifitmightrain.,asif/asthough后面的从句有时也可以用陈述语式，这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可能被设想为真实的：Itlooksasifoursideisgoingtowin.Hewalksasifheisdrunk.(=Heisprobablydrunk.)Hewalksasifheweredrunk.(=Hewalksasifheweredrunk,butheisnot.),though,whatever,if,solongas,whoever,however,whichever,nomatterwhat(who,how)等连接代词或副词引导的状语从句中，用虚拟语式。谓语动词用动词原形，表示推测，让步等含义，主句一般用直陈语气。Thougheveryonedesertyou,Iwillnot.Whateverbehisdefense,wecannottoleratethisdisloyalty.,EXAMPLES：Iftherumorbetrue,wellhavetotakeothermeasures.Solongasavolumeholdtogether,Iamnotdisturbedastoitsouterappearance.Whetherheberightorwrong,hellalwaysgohisownway.Beittrueornot,Iwillseemyself.Happenwhatmay,wewillnotgivein.Comewhatmay,werenotgoingtomakeanyconcessionstohisunreasonabledemands.Betheweatherwhatitmay,wewillleavetomorrow.,expect,believe,suspect,dream等动词用于否定句或疑问句时，其后的宾语从句一般用should动词，表惊讶、惶恐、怀疑、失望、不满等情绪。这种结构中的should不可省略：Hejustcouldntbelievethathishometownshouldhavegonethroughsuchgreatchanges.,wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadbetter,wouldassoon,justassoon后的句子用虚拟语式。,A)接动词原形，指现在或将来时间，表示一种主观愿望或选择：Idratherdoittoday.Hewouldsoonerdiethansurrender.Hedrathernotgodancingtonight.,B)接不定式完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰当：Idrathernothavetoldherthenews.Sheissuchagossip.Idratherhavestayedathomethanwenttothedullfilm.,C)接从句，用虚拟语式.一般过去时，表示一个现在或将来的愿望；过去完成时，表示一个过去的愿望：Idratheryoupaidthemoneyyourself。（现在）Iwouldsoonershepaintedthewallgreennexttime.（将来）Idrathershehadntdonethat.（过去）,would,should,could和might用于虚拟语式中would,should,might和could均可用于虚拟语式中，但在含义和用法上有些差别：,祈使句and陈述句。陈述句既可以表示真实条件，也可以表示非真实条件：Onemorestepforwardandyouwilltouchit.（真实）Onemorestepforwardandyouwouldhavetouchedit.（非真实）,名词词组and陈述句。陈述句既可以表示真实条件，也可以表示非真实条件：Onemoreeffort,andyouwillgainyourgoal.Afewhoursearlier,andyouwouldhaveseenthefamouswriter.,whetherit(he)beor意为“不管（不论）是还是”，表示让步，为虚拟语式的一种表示方法，其省略结构为beitor,beheor等，必须倒装。Betheycommonpeopleorhigh-rankingofficials,theystandequalbeforethelaw.ShecantranslateallthesebooksintoChinese,betheyinEnglish,FrenchorLatin.,be用作虚拟式的其他说法还有：Homeishome,beiteversohomely。Hewilldoanythingforher,beittohisdeath.Ishalltellyoueverythingaboutitifneedbe.Farbeitfrommetobeghismercy.我绝不会乞求他的怜悯。,虚拟语气练习,1.Thecommitteerecommendsthatthematter_atthenextmeeting.A.wouldbediscussedB.willbediscussedC.bediscussedD.maybediscussed,2.I_ProfessorJoneshadtaughtmethisequation.A.believeB.wishC.deeplythinkD.amguessing,3.“Youhavemadesomemistakes.”“IwishI_mistakeseveryday.”A.dontmakeB.haventmadeC.wouldnthavemadeD.didntmake,4.“Didyouenjoytheshowlastnight?”“Yes,butIwishI_acold.”A.hadntB.didnthaveC.hadnthadD.wouldnthave,5.“Didyoutalktothem?”“IfIhadtheopportunity,_totellthemwhy.”A.IlikeB.IdlikedC.IlikedD.Idlike,6.Iturntoyouasmylasthope.Ifyoufailedme,thenmyhonoraswellasmyposition_foreverlost.A.beB.areC.isD.were,7.It_hardnow,otherwisewecouldgooutplay.A.rainedB.rainsC.israiningD.wouldrain,8.Ifit_nextSaturday,Ishallstayathome.A.rainsB.willrainC.wouldrainD.rained,9.Ifyou_toseeMary,whatwouldyoutellher.A.areB.willbegoingC.mustD.were,10._,Johnwouldnothavefailed.A.IfhehaslistenedtomeB.HadhelistenedtomeC.IfhelistenedtomeD.Assoonashelistenedtome,11.IfyouhadntgonewithTomtothepartylastnight,_.A.youwouldmeetJohnalreadyB.youwonthavemissedJohnC.youwillhavemetJohnD.youwouldhavemetJohn,12.Whattypeofautomobilewouldyoubuy_?A.ifyouhavefreechoicetochoosethecarsavailabletodayB.ifyouarefreetochooseamongallthecarsavailabletodayC.ifallthecarsavailablewerefreetobechosenbyyouD.ifyouwerefreetochooseamongallthecarsavailabletoday,13.“Supposingyou_write,whatwouldyoudo?”A.couldntB.cantC.maynotD.areunable,14.“Wherewouldyourgrandfatherliveifheretired?”“Hedhavealittleplacebesidethewaterifhe_it.”A.couldhaveaffordedB.wouldaffordC.couldaffordD.wouldhaveafforded,15.Georgewouldcertainlyhaveattendedtheproceedings_.A.ifhedidntgetaflattireB.iftheflattirehadnthappenedC.hadhenothadaflattireD.hadthetirenotflatteneditself,16.Ifthesun_riseinthewest:mylovewouldbeunchangedforgood.A.wouldB.weretoC.havingD.were,17._IknownitIshouldhavetoldhim.A.HaveB.HadC.HavingD.If,18.Hadntmycarbrokendown,I_thetrain.A.wouldhavecaughtB.mightcatchC.couldcatchD.hadcaught,19._hecomelate,givehimthemessage.A.HadB.ShouldC.WouldD.Did,20.“WhatdidMr.Gallaghersayabouthiscareer?”“Onlythatifhe_amillionaire,hewouldhavefewerworries.”A.didnotbecomeB.hadnotbecomeC.doesnotbecomeD.hasnotbecome,CBDDDDCADBDDACCBBABB,