英语应试写作模板及分析.ppt

,写文章的过程包括立主题、写提纲和动笔写三大阶段。短文应试写作分为五个步骤。审清题目看到写作题后，首先关键的一步是审清题目：认真分析题目所包含的内容和信息，判断出命题者的意图。构思选材构思时要注意：思路要开阔，想象力要丰富。选材是在写作意图的驱动下，自觉地、有目的地搜集写作素材的过程。,草拟提纲在正式写作之前，对文章从内容到结构有明确而清晰的筹划，才能保证作文既紧扣主题，又有条不紊。初学者最好还是写提纲，应试写作更是如此。三种常用的提纲：潦草提纲字迹潦草，只言片语。以作文题“TheAdvantageofTravel”为例，这种提纲可能是：SeeplaceofinterestMeetdifferentpeopleKeepushealthy,标题式提纲,简洁醒目，以短语（尤其是名词短语）列为标题。这类提纲有两个要求：标明段落层次，同一层次起码两个并列项。.enjoyplacesofinterestEnjoybeautifulsceneryindifferentplacesSeeplacesreadofinbooksVisitfamouscitiesandscenicspots.KnowpeopleandtheircustomsMeetpeoplewithdifferentinterestSeestrangeanddifferentthingsTastedifferentfood.BenefitusbothmentallyandphysicallyGainknowledgeofgeographyandhistoryKeepushealthy,句子式提纲,每一部分的内容用完整的句子列出，对议论性强的严密文章更为适合，这些句子实质上是各段的主题句。.Travelisbeneficialtousinatleastthreeways.(introduction).First,wecanseethebeautifulsceneryindifferentplaces.Second,wewillmeetdifferentpeople.Third,bytravellingwecankeephealthy.Travelhasnowbecomemorepopular.(conclusion),写作初稿应力求一次性写作成功。考生既要写得快，又要写得准确、工整、美观。正确使用句子结构、修辞和表达方式，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词、句型和表达方式。检查修改修改主要应着眼于内容。,第二节写作的基本方法,定义法定义法（definition）是用来说明的一种方法。用定义法在叙述某一事物或论证某一概念时，需要读它进行定义。XisY.（X代表被定义项，Y代表定义项，“is”是联项）Aletterisawrittenorprintedmessagefromonepersontoanother.XisY+who（which或where）引起的定于从句XreferstoY.（XappliestoY/XisappliedtoY）XisdefinedasY.（XiscalledY）XmeansY./ByXwemeanY./XismeantY.Bycivilrightswemean,politically,freedom.,主题句主题句的概念在英语篇章中，一致性原则通常体现在各段的主题句里。一个比较规范的段落通常由三部分组成：主题句，展开句或推展句和结论句。主题句是全段核心。,主题句的位置,主题句在段中可以居首、居中，也可以居尾。主题句在段首Progressinscienceandtheimprovementoflivingconditionshaveledtotherapidgrowthoftheworldpopulation.Modernscience,forexample,hasmadeitpossibleforbabiestogrowuphealthilyandforpeopletolivelonger.Withimprovedlivingconditions,particularlyinthecountryside,peopletendtohavelargerfamilies.Asaresult,theworldpopulationhasincreasedsorapidlythatithasnowexceeded6billion.,主题句在段尾Throwingcriminalsinjailisanancientandwidespreadmethodofpunishment,butisitawiseone?Itdoesseemreasonabletokeepwrongdoersinaplacewheretheyfindfeweropportunitiestohurtinnocentpeople,andwheretheymightdiscoverthatcrimedoesntpay.Thesystemhaslongbeenconsideredfairandsoundbythosewhowanttoseetheguiltypunishedandsocietyprotected.Yetthevalueofthisformofjusticeisnowbeingquestionedbytheverymenwhohavetoapplyit:thejudges.Thereason,theysay,isthatprisondoesntdoanyoneanygood.,主题句在段中JustasIsettledowntoreadorwatchtelevision,hedemandsthatIplaywithhim.IfIgetatelephonecall,hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover.Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhatswrongwithhim,Baby-sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun.Herefusestoletmeeatasnackinpeace.UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat.Then,whenhefinallygrowstired,ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep.,主题句在段首与段尾Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandforks;Japaneseeatwithchopsticks.Americanssay“Hi”whentheymeet；Japanesebow.ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen；Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface，itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericaarenotgoodmannersinJapan，andinawaythisistrue.,Butinanycountry，theonlymannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingonepersonsbehaviortowardanotherperson.Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.,怎样才能写好主题句,主题句首先应该是完整句。主题句应有明显的导向。Goodhealthisveryimportanttoeveryone.主题句应尽量具体。,列举法/分类法,列举法通过举例，分类法将被说明的对象按照一定的标准划分成不同的类型。次序关系词Afterward,eventually,finally,first,firstly,furthermore,lastly,moreover,next,second,secondary,then短语Aboveall,firstandmostimportant,inaddition,intheend,inthesecondplace,lastbutnotleast,tobeginwith,toconclude,tostartwith.Lastbutnotleast,ourthanksshouldgotothetechniciansworkingbehindthescenes.Iwanttobeakindergartenteacher:tobegin/startwith,Ihavesomekindergarteneducationalbackground,andsecondaryIamalwaysveryhappywiththoselittlekids.,递进法,递进关系词Additionally,again,also,besides,moreover,further,furthermore,likewise,similarly,meanwhile短语Aswell,equallyimportant,inaddition,inotherwords,lastbutnotleast,notonlybutalso,onetheother,onetheonehandontheotherhand,orrather,thatis,inthesameway,thatistosay,whatsmore,whatismoresimilar.,例证法例证法在确定段落的主题后，举出实例来说明观点。Heisaverymeanperson,asanillustration,heisonlywillingtolendmoneytohissonathighinterest.Justasfishcannotlivewithoutwater,humanbeingscannotlivewithoutoxygen.Likelove,diamondbecomesmorepreciouswithtime.,因果法,在议论文中使用因果法进行论证具有较强的说服力。表示因果关系常用如下方法：用名词cause（后接of）或reason（后接for）表示原因。Oneofthecausesoftheaccidentwaspoorcommunication.用连接词语therefore，so，thus，hence，accordingly，consequently，asaresult，asaconsequence等表示结果。Wedonothaveenoughmoney.Thuswecannotbuyanewcar.用从属连词because，since，as，now（that），seeingthat等引起从句表示原因。Sincewevegotafewminutestowaitforthetrain,letshaveacupofcoffee.,动词或动词短语cause，produce，effect，leadto，resultin，bringabout，beresponsiblefor，giveriseto等可以表示因果关系。Anincreaseindemandoftenresultsin/leadsto/causes/produceshigherprices.用介词短语becauseof，dueto，owingto，onaccountof，asaresultof，thanksto等表示原因。Onaccountoftheriseinprices,wemustalsochargemore.,比较与对比法,比较与对比是说明和论证的方法。引起比较与对比的常用词语有：比较关系词Accordingly，although，but，conversely，correspondingly，despite，equally，however，instead，like，likewise，meanwhile，nevertheless，otherwise，similarly，still，unlike，whereas，while，yet短语Andyet，atthesametime，butyetconversely，differentfrom，equallyimportant，evenso，incomparison（with），in/bycontrast（with/to），inspiteof，inthesameway，notonlybut，onthecontrary，ontheotherhandThefullcoverageoftheirscandalcoulddamagetheirreputationconversely,itwillgivethemalotoffreepublicity.,Theteacherpronouncedeverynewwordasloudlyaspossible,andaskedherstudentstodolikewise.Menmustwearajacketandtie;similarly,womenmustwearaskirtordress,notpants.,类比法用类比法进行论证必须注意两点：一是类体必须真实可靠，而是类体和本体必须有共同属性。Scienceandtechnologyalsoplayanimportantroleinoursocialistconstruction.Wemaysay,oursocialistconstructionisjustlikeaskyscraper,whilescienceandtechnologyareitsbase.Withoutthebase,theskyscrapercantbebuilt.Therefore,weshouldtryourbesttocontributetothedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologysoastoprovideamoresolidbasetobuildourcountry.,第二章写作技巧第一节如何开篇,Pattern1：Whenaskedabout_，thevast/overwhelmingmajorityof（most/many/quiteafew）peoplesay/think/believe/answerthat_.Butotherpeopleregard/view/see/thinkof_as_.,Whenaskedaboutthebiggestproblemtoday,manypeoplesaythatitistheseriousenergycrisis.Theyareafraidthattheworldwillsoonrunoutofoilandrunshortoffood.Butotherpeopleholdoptimisticviews:theyregarditasanaturalresultoftheeconomicdevelopmentandbelieveitwillbeonlysolvedwithfurtheradvancesineconomyandtechnology.,Pattern2:Whenitcomesto_,somepeoplethink/believethat_.Othersargue/claimthattheopposite/reverseistrue.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments/statements,but_.,例：WhenitcomestointernationalsportsuchastheOlympicGamesandtheWorldCupsoccergame,somepeoplebelievethatitcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadinmisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablyalittlebitoftruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencourageinternationalbrotherhood.,（2）定义法,用一句话或几句话来说明题中的关键词，给出关键词的定义。Onmodesty（论谦虚）HowtoUseOurBrain（如何使用我们的智慧）Modestyisavirtuewhichmeanshavingaloweropinionthanisprobablydeserved，ofonesownability，knowledge，skill，andsuccess.Humanbrainisthemostcomplexandintelligentmechanismintheworld.Itisthemajorfactorthatdistinguishesmanfromanimals.,（3）背景导入法标题：HousingProblem开篇：Withthedevelopmentofindustryandincreaseofemploymentincities,morepeopleareswarmingintocities.Asaresult，accommodationshavebecomeverydifficult.,Pattern1:Recentlytheproblem/issue/question/phenomenonof_hasdrawn/arousedpublic/popular/grave/world-wideattention.caused/arousedwide/general/considerable/internationalconcern.beeninthelimelight.,Theproblemofdevelopmentvs.environmenthasnowbeeninthelimelight（arousedwide/general/considerable/internationalconcern）.NowhereistheclashmorevisiblethaninChina,wheretheworldslargestpopulationfacespollution,deforestationandacidrainonalargescale.,（4）设问法,Pattern1：“Whydo/have_？”Manypeopleoftenask/posethequestionlikethis.Whydoestheideaofprogressloomsolargeinthemodernworld?Manypeopleoftenaskthequestionlikethis.Surelybecauseprogressofaparticularkindisactuallytakingplacearoundusandisbecomingmoreandmoremanifest.Althoughmankindhasundergonenogeneralimprovementinintelligenceormorality,ithasmadeextraordinaryprogresstheaccumulationofknowledge.,Pattern2:“Why_？/Can_？”ofallthecomplaints/questions/discussion/debateIhaveheardfrom_，thisistheonemostfrequentlyuttered/voiced.,“Whydowehavetolearnallthisdumbstuff？”OfallthecomplaintsandquestionsIhaveheardfrommyclassmatesduringmycollegelife，thiswastheonemostfrequentlyuttered.Iwouldanswerthatitcanwidenyourmindandprepareyouforyourfuturelife.,（5）引语法,Pattern1:Oneofthegreatearlymen/writers/philosophers/scientistssaid/wrote/remarkedthat_.Ifthisistrue/thecase,thenthepresent/currentview/value/attitude/situationshouldmakeuswonderwhether_.（ponderover_.）Oneofthegreatearlysocialistssaidthatthestatusofwomeninasocietyisaprettyreliableindexofthedegreeofcivilizationofthatsociety.Ifitistrue,thenthepresentlowstatusofwomeninmanagementshouldmakeusponderaboutwhetherourmanagementiscivilizedatall.,Pattern2:,Knowledgeispower./Geniusis2percentinspirationand98Percentperspiration.Suchistheopinionof/remarkmadebyBacon/oneofthegreatmen.Thisview/remarkhasbeenshared/confirmednow/timeandagainbymoreandmorepeople/manyhistoricalevents.Educationisnotcompletewithgraduation.SuchistheopinionofMortimerJ.Adler,agreatAmericanphilosopher.Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharehisopinion.Nocollegeoruniversitycaneducateitsstudentsbythetimetheygraduate;andnooneshouldbecontenttosimplyendhiseducationwithhighschooleducationorcollegeeducation.Educationisalifetimestudy.,第三节议论文、说明文写作技巧英语短文可以分为四种类型：对立观点型；问题解决型；说明利弊型；阐述主题型。,对立观点型实用模板一：XisYthat/which_.However,thereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleastohowtofaceX.Somepeopleconsiderthat_,onthecontrary,someotherpeoplearguethat_.AsfarasIconcerned,Imforthelatterandagainsttheformer.Foronething,_.Justlikepeoplesay,_.Foranotherthing,_,实用模板二：,AandBhasbecomeahottopicamongpeople,especiallyamongtheyoungandheateddebatesarerightontheirway.Manypeopleareinclinedtocompetition.Intheiropinion,A_.Theybelievethat,tosomeextent,A_.Bycontrast,therearestillmanypeoplewhowontagree.TheyarguethatB_.Formypart,IthinkitreasonablethatweadvocateA.butwecantignoreB._.OnlytogetherwithBwillA_.,问题解决型,PeoplearenowfacingwithabigproblemX,whichisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Inthefirstplace,_.Inthesecondplace,_.Whatmakesthingsworseisthat_,taking_forashiningexample.,ConfrontedwithX,weshouldtakeaseriesofeffectivemeasurestocopewiththesituation.Foronething,_.Foranotherthing,_.Acaseinpointisthat_.,Inconclusion,weshouldknowabouttheproblemofX,andobjectto_.Onlyinthiswaycanwe_inthefuture.（84words）,阐述主题型Thereisanoldfamoussaying,“_”.Whichmeans_.Itistheexperienceofourforefathers,however,itiscorrectinmanycaseseventoday.Acaseinpointis_.Similarly,_.,Whenitcomesto_,itisalsothecase._.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,weshouldunderstandthemeaningof“_”moreclearly.Ontheonehand,_.Ontheotherhand,_.Thebestwayisto_.,说明利弊型,Xnowplayssuchanimportantpartinsomanypeopleslivesthatitisessentialforustotrytodecidewhetheritisablessingoracurse.Obviously,Xhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Asifoftenpointedout,X_.However,(ifnotmanagedproperly),others(whostronglyobjectto)maintainthatXcancreatemanyproblemstoo._.Formypart,whethertheultimateeffectofXisgoodornot,onethingiscertainthatXinitselfisneithergoodnorbad.Itistheusestowhichitisputthatdetermineitsvaluetosociety.(94words),