资源描述
Chapter6,ComposingEssays,CriteriaofaGoodComposition,Content:interesting,important,newExpression:clearly,accuratelyandappropriately(清晰、准确、恰当).Goodorganization,WellorganizedAllparagraphsserveonecentralidea;abriefandforcefulconclusion;Eachparagraphhasitscentralthemeandiscloselyrelatedtotheneighboringparagraphs.Withinparagraphs,sentencesarewellconnected.,ToBeInformedandtoBeEnlightened,enlightenvt.启发，启蒙respectn.aspect方面andsoforth=andsoon等等distinctionn.difference差别intermsof就而言exercisevt.运用，使用，发挥beprerequisiteto是的前提/先决条件,GroupWork!,Makecommentsonthefollowingcompositionandgiveyouradviceforrevising.,AddictiontoInternetAsmoreandmorepeopleareusingtheinternet,malesandfemaleshavesomethingincommonwhiletheretendstoshowmanydifferencesinsomerespectsamongthem.Thereisahugeamountofinformationontheinternetsoyoucaneasilygettheinformationyouwant.Besides,youcancommunicatewithyourfamilyandyourfriendsevenyourforeignfriendsanytimeyoulikeandpurchasesomebargainsathome.However,addictiontointernetisawasteoftimeinaway.Ifyouareaddictedtotheinternet,youmightprobablygetphysicallyorpsychologicallydamaged.Thegeneraldifferenceisthatmalesaremostlyaddictedtogamesespeciallyonlinegameswhilefemalesarekeenonshoppingonline.Andthatswhyitwastesalotofmalestimeandcostsalotofwomensmoney.Itwillbeaneternalissueifhumancontinuetobeaddictedtointernet.,AddictiontoInternetAsmoreandmorepeopleareusingtheinternet,malesandfemaleshavesomethingincommonwhiletheretendstoshowmanydifferencesinsomerespectsamongthem.Thereisahugeamountofinformationontheinternetsoyoucaneasilygettheinformationyouwant.Besides,youcancommunicatewithyourfamilyandyourfriendsevenyourforeignfriendsanytimeyoulikeandpurchasesomebargainsathome.However,addictiontointernetisawasteoftimeinaway.Ifyouareaddictedtotheinternet,youmightprobablygetphysicallyorpsychologicallydamaged.Thegeneraldifferenceisthatmalesaremostlyaddictedtogamesespeciallyonlinegameswhilefemalesarekeenonshoppingonline.Andthatswhyitwastesalotofmalestimeandcostsalotofwomensmoney.Itwillbeaneternalissueifhumancontinuetobeaddictedtointernet.,Assignment,Acompositionentitled:MyFirstTimeofHelpingOthers(150-200words),Prewriting:Consideringtheassignment;Thinkingaboutyouraudience;Identifyingyourpurpose;Gatheringyouridea(brainstorming).,Readthepassageandpointoutwhichparagraphsthe13piecesofdetailscomefrom.MyNeighborsWereMovingAway,oddsandends零碎东西pullupsth.bytheroots把连根拔起fallbackintoplace:returntonormalresidentialarea居住区amidst:inthemiddleofvasttractsoffield大片田地attachmenttosth.对的依恋,countryfolks乡下人chilisauce:辣椒酱watervi.流口水squatdown:sitdowndisguisevt.假装，伪装deformvt.扭曲，使变形contemptn.鄙视，轻蔑uttervt.speakout说出Tearsstoledownmycheeks泪水悄悄从我的脸上流下来,Moretasks:,Thinkingofaproperthemeanddecidingonthepurpose;Crossingouttheirrelevant,unnecessary,orunimportantdetails,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,ConsidertheassignmentAssembleyourideasWorkoutyourthesisMakeanoutlineWritethefirstdraftRevisethefirstdraftMakethefinalcopy,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,Assembleyourideas,Whenatopicisassigned,youstudentshouldfirsttrytothinkofasmanyrelevantfactsasyoucanandwritethemdownonapieceofpaper(withoutcaringabouttheformandtheorderoftheideas,grammar,orspelling).SupposethetopicassignedisTheSchoolLibrary.Youshouldjotdownquicklyalltherelevantideasthatcometoyourmind.Hereisanexample:,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,TheSchoolLibrary,AlargenumberofusefulbooksAllkindsofdictionariesandreferencebooksThereading-roomsspaciousandquietNewspapersandmagazinesThelibrarianspatientandhelpfulClosedonSundaysandholidaysAlittlecrowdedintheeveningStudentsleavebooksonchairstoreserveseatsVeryfewnewspapersfromabroadStudentsarenotallowedtotakeschoolbagsintotheFirstReading-RoomSeniorswouldnotbeabletowritetheirgraduationpaperswithoutusingthelibraryTeachersgotothelibraryfrequently,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,Workoutyourthesis,Fromthepointslistedaboveyoushouldtrytofindaproperthesisortheme.Thethesisofacompositionisitsmainpointoritscentralidea.Itistheconclusionthatshouldbedrawnfromthefactstobepresentedinthecomposition.Afterthat,youshouldlookatthelistoffactsagain,eliminatethoseunnecessaryorunimportantones,rearrangetheminalogicalorder,andwriteanoutline.,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,Makeanoutline,Oncethethesisisformulated,certainfactsonthelistwillbecomemoreimportantthanothers,whileafewmayseemirrelevant.Afterthosesuitableitemsarepickedout,anoutlinelikethefollowingonemaybeprepared:,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,PossibleTheses,Thelibraryisaniceplacetoworkin.Thelibraryplaysaveryimportantpartinastudentslife.Theworkofthelibraryneedsimprovement,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,Topic:TheSchoolLibraryThesis:Thelibraryplaysaveryimportantpartinastudentslife.Outline:I.Astudenthastoborrowbooks,fromthelibrary.A.Heneedsreferencebooksforhiselectivecourses.B.Hemaywanttoreadnovels,storiesandplays.II.Hereadsnewspapersandmagazinesinthelibrary.A.ManynewmagazinesareondisplayintheFirstReading-Room.B.Therearenewspapersfromallprovinces.C.Backnumbersmaybeborrowedatthecounter.III.Heneedsthelibraryallthemoreinhisjuniorandsenioryears.A.Thelibraryprovideshimwithbooksforhisresearch.B.Hewouldnotbeabletowritehisgraduationpaperwithoutusingthelibrary,TypesofOutline,Sentenceoutline:madeupofsentences;thecontrollingideaorthesisissubdividedintosmallerparts;RomanAvoidmixingsentencesAlwayswritethethesisinonecompletesentence.,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,WritingtheFirstDraft,Itisnecessarytowriteafirstdraftinwhichthereshouldbeenoughspacebetweenlinesforfuturecorrectionsandimprovements.Whilewritingthedraft,youneednotbeafraidofdepartingfromtheoutlineatoneplaceoranother.Youdbetterstoptoreviseyouroutlineorworkoutanewoneifyoufindyouroriginaloutlineentirelyimpracticable,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,RevisingtheFirstDraft,I.Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawholeII.Organization:LookatthearrangementofthematerialIII.Sentences:IV.Diction:V.Grammar,spelling,punctuation,andothermechanics.,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawhole,A.Whatisthetopicoftheessay/composition?Doesthedraftfulfilltheassignment(e.g.modeofdevelopmentortypeofcomposition)?B.Isthethesisclear?Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts(details,examples,reasons,etc.)?C.Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved?D.Isthelogicsound?Aretheregapsinthelogic?,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial,A.Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper?B.Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea?Doesitrelatetotheessaysmainideaortothepreviousparagraph?Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections?Aretheparagraphsarrangedinclimacticorder?C.Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofwhatthepaperintendstosay?,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,Sentences,A.Iseachsentenceclearlyrelatedtothesentencethatprecedesitandtothesentencethatfollows?B.Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved?C.Aretherestructuralmistakes?D.Aretherewordyandredundantsentences?E.Istherevarietyinsentencetype?,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,Diction,A.Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorthestyleofthewholeessay(e.g.toocolloquialortooformal)?B.AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish?C.Aretherecollocations,whichmaybeincorrectbecausetheyaretakenfromChinese(e.g.abigrain)?,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,Grammar,spelling,punctuation,andothermechanics.,I.StepsinWritingaComposition,MakingtheFinalCopy,Afterthedraftiscarefullyrevised,acleanfinalcopyhastobemade.Theverylaststepinwritingacomposition,astepthatshouldneverbeforgotten,istocheckthefinalcopy.Indoingsoyouarelikelytofindthatyouhavemadecarelessmistakesingrammarandspelling,andyoumayalsowanttochangeawordhereandthere.,ThreeMainPartsofaComposition,TheBeginningTheMiddle/BodyTheEnd,TheBeginning,rousesthereadersinterestRelevantEpisode(趣闻轶事法);Thetimeandplaceoftheeventtobedescribed;Aquotation;Aquestion;Astatement;Figuresorstatistics;Adefinition;Ananalogy(类比法).,BeginningwithRelevantEpisode,TheWorldIsGettingSmallerandSmaller(CET-4,1993.12)(趣事引导)Mostofusmayhavesuchexperiences:Whenyougotosomeplacefarawayfromthecitywhereyouliveandthinkyouknownobodythere,youaresurprisedtofindthatyourunintooneofyouroldclassmatesonthestreet.Perhapsbothofyouwouldcryout,“Whatasmallworld!”(主题)Whyistheworldgettingsmallerandsmaller?Foronething,.Foranother,.,趣闻轶事法常用表达式,开头:Mostofushavesuch(an)experience(s):whenyougotosomeplace,youaresurprisedtofindManypeoplehavesharedtheexperiencelikethis承接句:Sucha/ancase/event/story/phenomenonisquitepopular.Thecase/event/story/phenomenonisnotrare/isolated/unique.ItisjustoneofmanytypicalexamplesIhaveheard/encountered.Wemayregard/see/view/thinkofthecaseasaresult/signof/aresponse/reactiontoIthasnowdrawnpublic/muchattentiontotheproblem/issueofAnumberoffactorscouldaccountforthis:,引语法常用表达式,Oneofthegreatmen/writers/scientistsoncesaid/remarked,“”.Itistrue.Astheproverbsays/goes,“”.Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharethisbelief./Nowitstillhasarealisticsignificance.Thereismuchtruthintheoldsaying,“”.Inotherwords,nothingismoreimportant/valuablethan,Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.,Constantdroppingofwaterwearsawayastone.,用格言，谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅，又有更强说服力,数据统计法常用表达式,From/Accordingtotherecentsurvey/study/statisticsbytheofficials/government/scientists/experts,itcanbepredicted/learned/seen/estimatedthatAllstatistical/reliableevidencepointstothefact/goestoshowthat,A/Onerecent/new/generalstudy/survey/investigationconducted/takenbyexperts/officials/scientistsindicates/suggests/proves/shows/demonstratesthatAsisshown/isevidenced/canbeseeninthegraph/data/findings/tableprovided/releasedbyaninstitute/thegovernment,ExampleofbeginningbyaDefinition,(定义引导)Patriotismmeanstheloveofonescountry.Apersonsmotherlandisaplacewhereheisbornandbred,aplacewherehisancestorslivedfromgenerationtogeneration.(主题)Naturallyoneshoulddevelopastrongpatriotismandshowdeeploveforhispeople,traditionandeverypieceofland.,定义常用表达式,AisAmeansAsignifiesAisconsideredtobeAistakentobeAreferstoAisdefinedasByAwemeanAiscalled,ExampleofbeginningbyanAnalogy,Atraditionalstorydescribesafoolishmanliftingarocktooheavyforhimandhavinghisownfeetsquashed.Hitlerwaslikethatfoolishman,buthewasdifferentinthat,beforehedestroyedhimself,hedestroyedmillionsofotherpeople.,TheMiddle,presentsclearlyorourunderstandingofthepersonchanges.,TheEnd,TheendwindsupthepaperoftenwithanemphaticSummaryofmainpoint(总结要点);Referencetoattentionmethod(呼应开头);Outlookonfuture(展望未来前景);Useofquotation/proverb(应用引语或谚语);Useofrhetoricalquestion(使用反问句).,RepetitionofThesis,用不同于主题的语言表达形式来复述主题以达到强化主题/加深印象的目的。如：,(开头)Almostovernight,youllfindpeoplesuddenlydecoratedwithnumerousplastichoopsofvariouscolors.Peoplecallithula-hooporgymnastichoop.Frombigdepartmentstorestovendorsstands,almosteveryplaceiscrowdedwithpeoplepurchasinghula-hoops.(主题)Obviously,theselittlehoopshavegoneintomillionsofhouseholdsinChina.(结尾)Inshort,everybodycangethealthfulrewardsfromthegameprovidedhedoesntover-exercisewithit.Anditisjustforthesereasonsthat(重复主题)hula-hoopspreadsalloverthecountryatsucharapidspeed.,SummaryofMainPoints,在结尾处回顾各段的要点，加以总结，以揭示主题。如：Tosumup,inordertokeeptherespectfultitle,thestudentsoughttobehavewellaccordingtothefiverulesmentionedabove:1)beambitious;2)behelpful;3)bebroadminded;4)bebrave;and5)behonest.,ReferencetoAttentionMethod,如果文章开头提出疑问，那就在结尾处作一个概括性的回答；如果文章开头引用了名言，则不妨在结尾处重申一遍再回到主题上来。总之，要使文章的主题思想前后呼应，有始有终。如：,(开头)Nowadays,quiteanumberofoldpeoplearenotsatisfiedwiththeyouth.Theyalwaysconnecttheyouthwithfashionabledress,rockmusicandpopularsongs.Theyalwaysshaketheirheadsandsay,“Ai,youngpeopletoday”(结尾)Thereisnodoubtmodernyouthshaveshortcomings.Theyareusuallyeagertosucceedwithouttakingthingsonestepatatime.Theyoftensetgoalshighandoutofreach,andpaynoattentiontothereality.(呼应开头)Thatswhytheoldpeopleshaketheirheadsandbecomedissatisfiedwiththem.,OutlookonFuture,对文中所讨论主题或问题处于尚未有定论阶段时，可提出解决问题的办法，或表明观点，或提出建议，或对发展中的新生事物寄予希望，展示良好的发展前景。如：,(开头)NowadaysmoreandmorefriendsallovertheworldarebeginningtogetinterestedintheChineselanguage.Tomyknowledge,Chineselanguagecoursesaregiveninmorethan1,000schoolsinover50countries.(结尾)ImsureChinesewillbecomeoneofthemostimportantlanguagesintheworldinthe21stcentury.AsChinawillopenfurthertotheoutsideworld,thelanguageissuretobespreadworld-wide.,UseofQuotation/Proverb,用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。如：Ifyouhaveanythingtodo,trytodoityourself,forthatisthesafestwaytopermanentsuccess.Rememberthefamoussaying,“Heavenhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.”Ifwesticktostudiesdayafterday,thereisnothingthatcantbeachieved.Asanoldsayinggoes,“Constantdroppingofwaterwearsawayastone.”,UseofRhetoricalQuestion,用反问结尾，虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。如：Therefore,listeningskillsmustbeconsciouslyimproved.Sinceitissuchanimportantmeansoflearningandcommunication,whyshouldwenotdevelopthisabilityasfaraspossible?So,whatcanwebenefitfromwealthifwedonothavehealth?,FourMainTypesofWriting,Narration(记叙)Exposition(说明)Description(描写)Argumentation(议论),Narration,anaccountofaneventoraseriesofeventincludingstories,biographies,historiesmainlydealswithevents高耸的loftilyadv.高傲地betcha=Ibetyou我跟你打赌nonchalantlyadv.=indifferently冷漠地，若无其事地theadditionofproperfractions真分数的加法,FiveAspectsinaNarrative,PurposeSelectionofdetailsContext(background/setting)OrganizationPointofviewFirst-personnarrative:morelifelike;butcannottelleventshappeningindifferentplacesatthesametimeThird-personnarrative:moreobjective;freefromthelimitationoftimebutnoteasytoputinorderthingshappeningtodifferentpeopleindifferentplaces,First-personnarrative:morelifelike;butcannottelleventshappeningindifferentplacesatthesametime更生动Third-personnarrative:moreobjective;freefromthelimitationoftimebutnoteasytoputinorderthingshappeningtodifferentpeopleindifferentplaces更客观,Exposition,explains/exploressth.,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblemmainlydealswithprocessesPrepareenoughmaterialtohelphisexplanation;PresenthisfactsMakehisexposition,ifpossible,interestingormoving,WaysofExpositoryWriting,Illustration(usesexamplestoexplainapoint)Comparison(explainshowthingsaresimilar)itspurposeistoseparatethatthingintoparts),Description,paintsapictureinwordsofaperson,place,objectorsceneusuallydevelopedthroughsensorydetailsortheimpressionsofonessensessight,hearing,taste,smell&touchmainlydealswithappearances&feelings,Argumentation,convincesreadersofthewriterspointofviewpersuadesreaderstochangetheirmindorbehavior&toapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposesincludesspeechesonpolitics,editorialsofnewspapers,articlesonpoliticalortheoreticalquestions&variousproposals.,
展开阅读全文