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Prat5SensingTechnology,5.1Sensorsinmanufacturing5.2Microthermocouples5.3PressureMicrosensors5.4QProxQT113Charge-TransferTouchSensor(1)5.5QProxQT113Charge-TransferTouchSensor(II),5.1Sensorsinmanufacturing,5.1Sensorsinmanufacturing,5.1.1SpecializedEnglishWordstransducer变换器piezoelectriccrystal压电晶体mechanicallyactuated机械压力physicalstimulus物理刺激piezoelectricactuator压电传动装置，压电驱动器piezoelectricsensor压电式传感器piezodevice压电装置magnetism磁性，吸引力，磁学,kineticenergy动能Radiant辐射，辐射的，发光的electromagneticradiowaves电磁无线电波microwaves微波multi-signalcapability多信号处理能力easeofintegrationinto易于集成到.atomic原子，原子的，原子能的molecularenergy分子能gravitational引力,massenergy质能，质能关系electricaldischargemachining电火花加工surfacefinish表面光洁度cuttingfluid切削液lubricants润滑剂，润滑物，润滑油tooling模具，加工magneticfields磁场strain应变，紧张，拉紧relativitytheory相对论pertainingtomotion相对运动,displacement位移Bindingenergy结合能infrared红外线visiblelight可见光ultraviolet紫外线，紫外线的acceleration加速度flowvelocity流速rateoftransport传输率moment力矩，弯矩Torque转矩，扭矩，力矩roughness表面粗糙度,stiffness刚度viscosity粘度Crystallinity结晶度structuralintegrity结构整体性wavevelocity波速amplitude振幅，波幅phase相位，相polarization偏振，极化spectrum频谱，光谱，谱conductivity电导率,magneticflux磁通量，磁通permeability渗透率，渗透性intensity光强，强度emissivity发射率，辐射率reflectivity反射率，反射，反射系数transmissivity透射率，透过率specificheat比热容thermalconductivity热导率,5.1.2Notes,Atransducerisgenerallydefinedasadevicethattransmitsenergyfromonesystemtoanother,oftenwithachangeinformoftheenergy.此句的主句是“Atransducerisdefinedasadevice”。全句可翻译为“一般将变换器定义为从一个系统向另一个系统传输能量的设备，往往伴随着能量形式的变化”。,“that”引导定语从句，修饰先行词“device”。,Weshalldiscussthebasiccharacteristicsofbothtypesofsiliconmicro-sensorsbutintroducesomeoftheuniquefeaturesofthelatterwhicharebecomingmoreandmoreutilizedinmanufacturing.句中“which”引导定语从句，修饰“Features”。全句可译成“我们讨论这两种类型的硅微传感器的基本特征。但对在制造业中应用变得越来越多的后者，我们还要介绍一些它独有的特点。”,“which”引导定语从句，修饰“Features”,Inpractice,these10formsofenergyarecondensedintothesixsignaltypeslistedaswecanconsideratomicandmolecularenergyaspartofchemicalenergy,gravitationalandmechanicalasone,mechanical,andwecanignorenuclearandmassenergy.全句可译为“在实践中，可以将原子与分子能看作化学能的一部分，可以将引力和机械能统一为机械能，还可以忽略原子能和质能，这样一来，这10种能量就可以压缩成所列出的六类信号”。,第一个“as”为连接词，引导原因状语从句“weenergy”；,第二个“as”为介词，意为“当作”。,Finally,thereareanumberoftechnicalspecificationsofsensorsthatmustbeaddressedinassessingtheabilityofaparticularsensor/outputcombinationtomeasurerobustlythestateoftheprocess.此句的主句是“thereareanumberoftechnicalspecificationsofsensors”。全句可译为“最后，在评估某种传感-输出组合能是否具备对制造过程的状态进行稳定的测量的能力时，有一系列技术参数必须加以考虑。”,“that”引导定语从句“mustprocess，“technical”是先行词。,5.2Microthermocouples,5.2Microthermocouples,5.2.1SpecializedEnglishWordssemiconductingresister半导体电阻thermocouple热电偶potentiometrictemperaturesensor电位型温度传感器opencircuitvoltage开路电压thermoelectricpower热电势，温差电势，热电功率lineardevices线性器件，线性装置full-scaleoperation满量程,siliconprocess硅工艺加工，硅工艺standardintegratedcircuit(IC)process标准集成电路（IC）工艺nonstandardmaterials非标准材料ptresistor铂电阻Thermistor热敏电阻Transistor晶体管operatingrange测量范围Sensitivity灵敏度dopedsilicon掺杂硅,standardbipolarprocess标准双极工艺baseresistor基极电阻emitterresistor发射极电阻epi-resistor外延电阻TCR电阻温度系数intrinsicsemiconductor本征半导体inherenttemperaturesensitivity固有的温度敏感性silicondiode硅二极管dopingconcentration掺杂浓度,planarICprocess面集成电路工艺conductanceband导带valenceband价带phonondragterm声子曳引项carriercharge载流子电荷resistivityconstant电阻率常数boron硼theoreticalvoltage理论电压Polysilicon多晶硅n-typeepilayern型外延电阻,5.2.2Notes,Unlikethemetalandsemiconductingresisters,athermocoupleisapotentiometrictemperaturesensorinthatanopencircuitvoltageVTappearswhentwodifferentmetalsarejoinedtogetherwiththejunctionheldatatemperaturebeingsensedTsandtheotherendsheldatareferencetemperatureTref.此句是一个成分比较复杂的主从句结构。主句是“athermocoupleisapotentiometrictemperaturesensor”，,介词短语“Unlike”引导状语“themetalandsemiconductingresisters”,“inthat”（相当于“inwhich”）引导原因状语定语从句，修饰“temperaturesensor”。,“when”引导时间状语从句“twodifferentmetalsarejoinedtogetherwiththejunctionheldatatemperaturebeingsensedTsandtheotherendsheldatareferencetemperatureTr”，其中“heldatatemperaturebeingsensedTs”为过去分词短语作定语，修饰“thejunction”，而“beingsensedTs”则是现在分词短语（被动式）作定语，修饰“temperature”。“andtheotherendsheldatareferencetemperatureTref.”中的“heldatareferencetemperatureTref.”也是定语，修饰“theotherends”。,Unlikethemetalandsemiconductingresisters,athermocoupleisapotentiometrictemperaturesensorinthatanopencircuitvoltageVTappearswhentwodifferentmetalsarejoinedtogetherwiththejunctionheldatatemperaturebeingsensedTsandtheotherendsheldatareferencetemperatureTref.全句可译为“与金属和半导体电阻不同，热电偶是一种电位型的温度传感器。当两种不同的金属连接在一起，结点一端温度为Ts，另一端为参考温度Tref时，就会有开路电压VT输出。”,ThebasicprincipleisknownastheSeebeckeffectinwhichthemetalhaveadifferentthermoelectricpowerorSeebeckcoefficientP;句子可译为“金属具有不同的热电势或塞贝克系数P，称为塞贝克效应，它是热电偶的基本工作原理”。,，“inwhich”引导定语从句“themetalhaveadifferentthermoelectricpowerorSeebeckcoefficientP”，修饰“theSeebeckeffect”。,主句,Typically，theycanoperatefrom-100to+2000withaccuracyofbetween1and3percentforafull-scaleoperation(FSO).句子可译为“通常情况下，热电偶的测量范围为-1002000，精度为（满量程的）13”。,介词短语“withaccuracyofbetween1and3percentforafull-scaleoperation(FSO)”做宾语补足语状语。,Theinclusionofnonstandardmaterials,during,forexample,aCMOSprocess,whichisintermediateCMOS,isgenerallyregardedashighlyundesirableandshouldbeavoidedifpossible.全句可译为“在加工工艺中加入非标准材料，如在CMOS工艺中加入非标准材料，这称为中间CMOS，被普遍认为是极不可取并应尽量避免的。”,“whichisintermediateCMOS”是关系代词，系“which”引导的定语从句,during,forexample,aCMOSprocess”=“forexample,duringaCMOSprocess”。,5.3PressureMicrosensors,5.3.1SpecializedEnglishWordsbulk块，体，堆micromachined微型加工的microaccelerometersensors微加速度传感器gyrometer陀螺测试仪，陀螺仪表piezoresistivesensor压阻传感器deflection应变straingauges应变片diaphragm振膜，隔膜，膜片membrane膜片，振片,piezoresistivecoeffcient压阻常数piezocoeffcient压电系数pickupelectrodes信号电极staticdeflection静荷载挠度，静载挠度，静变位torsionaloscillation扭转振荡resonantfrequency共振频率shuttlemasssupport振梁nonlinearresonator非线性谐振器linearoscillation线性振荡,piezoresistivepickup压阻传感器springconstant弹簧系数hardspring硬弹簧，硬质弹簧crosssection横截面，横切面，横剖面lateral横向barometricpressure气压，大气压，大气压力microshuttle微型压力传感器silicononinsulator(SOI)绝缘硅（一种新型硅基集成电路材料的简称）exhaustgasrecirculation排气再循环,fuelpressure燃料压力activesuspensionhydraulics液压主动悬架piezoresistors压敏电阻器anodicbonding阳极键合glasssupport玻璃支inlethole进入孔Pyrex硼硅酸玻璃referencecapacitors标准电容器Oxide氧化物boron硼,alignmentkey对准标记substatewafer次级硅片trench沟resonator谐振器resonatorwafer谐振硅片buriedcavity隐藏孔hole孔evacuatedcavity真空共振腔glassfrit玻璃粉contactpad触板nitride氮化物,5.3.2Notes,Thetwoimportantsiliconsensorsarethepressureandmicroaccelerometersensors,withsubstantialgrowthexpectedforgyrometers,whichwillbeusedfornavigation.全句可译为“压力传感器和微加速度传感器是两种重要的硅传感器，随着陀螺仪需求的大量增长，这两种传感器将会用于导航领域”。,“which”引导非限制性定语从句“willbeusedfornavigation”，修饰“gyrometers”，,“withsubstantialgrowthexpectedforgyrometers”在句中作伴随状语，其中“expectedforgyrometers”为过去分词短语，修饰“growth”。,Thepiezoresistiveconstant（44）istypically+138.1pC/Nandthatmakesmeasuringpressureintherangeof0to1Mparelativelystraightforward.此句可译为“压阻常数（44）的典型值为+138.1pC/N，这就保证了压力测量值在的0到1Mpa范围内有相当好的线性度。”,句中“and”引导两个并列的句子。后句中的“that”指代“Thepiezoresistiveconstant（44）istypically+138.1pC/N”,Inthiscase,acapacitivebridgecanbeformedwithtworeferencecapacitorsandtheoutputvoltageisrelatedtothedeflectionofthemembranexandhencetheappliedpressure(P-P0).此句可译为“在这种配置下，电容桥由两个参比电容组成，输出电压与振膜挠度x有关，因而与所施压力(P-P0)有关。”,介词短语“Inthiscase”作条件状语,“and”连接两个并列句子。,ThedynamicalequationthatgovernsthebehaviorisamodifiedversionofEquation(5.3.3)toincludeatensionterm,whichaffectstheeffectivespringconstantKm.此句可译为“约束振荡的动6态方程是方程（5.3.3）的修正方程，增加了一个影响弹簧常数Km的张力项。”,句中“whichaffectstheeffectivespringconstantKm”是“which”引导的定语从句，指代前面的句子，修饰“atensionterm”,“that”引导主定语从句修饰“thedynamicalequation”。,Ascostsaredrivendown,themovetowardpiezoresistivepolysiliconisdesirablebutcreatessomestabilityandprecisionissues.此句可译为“由于成本的降低，压阻式多晶硅变得更加符合需要，但随之也带来了一些稳定性和精确性方面的问题。”,“Ascostsaredrivendown”为原因状语从句，主句有两个并列的动词“is”和“creates”。,5.4QProxQT113Charge-TransferTouchSensor(1),5.4.2SpecializedEnglishWordscharge-transfer(QT)电荷转移project投射proximityfield接近路consensusfilter协同滤波器noiseimmunity抗（干）扰性autocal=autocalibrate自动校正，自动标定togglemode切换方式strapoption搭接选择，接线选择lead-freepackage无铅封装,appliancecontrol家电控制accesssystems接入系统，接入技术proxsensors接近传感器，接近开关pointingdevice指点装置，定位装置consumedevices消费设备self-contained独立的，自给的Dielectric绝缘的，（电）介质Ceramic陶瓷metal-bearing合金属的,burst脉冲（串）Electrode电极TA即TAPP，纤薄阵列塑料封装（ThinArrayPlasticPackage之略)SOIC小输出线封装(SmallOutlineIC之略)DIP双列直插式封装（Dualln-linePackage之略）nor-critical不挑剔的，要求不高的RFemissions射频辐射（RF为radiofrequency之略）Susceptibility敏感性，可感性,EMI电磁干扰（ElectroMagneticInterference之略）consecutive一致的single-slope单斜坡ADC模数转换（部件）（AnalogDigitalConversion）straycapacitance杂散电容，分布电容Trace引线copperpours（印刷电路板上）敷铜ESD静电放电（Electrostaticdischarge之略）,sparse稀疏的mesh网（状物）byimplication其实tenuous脆弱的，微弱的ample足够的，丰裕的PCB印刷电路板（PrintedCircuitboard之略）wind绕组core（铁）芯picofarad微微法（拉），皮（发拉）,5.4.3Notes,HeartBeat这里TM为TradeMark之略，“注册商标”之意，表示HeartBeat是一注册商标，受产权保护。,Sensitivityisrelatedtoelectrodesurfacearea,orientationwithrespecttotheobjectbeingsensed,objectcomposition,andthegroundcouplingqualityofboththesensorcircuitandthesensedobject.这是一个简单句，“isrelatedto”后有多个介词宾语。注意其中“theobjectbeingsensed”和“thesensedobject”，前者为现在分词短语作后置定语，后者为过去分词作前置定语，意思完全相同。全句可译为“灵敏度和电极表面面积、感应对象的朝向、材质以及感应电路和感应对象两者对地的耦合质量等有关。”,Thislawasappliedtocapacitivesensingrequiresthatthesensorsfieldcurrentmustcompletealoop,returningbacktoitssourceinorderforcapacitancetobesensed.全句可译为“用于电容传感时，该定律要求传感器的场电流必须构成一个回路，最后返回源头，才能感应到被测电容。”,“that”引起的宾语从句中“inorderto”后接的不定式动词原形因为逻辑主语“（for）capacitor”，而变成被动语态“(to)besensed”了。,“asappliedtocapacitivesensing”是主句的状语，可看成是状语从句“asitisapplied.”的省略。,5.5QProxQT113Charge-TransferTouchSensor(II),5.5.2SpecializedEnglishWordsmetallizedhousing（镀）金属外壳crumpleinto弄皱fringefields散射（电）场，干扰（电）场lateral横向的，侧面的inadvertent无意的，偶然的diminishingreturns得不偿失trade-off权衡，折中propagate传播，繁殖adverse不利的，有害的,survivability生存能力legitimate合理的，正当的，合法的slew-rate转换斜率，边沿斜率，threshold门槛，阀值，临界值hysteresis滞后，延滞asymmetric不对称的obstruction堵塞（物），阻挡（物）elevated升高的，高贵的suppress抑制，排除，镇压brushes轻擦，擦过successive连续的，逐次的,survivability生存能力legitimate合理的，正当的，合法的slew-rate转换斜率，边沿斜率，threshold门槛，阀值，临界值hysteresis滞后，延滞asymmetric不对称的obstruction堵塞（物），阻挡（物）elevated升高的，高贵的suppress抑制，排除，镇压brushes轻擦，擦过successive连续的，逐次的,5.5.3Notes,Thehumanbodynaturallyhasseveralhundredpicofaradsoffreespacecapacitancetothelocalenvironment(Cx3inFigure1-3),whichismorethantwoordersofmagnitudegreaterthanthatrequiredtocreateareturnpathtotheQT113viaearth.全句意为“人体自然而然地会和周边环境产生出一个几百个微微法的自由空间电容（图1.3中的Cx3），这比QT113建立经过大地的回路所需要的电容值要大两个数量级之多。”,“which”引导的定语从句修饰“severalhundredpicofarads”，,从句中的“that”为代词，其后“requiredtocreateareturnpathtotheQT113viaearth”是它的定语。,Insomecasesitmaybedesirabletoincreasesensitivityfurther,forexamplewhenusingthesensorwithverythickpanelshavingalowdielectricconstant.这是一个简单句.全句可译为“某些情况下，希望将灵敏度进一步增加，例如在传感器的面板很厚而介电常数又很小的情况下。”,注意“whenusing.”可以认为是“whenyouareusingthesensorwithverythickpanelshavingalowdielectricconstant”省去了“youare”。,Increasingtheelectrodessurfaceareawillnotsubstantiallyincreasetouchsensitivityifitsdiameterisalreadymuchlargerinsurfaceareathantheobjectbeingdetected.全句可译为“在电极面积已经比被测物的面积大很多的情况下，如果再增大电极面积并不会明显提高触摸灵敏度。”,动名词短语作主句的主语,“ifitsdiameterisalreadymuchlargerinsurfaceareathantheobjectbeingdetected.”为条件从句，其中“beingdetected”为被动语态的现在分词，作“object”的后置定语。,Toaccomplishthis,theQT113incorporatesadetectintegrationcounterthatincrementswitheachdetectionuntilalimitisreached,afterwhichtheoutputisactivated.本句共有四个句子，结构上是较复杂的。全句可译为“为了实现这一目标，QT113整合了一个检测计数器。这个计数器在每次检测时就开始增量，到达上限值时，才激活输出。”,主句,“thatincrementswitheachdetectionuntilalimitisreached”为“adetectintegrationcounter”的定语从句，“untilalimitisreached”则是从句的状语从句,与“thatincrementswitheachdetection”并列的从句，表示进一步的结果。,
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