科普知识型阅读理解.ppt

阅读理解-科普知识型阅读理解,专题八科普知识型阅读理解,专题八科普知识型阅读理解,专题八专题导读,科普类文章主要包括自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨，逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。从词汇角度来看，在科普类文章中，词汇的意义比较专一、稳定、简明、不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，长难句较多，语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等。,专题八专题导读,科普文常用的修辞手段有：1.下定义：有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题，往往用简明扼要的语言给对象一个说法，使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。2.举事例：举出有代表性的恰当的例子，能够反映一般的情况，真切地说明事物特征。3.做比较：选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较，往往能增强说明事物的效果。4.打比方：适当运用比喻，能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。,专题八专题导读,科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有：1.总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。2.承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。3.递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外，还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。,专题八真题典例,2011湖南卷ArecentstudyofancientandmodernelephantshascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheAfricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct(不同的)species.ThediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatYorkandHarvardUniversitieswhentheywereexaminingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodontomodernelephantstheAsianelephant，Africanforestelephant，andAfricansavannaelephant.,专题八真题典例,OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons，theteamcomparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths.,专题八真题典例,ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.ThedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsandwoollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.,专题八真题典例,Therehaslongbeendebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespecies，butthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies.Previously，manynaturalistsbelievedthatAfricansavannaelephantsandAfricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationsofthesamespecies，despitetheelephantssignificantsizedifferences.Thesavannaelephanthasan,专题八真题典例,averageshoulderheightof3.5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof2.5metres.Thesavannaelephantweighsbetweensixandseventons，roughlydoubletheweightoftheforestelephant.Butthefactthattheylooksodifferentdoesnotnecessarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies.HowevertheprooflayintheanalysisoftheDNA.,专题八真题典例,AlfredRoca，assistantprofessorintheDepartmentofAnimalSciencesattheUniversityofIllinois，said，“Wenowhavetotreattheforestandsavannaelephantsastwodifferentunitsforconservationpurposes.Since1950，allAfricanelephantshavebeenconservedasonespecies.Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals，theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority(优先)forconservationpurposes.”,专题八真题典例,【要点综述】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。,专题八真题典例,()1.Oneofthefossilsstudiedbytheresearchersisthatof_.AtheAsianelephantBtheforestelephantCthesavannaelephantDthemastodonelephant,【解析】D细节理解题。根据第三段“OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons,theteamcomparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.”可判断选D。,专题八真题典例,()2.Theunderlinedword“divergence”inparagraph4means“_.”AevolutionBexhibitionCseparationDexamination,专题八真题典例,【解析】C词义猜测题。根据第四段“ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选C。,专题八真题典例,()3.TheresearchersconclusionwasbasedonastudyoftheAfricanelephants_.ADNABheightCweightDpopulation,专题八真题典例,【解析】A细节理解题。根据第三段“OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons,theteamcomparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的DNA的研究结果的基础上的，故选A。,专题八真题典例,()4.WhatareAlfredRocaswordsmainlyabout?ATheconservationofAfricanelephants.BThepurposeofstudyingAfricanelephants.CThewaytodivideAfricanelephantsintotwounits.DThereasonforthedistinctionofAfricanelephants.,专题八真题典例,【解析】A逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals,theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority(优先)forconservationpurposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选A。,专题八真题典例,()5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?ANaturalistsBeliefsaboutElephantsBAmazingExperimentsaboutElephantsCAnUnexpectedFindingaboutElephantsDALongScientificDebateaboutElephants,【解析】5C主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。,专题八新题预测,(一)MotoristswhousedtolistentotheradioortheirfavoritetunesonCDsmayhaveanewwaytoentertainthemselves,afterengineersinJapandevelopedamusicalroadsurface.AteamfromtheHokkaidoIndustrialResearchInstitutehasbuiltanumberof“melodyroads”，whichusecarsastuningforkstoplaymusicastheytravel.,专题八新题预测,Theconceptworksbyusinggrooves(凹槽)Theyarecutatveryspecificintervalsintheroadsurface.Themelodyroadusesthespacesbetweentocreatedifferentnotes.Dependingonhowfarapartthegroovesare,acarmovingoverthemwillproduceaseriesofhighorlownotes,anddesignersareabletocreateadistincttune.,专题八新题预测,Patendocumentsforthedesigndescribeitasnotches“formedinaroadsurfacesoastoplayamelodywithoutproducingsimplesoundorrhythmandreproducemelodyliketones”TherearethreemusicalstripsincentralandnorthernJapanoneofwhichplaysthetuneofaJapanesepopsong.ReportssaythesystemwasinventedbyShizuoShinoda.Hescrapedsomemarkingsintoaroadwithabulldozerbeforedrivingoverthemandfoundthattheyhelpedtoproduceallkindsoftones.,专题八新题预测,Theoptimalspeedformelodyroadis44kph，butpeoplesayitisnotalwayseasytogettheintendedsound.“Youneedtokeepthecarwindowsclosedtohearwell，”wroteoneJapaneseblogger.“Drivingtoofastwillsoundlikeplayingfastforward,whiledrivingaround12mph20km/hhasaslowmotioneffect,makingyoualmostcarsick.”,专题八新题预测,()1.Accordingtothepassage,melodyroadsuse_tocreatedifferentnotes.AcarsBgroovesCspacesbetweenintervalsDbulldozers,【解析】C细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句话Themelodyroadusesthespacesbetweentocreatedifferentnotes.可以得出答案为C。,专题八新题预测,()2.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthehighnessofnotesdependson_.AhowfarthegroovesareBhowbigthegroovesareCthenumberofthegroovesDthespeedofthecar,【解析】2A细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句话可知，声音的高低取决于凹槽的间距，因此正确答案为A。,专题八新题预测,()3.Theunderlinedword“optimal”inthepassagemightmean_.AfastestBpossibleCbestDSuitable,【解析】C词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段，并联系上下文可以推断，optimal在这里是“最佳的，最理想的”，因此正确答案为C。,专题八新题预测,()4.Inordertohearthemusicwell,youhaveto_.AdriveveryfastBdriveslowlyCopenthewindowswideDkeepthewindowsclosed,【解析】4D细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第一句话可以得出选项D正确。其余三项都与原文说法不符。,专题八新题预测,()5.Whatsthebesttitleofthepassage?AANewTypeofMusicBMelodyRoadsinJapanCAMusicalRoadSurfaceDANewInventioninJapan,【解析】5B主旨大意题。文章讲述的是日本发明音乐路面的事情，故选B。,专题八新题预测,(二)Followingsomeofthetipsforgreenlivinghelpssaveourplanet.Alloftheseinvolvejustafewchangestoourdailyhabits.,专题八新题预测,Justwalkandlimittheuseofyourcar.Oneoftheposterimagesofpollutionisourvehicles.Itburnsfuel.Itisnotasefficientaswehopeitcouldbe,andweuseiteverysingleday.Tolessentheeffectsoftheairpollutioncausedbyourvehicles,weshouldlimittheiruse.Ifwecanwalktoourdestinationthenjustletusgo.Notonlydowelessenourcarbondioxideemissions,butwealsogetagoodexerciseoutofit.,专题八新题预测,Usealaptopinsteadofacomputerdesktop.Laptopsaremoreenergyefficientcomparedtotheirbiggercounterparts.Alaptopisgenerally50percentmoreefficientinusingelectricity.Asidefromthatthereareotherbenefitsofalaptop.Itisportablesoyoucanworkanywhereyoulikeandthatyougetpowerfulfeatureswithoutthelargesizeofdesktopunits.,专题八新题预测,Turnoffthefaucetwhileyouarebrushingyourteeth.Itisalwaysabetterideatouseaglasswhenwearebrushingourteethandnottojustletthefaucetkeeponrunning.Therefore,thereislesswatertowastewhilewearecleaningourpearlywhites.Simplyturnoffthefaucetwhenyouarenotusingit.,专题八新题预测,Makegooduseofnaturallight.Wehaveagreatandnaturallampthesun,andweshouldlearnhowtotakefulladvantageofitduringdaytime.Soinsteadofturningonourlightsorlampsevenifitisstillnotevening,weshouldpullupthedrapesandletthenaturallightcomeinfromthewindows.,专题八新题预测,Thesearejustsomeofthebesttipsforgreenliving,butofcoursetherearestillmanyofthesetipsifyoujustsearchforthem.Butyoucandoyourownvariationanytimejustalwaysprioritizehowyoucanuselessenergyandproduceevenlesstrashandpollution.,专题八新题预测,()1.Whatsthebesttitleforthepassage?AHowtoSaveOurPlanetBHowtoChangeOurDailyHabitsCTipsforGreenLivingTodayDGreenLivingandSeriousPollution,【解析】1C主旨大意题。本文前后呼应，主要向读者介绍了当今日常生活中简单易行的四种绿色生活方式。,专题八新题预测,()2.Comparedwithacomputerdesktop,alaptopis_.AlessenergyefficientBfasteratworkCeasytorepairDeasytocarry,【解析】D细节理解题。从第三段中的Itisportable可知D项正确。,专题八新题预测,()3.Howmanytipsdoesthepassagementionforgreenlivingtoday?AThree.BFour.CFive.DSix.,【解析】B细节理解题。短文从第二段至第五段各提出了一种绿色生活方式，一共四种。,专题八新题预测,()4.Theunderlinedword“prioritize”inthelastparagraphcanbereplacedbytheword_.AdecreaseBconsiderCimagineDguess,【解析】4B词义猜测题。根据前面的意思“你可以用自己的多种方法”以及后面的howyoucanuselessenergyandproduceevenlesstrashandpollution可以排除decrease(减少)，推断出prioritize应为“认真考虑；优先考虑”的意思，所以使用consider最符合语境。,专题八新题预测,()5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?AAfewchangestodailyhabitscanhelpalot.BWhilewashingteethweshouldturnoffthefaucet.CVehiclesbringpollutionandweshouldtrytoavoid.DInthedaytimeweshouldnotpullupthedrapes.,【解析】D细节理解题。由第五段可知，白天应充分利用自然光，应该拉开窗帘，故选D。,