资源描述
作文总复习,Relationshipswithinsentences:causeandeffect;comparisonandcontrast;definition;classificationandexemplification.Causeandeffect:表示原因或结果的动词和动词短语：bringabout,leadto,make,giveriseto,arisefrom,resultin，resultfrom,表示原因的介词和短语：becauseof,dueto,owingto,thanksto,for,onaccountof表示原因的连词和短语：since,because,nowthat,inthat,thereasonisthat,Thisiswhy表示结果的词和短语：asaresult,consequently,theresultis.在理解原因和结果时，要注意一因多果和一果多因。有些结果，在这里是结果，在那里可能变成原因。,Sample1Whatdoesagoodnightssleepmeantoourmood?Generallywearehappier,lessaggressive,sleepier,and,abitsurprisingly,lessfriendly.Beingsleepieriseasilyexplained.Itsimplytakesalittletimetobecomefullyalertafterawakening.Researchersfoundthatahalfhouraftergettingup,peoplearelesssleepythanbeforeretiring.这段话表现了一因多果。Thecauseis“goodnightssleep”.Andeffectis“Wearehappier,lessaggressive,sleepier,and,abitsurprisingly,lessfriendly.”,Sample2Theengineerswhorepairedtheclockbelievethatthebreakdownwastheresultofmetalfatigue.Metalsdeteriorateowingtorepeatedstressesaboveacertaincriticalvalue.Partoftheclockmechanismfractured.Asaresult,thespeedofthethegearwheelsincreasedfromabout1.5revolutionsperminuteto16,000rpmtheresultingcentrifugalforcethrewpiecesoftheclockmechanisminalldirections.Italsodamagedthemechanismwhichdrivestheclickshands.,Themetalfatiguehadneverbeennoticed,asfatiguecracksareinvisibletothenaked.Theengineershavenowfittedadevicethatwillpreventtheaccidentsfromhappeningagain.Anyincreaseinspeedwillcauseabraketobeappliedtothegearwheel.TheyengineersareconfidentsthatBigBenwillremainaccurateandreliableforanother200years.Para.1,Para.3,ComparisonandContrast为了论证作者的观点，作者往往把他所论述的内容跟读者所熟悉的内容进行比较和对照，通过这两种手段阐释主题。Comparison阐明事物的相似或相同之处；而contrast说明事物的不同，以下一些标志词可以帮助我们理解comparisonandcontrast。Contrast:butthan;andthan;than;insteadof;unlike;butas;more;and;while;however;incontrast;onthecontrary;differentfrom;opposite;eventhoughComparison:and;like;asas;butthan;more/er;comparewith;similarto/similarly;inthesameway;also;too;incomparison,Sample1Thecameraandtheeyearesimilarinmanyrespects.Theybothneedlightraysinordertofunction.Bothhaveasensitivesurfaceonwhichtheimageisformed.Intheeyetheimageisformedontheretina（视网膜）Inthecameratheimageisformedonthefilm.Asinacamera,theimageontheretinaisinverted.Comparisonsbetweencameraandeyes:1.needlightraystofunction2.Hasasensitivesurface3.Theimageisinverted在描述两者的相同之处时用了similar和both这样的词。Contrastbetweencameraandeyes:1.Intheeye,theimageisformedontheretina2.Inthecamera,theimageisformedonthefilm.,SampleSocialinsectsliveinintegratedcommunitieswhichinsomewaysaresimilartohumancommunities.Inbothtypesofcommunitythereisdivisionoflabor.Ininsectsocietiescertaininsectsareresponsibleforreproduction;theworkerscollectfoodwhilethesoldiersdefendthecolony.Inthesamewayhumangroupssuchasfarmersandshopkeepershavespecializedfunctionsinproducinggoodsandprovidingservicestothecommunity.Itisnotsurprising,therefore,thatmanyanalogieshavebeenmadebetweensocialinsectsandhumansocieties.Itmustnotbeforgotten,however,thatinsectsocialbehaviorisdeterminedbyinnateinstinctivemechanisms.Insectsshownocapacityforlearningorfordevelopingssocialtraditionbasedonlearning.,这里作者把insectsociety和humansociety的相似和相异之处进行比较和对照。Comparison:InsectSociety-thedivisionoflabor;HumanSociety-specializedpurposesfordifferentgroupsContrast:InsectSociety-socialbehaviordeterminedbyinnateinstinctivemechanisms;HumanSociety-abletolearnordevelopasocialtraditionbasedonlearning.,Definition常用于definition的方式有以下四种：类比；用同义词解释；描写；描述功能、用途1类比常用句型有：AislikeBThebrainislikeacomputer.AissimilartoBThebrainissimilartoacomputer.AisBThecomputerisatechnicalbrain.AhasbeencomparedtoBThecomputerhasbeencomparedtothebrain2用同义词解释,如：Thepharmacistdispensesmedicine.Weneedgrassroots,orpopularsupport.,3描写，如：Thelong,yellow,ediblefruitfromthetropiciscalledabanana.Cornisatall,leafyplantwhichbearsitsneedsonlargeears.4描述功能、用途,如：Achairisusedtoseton.Thesubjectofcurrentresearchistherighthemispherewhichcontrolsspatialrelationships.,Sample1Programmingpeoplemeansgettingotherstoactconsistentlyasyouwantthemtoact.Sternparentsoremployersoftenareprettygoodatthis,atleastwhilethesubjectsareunderobservation.Sample2Windisthemovementoftheairovertheearthssurface.Thismovementisrelatedtoairpressure.Neartheearthssurfacethepressureisgreateratthepolesthanattheequator.Awayfromthesurfaceitisloweratthepoles.Becauseofthepressuredifferencesthereisaconstantflowofair.Thisisthemaincauseofwind.Windsarealsodeflectedbytherotationoftheearth.ThisdeflectioniscalledtheCoriolisforce.,Classification比如：apple,orange,banana,pineapple可以归为fruit;而painting,sculpture,dance,opera属于art.常见句型isclassifiedascanbedividedintoseveralkinds(groups)haveafewcategoriescanbegroupedinto,Sample1Thesemarketingexpertssaythat“theaveragecitizenwillhavetostepuphisbuyingbynearlyfiftypercentinnextdozenyears,ortheeconomywillsicken.”Thismeansthattheproducerofhouseholdcommodities,i.e.atelevisionrefrigerator,air-conditionerandwashingmachinemanufacturer,willhavetofindsomenewmeansofmakingfurthersales.这里television,refrigerator,air-conditioner,washing-machine按分类都属于householdcommodities。,Exemplification举出具体实例来证明一个理论或观点。在阅读中正确区分论点和例证有助于分清主干，分清一个部分跟另一个部分之间的关系。就英语文章而言，每一段往往都有一个主题句（论点），根据论点的内容所指，作为例证的具体实例可以是person,object,fact,evidenceorexperience。标志性短语：Forexample;forinstance;taketheexampleof;inthecaseof;toillustratethis;suchas;muchlike;AistheexampleofB,Sample1Historically,scientists,inventorsaswellasartistshaveperformedbestinrelaxedmomentofdaydreaming.Newtonsolvedmanyofhistoughestproblemswhenhewasinprivatereflectionsandfantasies.ThomasEdisonalsoknewthevalueofhalf-wakingstates,wheneverconfrontedwithobstacles,hewouldletfantasiesfloodinhismind.DebussyusedtogazeattheriverSeineandtheplayfulgoldenreflectionsofthesettingsuntoestablishanatmosphereforcreativity.Schillerkeptapplesinhisdeskdrawer.Theiraromahelpedhimtoevokeamoodofdaydreaming.Thethesisstatementis:Examples:Theauthorsattitude:,
展开阅读全文