2019-2020年初中英语 知识点总结课件 人教新目标版.doc

2019-2020年初中英语 知识点总结课件 人教新目标版1 名词 (1) 不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆： manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet, toothteeth (2) 单数、复数同形的名词： fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese (3) 常用复数形的名词： trousers, shoes, glasses (4) 只有复数形的名词： thanks, clothes (5) 单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词： people, police (6) 有生命的名词所有格形式： 单数名词加s， 复数名词加s， 不是以s结尾的复数名词加s， 如： childrens room (7) 无生命的名词所有格用of结构表达： 如： the capital of China (8) 表示并列名词各自所有，在各名词词尾加s： 如： Toms and Marys bikes (两人各自的自行车) (9) 表示并列名词共同所有，则在后一个名词的词尾加s： 如： Tom and Marys mother (即Tom与Mary是兄妹) (10) 关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格： 如： ten minutes walk, ten miles journey， a boats length， two pounds weight, ten dollars worth (11) 双重所有格： a friend of my fathers 2 形容词与副词 (1) 原级，比较级，最高级词形变化： 单元音单辅音的单音节词 fatfatterfattest thinthinnerthinnest hothotterhottest bigbiggerbiggest 以y结尾的双音节词 easyeasiereasiest heavyheavierheaviest prettyprettierprettiest 2、动词不定式的用法之归纳汇总动词不定式(to do)是初中英语课的一个重点，也是中考要考查的一个项目。动词不定式属于非谓语动词的一种形式，很多同学经常把它和谓语动词混在一起，掌握起来有困难。下面我们对动词不定式的用法做简单归纳，帮助同学们记忆： 一、动词不定式在句子中不能充当谓语，没有人称和数的变化。 二、动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成(有时可以不带to)。动词不定式的否定形式是“not+动词不定式”(not不与助动词连用)。 三、动词不定式短语具有名词、形容词和副词等的功能，可在句中用做多种句子成分。 1、主语：常置于句末，而用it代替其做形式主语。例： To go in for sports helps you stay fit.(book4，L28) It helps you stay fit to go in for sports. It is dangerous to swim in the deep sea on your own. 注：此句式中不定式逻辑上的主语可由for或of引出，逻辑主语由of引出时，表语的形容词为kind，nice，good，polite，clever，foolish，right，wrong等表示评价的形容词。 例：Its right of him to refuse the invitation.(him为逻辑主语) 2、表语：Our duty is to protect the enviroment. 3、动词宾语：此种情况可按固定搭配或句式去记。 例：would you like to see my photos? Kevin planned to visit his uncle.(book4，L11) 和plan用法一样的词还有：start，want，agree，hope，begin，decide等。 I found it very difficult to get a job.(it为形式宾语) 4、宾语补足语： (1)在多数复合宾语及物动词后要带to。 例：I asked a friend to read it to me.(book4，L2) (2)在表示感觉、致使等意义的动词(see，watch，hear，feel，notice，observe，make，let，have，help等)后不带to。 例：They heard him sing a pop song in the meeting room. 5、定语：动词不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词的后面。 例：Vinny is the first disabled person to sail around the world.(book4，L1) 6、形容词补足语：在表示心理、感情、评价等的形容词后，对其进行补充说明。 例：Weareverygladtomeetyouagain. 7、状语：表示目的、原因、程度等。 例：They brought in photos of their families for me to look at.(book4，L2) 8、“疑问词不定式”用法：不定式前可带what，who，which，where，when，how等疑问词，这种不定式短语在句中多用做宾语。 例：He didnt tell me where to go. 9、在初中阶段还涉及到“不定式被动语态一般式(tobe+过去分词)”。 例：There are twenty more trees to be planted. 英语中省略冠词的情况一览(1) 称呼语之前不加冠词。 Waiter, bring my bill, please. (2) 家庭称谓如父母兄弟前不加冠词，甚至佣人也都不需加冠词。 Father is out, but Mother is at home. Cook has made mince-pies for Christmas. (3) 三餐名称前不加冠词。 e to dinner (breakfast, lunch) with me. (4) 运动、游戏、颜色、感官的名词前不加冠词。 He likes basketball. White is a beautiful color. Do you play bridge? Sight is one of the five senses. (5) 表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语或作同位语时不加冠词。 He was elected president. George , King of England. (6) School; church; hospital等字，指原有的用途时不加冠词，若指建筑物本身或场所时，则要加冠词。 School begins at eight. （school作抽象名词用） The school stands on the hill. （school指建筑物） (7) 两个相对的名词并用时不加冠词。 Arm in arm; day by day; man to man; young and old英文中各种数字表达的读法(1) 年号的读法： 1979nineteen seventy-nine / nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine; (2) 电话号码；货币的读法： 1023one o two three; 1227one double two (或 two two) seven; (3) 小数点的读法： 13.91thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three; (4) 算术式的读法： 2+3=5 Two plus three is (或equals, is equal to) five. 5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two. 32=6 Three times two is six. 93=3 Nine divided by three makes three. (5)货币的读法 $4.25four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents); 名词的相关形式与表达在中考单项选择试题中，除了时态，名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点： 一、 可数名词与不可数名词 在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类，（1）分辨是哪一类名词，并根据结论做选择。（2）可数名词复数的不规则变化。（3）不可数名词的量化表达。所以，考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词，哪些是不可数名词。其次，还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es，如： 1. desk-desks bed-beds piano-pianos hat-hats bag-bags photo-photos 2. bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches brush-brushes 3. t omato-tomatoes potato-potatoes hero-heroes Negro-Negroes 4. leaf-leaves knife-knives 5. baby-babies family-families 另外，还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式，如： Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen Russian-Russians American-Americans German - Germans child-children foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth goose - geese deer-deer sheep-sheep 还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有： a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 。 另外，大家应注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化：单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数，意义上都是复数，因此，一般要与复数谓语动词连用，例如： Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国朋友。（这里的五班指五班的同学的。） His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。（很显然，这里的family指家庭成员。） 当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时， 意义上则是单数，因此，要与单数谓语动词连用。例如： Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。（这里的team 指整个队，但意义上仍为单数，故谓语动词用plays. 名词所有格 名词所有格有两种形式：一是加s，一种是用of来表示。一般情况下，指某人的某物用s表示，而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示。另外，要注意凡是以s结尾的名词或规则名词的复数，不能直接加s，而应该加- 即可。例如，boys clothes girls dresses。 不过，注意例外情况，例如， the bosss handwriting，其中the bosss 的-s不可省略。因为在英语中，如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式，那么其名词所有格仍加-s。那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗？对，Joness car。 下面我们来做一部分习题。 1. June 1st is _ Day. A. Childs B. Childs C. Childrens D. Childrens 答案：D 2. I need _ paper, Mum. I want to write _ letter to my English teacher. A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any 答案：B 3. There are two _ and three _ on the t【初中英语词组总结】1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 7 along with同一道，伴随 eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for 求助 向要（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在岁时 14 at the beginning of 的起初；的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原） 能够 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as原级as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = e from 来自 37 be full of 装满的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原） 将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于 41 be good for 对什么有好处 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣 47 be late for = e late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到 48 be like 像 eg : Im like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气 50 be made from 由制成(制成以后看不见原材料) 51 be made of 由制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎 55 be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表*的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb 61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语 70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事 My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句 76 because+句子 because of +短语 eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 startwith=beginwith 以什么开始什么 78 betweenand 两者之间 79 borrow sth from sb 向借 lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给什么东西 80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同 81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : Im sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站 82 by the end of 到为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang 85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地 87 e in 进88 e over to 过来 89 e up with 提出 eg: Can you e up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？ 90 municate with sb 和某人交流 91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？ 92 dance to 随着跳舞 93 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在方面做得更好 96 do wrong 做错 97 Dont forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Dont mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意 99 each +名（单）每一个eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从逃跑103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么 106 far from 离某地远 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样 108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词） 110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 112 fromto 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her 113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了） Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了） 114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好 116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备118 get sb in to trouble 给某人带来麻烦120 getfrom 从某处得到某物121 give a talk 做报告 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳 124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from远离 go out of 从.离开 126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学） 127 good way to 好方法 128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事 129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈 131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 132 have been to ( 地方）去过某过地方 have gone to （地方） 去了某地还没回来 133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做 135 have to do sth 必须做某事 136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦 137 havetime +doing 138 have(时间)off 放假 139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事 140 help a lot 很大用处 141 help sb with sth ones sth 帮助某人某事（某方面） help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事 142 hope to do sth 希望做某事 143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing) 144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法 145 if : 是否wether eg: I dont know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会 He dont know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达 146 if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）条件语态从句 eg: Ill go to LuZhou if it doest rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州 If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的 Ill go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国 147 in ones opinion = sb think 某人认为 148 in some ways 在某些方面 149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后 150 in the north of 什么在什么的北方 （north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东 ） 151 in the sun 在太阳下 152 increase 增加 eg : Theyve increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3% 153 instead of +（名 ） 代替 eg: Id like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而不要梨子 154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍 155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事 156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间 eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook 157 Its +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样 158 Its +adj +to do 做某事怎么样 159 Its +adj for sb 对于某人来说怎么样 Its +adj of sb 对某人来说太怎么样 160 Its +adj(for sb) to do（对某人来说） 做某事怎么样 Its +adj of sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事太怎么样 eg : Its nice of you to help me with my English 161 Its a good idea for sb to do sth 对 来说是个好主意 162 Its important to sb 对某人来说很重要 eg: Its important to me 163 Its time to do sth Its time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间 eg : Its time to have class Its time for class 该去上课了 164 join = take part in 参加 165 just now 刚才 166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语 让什么保持什么样？ 167 keep out 不让 进入 168 keep sb adj 让保持 keep healthy 保持健康 169 key to +名词 表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案 170 key to anser to key 可以是答题或钥匙 171 laugh at 取笑 172 learn by oneslfe 自学 173 learn from sb 向某人学习 174 learn to do sth 学做某事 175 let sb do sth 让某人做某事 176 Let sb down 让某人失望 eg ： We shouldnt let our farents down 我们不应该让我们的父母失望 177 live from :离某地远 178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方 居住在某地 179 look after = take care of 照顾 照看 180 lose ones way 谁 迷 路 181 make a decision to do sth 决定做某事 182 make friends with sb 和谁成为朋友 eg : I want to make friends with you 183 make it early 把时间定的早一点 184 make on exhibition of oneself 让某人出洋相 185 make sb /n +n 使什么成为什么 eg : I made her my step moller I made you my wife 186 make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么样 eg : You must made your bed clean 187 make sb /sth adj 使某人/某物怎么样 188 make sb do sth 让某人做某事 189 make up be made up of (被动语态）由组成 190 makedifference to 191 mind sb to do mind ones doing 介意做什么 192 most +名 most of +代 193 much too +形容词 194 must be 一定 195 need +名词 196 need sb do sth 需要某人做某事 197 need to do (实义动词） need do (情态动词） 198 no /neithr of hate to do no /neithr of hate doing 199 no +名词 200 not anymore = no more 再也不 eg: He didnt cry any more 201 not (形 、副）at all eg: Hes not tall at all she doesnt junp far at all 202 notat all 一点都不 203 noteither 表否定，也不 eg : I dont japanse either I dont have sister, either 我也没有姐姐 204 notuntil 直到才 205 offer / provide sb with sth 给某人提供206 offer sb sth ( offer sth to sb 提供什么东西给某人 eg : I offer you water (I offer water to you 我给你提供水 207 on ones way to 在谁去那的路上 208 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 209 on the phone = over the phone 用电话交谈 210 on time 准时 in time 及时 211 one day some day someday 一天，有一天 212 one of +可数名词的复数形式 213 one to another 一个到另一个 214 over and over agin 一遍又一遍的 eg : He cleaned the floor over and over agin 215 part-time job 兼职工作 fall-time job 全职工作 216 pay for 付钱 pay the bill 开钱 ，付钱 217 please +do 218 please help yourself 219 pleased with sb 220 pool into = pore into 221 practice +doing 练习做某事 222 prefer sth to sth 相对更喜欢 eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化学中，我更喜欢物理 prefer sb not to do sth 更愿意 eg: I prefer her not to e 我不喜欢她不来 223 pretend to do sth 装着去做什么 pretend that 从句 eg : The two cheats pretended to be working very hard 这两个骗子装着努力工作 224 ratherthan 宁可也不 eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯当医生，也不当老师 225 regardas 把当作 I regard you as my friend 我把你当作我的朋友 226 remid sb about sth 提醒某人什么事 remid sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事 eg : he remids me about cooking (he remids me to cook 他提醒我做饭 227 remid sb of sth 使某人想起什么 the words that (which) the teacher talke to remind me of my mother 228 return sth to sb 还什么东西给某人 229 say to oneself 对自己说 230 say to sb 对某人说 231 sb spend somemoney on sth 花了多少钱在某事上 232 sb spend sometime with sb 花了多少时间陪谁 233 sb spend sometime(in) doing sth 花了多少时间做某事 234 sb with sb +is sb and sb +are 235 see sb do 看见某人做过某事 see sb doing 看见某人正在做某事 236 seem to do/be +adj 显得怎么样 eg : You seem to be tired You seem to be happy 237 send +sb sth 送给某人某物 238 sendto把什么寄到哪里去？ 239 shock 使震惊 eg : Oh , Its only you ! You give me a shock 啊，是你呀！吓我一跳 240 show sb sth 向某人展示某物 241 show sb sth = show sth to sb 拿什么东西给某人看 242 show sth to sb 向某人展示某物 243 someothers 一些另一些 244 startwith 从开始 beginwith 从开始 245 stay away from 远离 eg : Were told to stay away from the animals whe visiting the zoo 当我们参观zoo 时，我们要远离动物 246 stop doing 停下正在做的事 247 stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事 248 stop sb(from) doing 阻止某人做某事 249 stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事 250 such +名 这样 ，这种 251 suit sb 适合某人 252 surprise sb 使某人惊奇 to ones surprise 令某人惊奇 253 take classes 上课 254 take sb to 把某人带去 eg : I take you to the hospital 255 take walks = take a walk go for a walk 散步 256 talk to 对谁说 talk with 和谁说 talk of 谈到 talk about 谈论关于 257 talk with sb 和某人说话 258 teach sb sth 教某人做某事 259 tell sb do sth 告诉某人做某事 261 tell sb sth 告诉某人某事 tell sb that 丛句 tell sb not to do sth 262 tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人做什么 263 tellfrom 区别264 thank you for +doing 265 the same +名词(doing)+as 266 the same(名)as as(adj adv)as 相同 267 the way to do sth the way of doing st做某方面 的方法 the way to +地方 去哪的路 e g :Do you know the way to learn English Do you know the way of learning English 268 the way to（地点） 到哪的 270 transalte into 把什么翻译成什么 eg : Trasalte English into chinese 271 travel with sb和某人去旅游272 try ones best to do sth尽某人最大的努力去做某事eg: I will try my best to learn English well 273 try to do sth 想干什么，但没成功 try doing sth 想干什么，已经做过了 274 try试衣服 have a try 试一下 275 turn down 开小 turn up 开大 276 turn off 关上 turn on 打开 open 拆开 277 upside down 倒着 278 visit to 参观某个地方 279 wait for sb 等某人【比较since和for】Since用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.我住在这儿二十多年了。 IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意：并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.（我现在已不在这里工作。） Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.（现在我仍在这里工作。） 注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1）（对）TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow. 2）（错）Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears. 【since的四种用法】 1）since+过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix）。例如： Ihavebeenheresince1989.1989起，我一直在这儿。 2）since+一段时间+ago。例如： Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3）since+从句。例如： Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.你走后，变化可大了。 4）Itis+一段时间+since从句。例如： Itistwo