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二、段落概括的9大技巧,专题五第二节分类突破,读写任务型写作中，开头的30词的段落概括是一篇好的书面表达的开始。我们必须从文体入手，分析文章结构，准确把握要点，注意区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等逻辑关系。在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。1.概括的标准：瞄准目的，省却细节，抛弃例子。2.概括的写作步骤：(1)确定主题句；(2)寻找关键词；(3)重构主题句；(4)重组支撑句。,3.注意概括段落的文体(1)对于故事性、记叙性的文体：要找出文中的时间、地点、人物、事件(过程)、原因、结果(影响、感悟、启发、启迪、结论)。即when，where，who，what，why，how。(2)对于议论文，转述时则要准确而全面地概括作者的观点和态度。在文中找关键词(主题字眼)；找出涉及主题的问题(作者看法)；找出相关问题的解决办法。可以借助相关过渡词，恰当地概括文章要点，切勿照抄原文句子。,4.如何写主题句进行读写任务型写作时，因“写作内容”所列要点的顺序已具有内在的逻辑性，所以考生按照所给内容要点顺序写作即可，无需重新调整。一般是每个写作要点安排一段，且将写作内容的每个要点作为各段的主题句，放在句首。这样既符合英语的写作习惯，又可以避免写作时跑题或漏掉要点，并且层次分明，方便阅卷老师落实要点是否齐全。当然，如果所给要点之间有非常紧密的联系，也可以安排在同一段内。,微技能突破,随堂限时练,内容索引,微技能突破,微技能(一)直接翻译对不含提问性质的要点，一般将其译成英语即可，必要时可增加关联词。例如：1.其他督促学生认真学习的办法。However，thereareotherwaystomakestudentsworkhard.2.中学生活和大学生活的差别。Frommypointofview，thecollegelifewillbedifferentfromthelifeinhighschool.,微技能(二)回答要点主题句对要点提问作出明确回答。例如：1.要点：学生的压力来源是什么？Nowadays，studentsareundergreatpressure，whichmainlyesfromtheirschoolworkaswellaspeerrelationship.2.要点：在小孩几岁的时候教他们理财？用什么形式理财？Ithinkfivetosixisanappropriateagetobeginteachingchildrenmoneymanagementskills.Parentsmayacpanytheirchildrentothebankandhelpthemopenanaccountinwhichtheycansavetheirluckymoney.,微技能(三)明确观点对带有一般问句性质、要求考生作出肯定或否定回答的要点，考生要明确表示支持还是反对、赞同还是不赞同、该还是不该等，或表明会不会做某事。例如：1.你是否也埋怨过父母。Asforme，Ialwaysplainaboutmyparentshighexpectationonmeandtheirignoringmyrealfeelings.,2.你是否赞同“狼爸”式的教育，并陈述你的理由。PersonallyIdisapproveofwhatisadvocatedinthebookentitled“ThatsWhyTheyGotoPekingUniversity”，becauseIwonderwhethertheadmissiontoaprestigiousuniversityhasbeetheonlymarkerofsuccessinmostparentsmind，orrather，afullstoptoparentalduties.,微技能(四)“重要”表达如果要点是“谈谈的重要性”，主题句则为“有重要作用”；如果要点是“谈谈有何重要意义”，主题句则为“很有意义”等。说明必要、重要或意义的常用表达有：1.Weshouldattachmoreimportancetosth.2.Itisimportant/significantforsb.todosth.3.sth.playsaveryimportantrole/partin.4.sth.isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlife.,5.Peopleareingtorealizetheimportanceof.6.Thesignificanceof.cannotbeovervalued.例如：1.谈谈独立的重要性。Inspiredbythestory，Isuddenlyrealizedtheimportanceofindependence.2.谈谈在危急的状况下保持镇静的重要意义。Firstofall，keepingcalminanemergencyisofgreatsignificance.,微技能(五)表明看法对“你对的看法/态度”之类的写作要点，考生可用inmyopinion/view，personally，asfarasImconcerned等开头，直接表明自己的看法。例如：1.你对父母溺爱孩子的看法。Inmyopinion，overprotectionandtoomuchcareareextremelybadforchildrensdevelopment.2.我对大学扩招的看法。Frommypointofview，thistendencyshouldbecontinued，asweneedmorecapablepeopletocontributetothefast-growingeconomy.,微技能(六)引出经历由别人的经历引出自己的经历时可用以下句型来表达：1.Itremindsmeofthetimewhen.2.Itremindsmeofanaccidentwhichhappenedseveraldaysago.3.Afterreadingthestoryabove，Irecalltheexperienceofmyfriendwho.4.Thestoryaboveremindsmeofoneofmyexperiences.,例如：1.讲述一次你(或你的朋友)想家的经历(时间、地点和起因)。Samsstoryremindsmeofmysimilarexperience.2.你(或你同学)的一次车祸经历。Ialsoexperiencedasimilarcaraccident.,题组过关1根据所给要点写出每个段落的主题句1.要点：发脾气的害处。_2.要点：我们能以木匠建房的态度去对待我们的生活吗？_,Asweknow，gettingangrynotonlydoesharmtooneshealth，butalsohasabadeffectontherelationshipbetweenpeople.,答案,Innowayshouldwetreatourlifeinthewaylikethecarpenter.,3.要点：作为校方应该采取哪些措施避免此类悲剧(校园安全问题)的发生。_4.要点：你是否支持该校长的做法，并陈述理由。_,Morelecturesshouldbeheldonsafetytoenhancestudentsawarenessoftheissue.,答案,Impletelyforwhattheheadmasterdid.Onlywhenstudentsbehavewellcantheycreateagoodenvironmentforstudy，soitsnecessarytosuspendthemisbehavedstudentsandhelpthemtobehavewell.,5.要点：北大不应该拒绝游客。_6.要点：越来越多的人又开始骑自行车的原因。_,ItsurprisesmetolearnthatPekingUniversityshutsitsdoortogrouptours，whichseemsinappropriate.,答案,Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleridebicycles.Themainreasonisthat.,7.要点：你是否赞成文中对出国游学的看法？_8.要点：日常生活中为了保护环境我们还可以做些什么？_,Icouldntagreemorewiththeauthor./Itotallyagreewiththeauthor.,答案,Ashighschoolstudents，wearesupposedtomakegreateffortstohelpprotectourenvironment.,微技能(七)要素串联法对记叙文进行概括时，要抓住原文的人物、事件、结果三大要素。有些记叙文的结尾有一个点题句，表达深刻内涵或故事带给人们的启示，在写概要时也需把故事寓意表达出来。1.寻词摘句，确定要素：记叙文通常包含时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、经过(how)等六大要素。在阅读时要圈定这些要素。2.整合信息，串联要素：列出上述要素和关键词后，需要对其进行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的逻辑顺序，在整合时要有所取舍，对于能揭示主题的主要信息，应该全部概括；而对于主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地舍弃。,3.认真审题，注意表达：表达时要注意以下三点：(1)确定人称：如果原文是第一人称，在转述时一般要改为第三人称。(2)确定时态：记叙文以一般过去时为主。若记叙文中有作者从中得到的“启示”或“意义”等，一般用一般现在时表达。(3)确定词数与句数：概要要求是“以约30个词概括”，满分作文概括的词数在2638个单词之间。受词数限制，概括部分一般用13句表达，以用两句最佳，句子过多，要么内容累赘，要么句式过于简单，均会影响表达效果。注意：故事性阅读材料，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水，而且最好讲述该故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。,题组过关2阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括下文的主要内容，并按要求写出步骤。Afathercamehomefromworklate，tiredandexhausted.Heworkeddayandnighthopingtoearnmoremoneyforhisonlychild.His5-year-olddaughterwaswaitingforhimatthedoor.“Dad，howmuchdoyouearnanhour？”askedthedaughter.,“Whydoyouaskthat？”“Ijustwanttoknow.Pleasetellmehowmuchyouearnanhour.”“Ifyoureallywanttoknow.Iearn$20anhour.”“Oh，”thelittlegirlrepliedwithherheaddown.Lookingupshesaid，“Dad，mayIborrow$10？”Thefatherbecameangry.“Gotobedrightnow!Thinkabouthowselfishyouare！Iworkhardeverydaybutyoujustwanttobuyyoursillytoy！”,Thelittlegirlquietlywenttoherbedroomfeelingsad.Afteranhourorsothefathercalmeddownandstartedtofeelsorrybecauseshereallydidntaskformoneyveryoften.Sohewenttohisdaughtersroomandgaveher$10.Thelittlegirljumpedfromthebed.“Oh，thankyouDad！”Shewasreallyhappyindeed.Thenshetookoutherownsavingsandsaid，“Dad，Ihave$20now.CanIbuyanhourofyourtime?Pleaseehomeearliertomorrow.Iwouldliketohavedinnerwithyou.”,第一步：圈定本文的要素,agirlandherfather,答案,atthetimewhenherfathercamehomefromwork,athome,Thegirlborrowed$10fromherfatherandwantedtobuyanhourfromherfather.,第二步：确定人称和时态1.人称：；2.时态：。第三步：串联要素，确定表达_,第三人称,答案,一般过去时,Inthepassage，alittlegirlaskedherfather，whooftencamehomelatefromhardwork，howmuchheearnedanhour.Thensheborrowedsomemoneyfromherfatherandaskedhimtosellonehourofhistimetoacpanyher.,微技能(八)中心词挖掘法说明性短文，用概括的文字介绍或说明某种事物的性质功用或社会现象。所以我们碰到这样的文体，可以用中心词挖掘法。,题组过关3阅读下面短文，写出文章关键词，然后以约30个词归纳文章大意。WelebacktoModernParenting.Wevealreadytalkedaboutbeingopenandhonestwithyourkids，butthereisonethingthatallgoodparentsdo，anditssurprisinglysimple：readtoyourkids.Studiesshowthatchildrenarebetterpreparedforschoolandtendtogetbettergradeslateroniftheirparentsmakeahabitofreadingtothemfromayoungage.,OnestudyfromHarvardUniversityfoundthatthenumberofbooksinthehomewasthesinglebiggestfactorrelatedtosuccessinschool，morethantheeducationorineoftheparents!Readingisfun，anditcanbeanimportantpartofrelaxingatbedtime.Bestofall，itgivesparentsanopportunitytomunicatewiththeirchildrenandteachthemabouttheworld.Itsnevertooearlytostartreadingtoyourchildren.Manyparentsbuybooksfortheirkidslongbeforetheycantalk，andsomeevenstartreadingtotheirchildrenbeforetheyareborn!Tripstothelibraryorthebookstorecanbefunactivitiesforyoungfamiliestodotogether.,Soparents，ifyouarewonderingwhattodowithyourkidstonight，remember：allyouneedisagoodbook!ThatsallforModernParenting.ThisisLesley，on105.7FM，sayinggoodnight.1.关键词：_,答案,readtoyourkids；bebetterfor；ahabitofreading；thebiggestfactor；success；opportunity；municatewith；activities,2.根据以上关键词提示，请归纳文章大意：我们可以用这样的句式：(1)Thepassageintroduces.tous，especiallyits.，fromwhichweknow.(2)Thepassagetellsus.，including.(方法1)，.(方法2)，and.(方法3).(3)Thepassagepointsoutthat._,答案,Theprogramintroducesasimplewaytoparents：readtotheirchildrenasearlyaspossible，whichisvitaltochildrenspersonalgrowth，academicachievementsandmunicationwithparents.,微技能(九)主题概括法1.找出关键词和主题句任何议论文包括论点、论据、论证三部分，所以在写议论文的摘要时也要扣住这三大要素。议论文是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般来说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。,议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点或看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。2.根据关键词和主题句进行概括根据圈定的关键词和主题句进行改写，用相应的同义词进行替换或进行句型转换，千万不能原封不动地抄写原文。,3.整合要点，限制词数用相应的连词对各要点进行连接，使其连贯，整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数(30个词左右)。,题组过关4阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括下文的主要内容。Ifyouaskpeoplewhatmakesthemhappy，youwillprobablygetmanydifferentanswers，buttherearetwofundamentalthingsthatwillensurehappiness.,Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.Whenyoufeellikeyouareimprovingyourlife，thatswhenyouarehappy.Itdoesntnecessarilymeanthatyouhavetoconstantlybuybiggerandbetterthings.Youneedtofeellikeyouaregrowingonapersonallevel.Youneedtoknowthattheessenceofwhoyouareiscontinuallyimprovinginsomeway.Keeplookingforwaystomakeyourselfbettertodaythanyouwereyesterday.Thiscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeoplebutthepointisthatyouhavetofeellikeyouareimprovingandgettingbetterasahumanbeingastimegoesby.,Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.Everyonewantstobelievethattheyareputheretodosomethinggreat.Aslongasyouknowthatbyyourbeinghere，bydoingwhatyouaredoing，youarehelpingsomeonesomewhere，itwillbringyouhappiness.Thesearetwowaysofhowtofindhappiness.Arethesetheonlyanswerstowhatmakespeoplehappy?Thatdependsonhowyoudefinehappiness.,第一步：圈定文章的关键词和主题句1.关键词：_2.主题句：_第二步：根据文章大意可知本文为“观点对比式议论文”1.人们的观点：_2.作者的观点：_,答案,happy，differentanswers；twofundamentalthings,Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.,Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.,Peoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthem,Happinessesfromfundamentalsources.,happy.,第三步：整合要点，确定答案_,答案,Whilepeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy，thewriterthinksthathappinessesfromfundamentalsources：theimprovementofoneslifeandthesenseofcontribution.,随堂限时练,【1】阅读下面短文，写出记叙文的六大要素，并连成一段30词左右的段落大意。TheBestGiftDellaandJimbrokeawayfromtheirfamiliestogetmarried.Nowtheylivedinasmallatticofacoldandoldbuilding.Theywerenowdigestingthehardshipoflife.Theonlyjoywastheirsweetloveforeachother.Thehandsomehusbandhadtobeburdenedwithafamilythoughhewasyoung.Thebeautifulwifetookcareoftheshabbyhousewiththefewcoinsshesaved.,Christmaswasing.Theywerethinkingofagoodgiftforeachother.Dellaworeawaterfallofblackhair，butherbwasbroken.Jimhadagoldwatchwithanoldchain，whichwaspassedfromhisoldgrandfather.Thebigdayfinallycame.Onarrivinghome，JimwassurprisedtofindDellaslonghaircutshort.ButDellawasalsosurprisedtofindJimsgoldwatchgone.Shehadsoldherhairtobuyagoldwatchchainforhim!Hehadsoldhisgoldwatchtobuyanexpensivebforher!Thegiftswerenowuseless.Butinfacttheygotthebestgifts.,thetruelovebetweenacouple，DellaandJim.Theybothsacrificedtheirmostvaluablethingstobuytheirpartneragifttofulfilltheirlittledreams,Thepassageisabout_.,答案,DellaandJim,asmallattic,beforeChristmas,buygiftsforeachother,selltheirpreciousthings,lovebetweenthem,【2】阅读下面短文，并用30词左右来概括段落大意。Aboyfoundaneagleseggandheputitinthenestofahen.Theeaglehatchedandthoughthewasachicken.Hegrewupdoingwhatchickensdidscratchingforfoodandflyingshortdistances.Itwasadulllife.Graduallytheeaglegrewolderandbitter.Onedayheandhischickenfriendssawabeautifulbirdsoaringonthecurrentsofair，highabovethemountains.,“Oh，IwishIcouldflylikethat！”saidtheeagle.Thechickenreplied，“Dontgiveitanotherthought.Thatsthemighty(强大的)eagle，thekingofallbirdsyoucouldneverbelikehim！”Andtheeagledidntgiveitanotherthought.Hewentoncacklingandplainingaboutlife.Hediedthinkinghewasaprairiechicken.,Myfriends，youwerebornaneagletoo.TheCreatorintendedyoutobeaneagle，sodontlistentothechickens!_,Hatchedbyahen，aneaglelivedlikeachicken.Hewantedtoflylikeaneaglebutwasdiscouragedbyhisfellows.Eventuallyhediedbitterlywithoutknowinghehimselfwasaneagle.,答案,【3】阅读下面短文，并用30词左右的段落大意来概括。Honestymeansspeakingthetruthandbeingfair.Honestyisagoodvirtue.Ifyouarehonestallthetime，youllbetrustedandrespectedbyothers.Aliarisalwayslookeddownuponandregardedasablacksheepbythepeoplearound.Onceyoulie，peoplewillneverbelieveyouevenifyouspeakthetruth.,However，nowadaysitseemsthatmoreandmorepeoplebelieveinmoneyatthesacrificeofhonesty.Tothem，amongsuchthingsashealth，beauty，money，intelligence，honesty，reputationandtalent，honestyistheonlythingthatcanbethrownaway.Theydontunderstandorpretendnottounderstandthathonestyisthebiggestfortuneforhumans，andthatitisnecessarytodoeverythingwell.,Inshort，honestyisgold.Honest，yourreputationwillbeegreat；dishonest，yournamewillbespoiled.Therefore，weshouldnevermakesuchanexcuseas“Alittledishonestyisonlyaslightthing.”Weshouldremoveimmediatelytheseedofdishonestyonceitssowedinourminds._,Itisknownthathonestyplaysanimportantroleinourlife，whichcancontributetooursuccessandearnusrespectfromothers.Therefore，honestyisofvitalimportanceandbringspeoplebenefits.,答案,【4】阅读下面短文，并用30词左右的段落大意来概括。Thereisnodoubtthatacademicstudyisanimportantpartoftheschooldays.However，itisnottheonlythingthatstudentsshouldbelearning.Schoolsshouldalsobeteachingstudentscertainlifeskillssothattheygraduate.Followingthisreasoning，Ibelievethatphysicalexerciseshouldbearequiredpartofeveryschoolday.,Physicalexercisewillbenefitstudentsinmanyways.Firstofall，regularexerciseisanimportantpartofahealthylifestyle.However，withtheirbusyschedules，manystudentsmaynothavetheopportunitytoexerciseathomeandtheymaybeeweaker.Ifschoolsallowstudentstodosomephysicalactivityeveryday，theywillbehappierandhealthierstudents.Second，doingsomesportsduringtheschooldaywillgivethestudentsabreakandallowthemtorelaxtheirminds.Theywillbeabletoreturntotheirstudiesrefreshedandwithmoreenergytolearn.,Asfitnessissuchanimportantingredientofsuccess，Ibelievethatschoolsshouldrequirestudentstoengageinsomephysicalactivitieseveryday.Itwillbegoodnotonlyfortheirbodies，butalsofortheirminds.Happierandhealthierstudentswilldobetterattheiracademicstudiesandinlife._,Theauthorarguesthatdailyphysicalexerciseisnecessaryforstudents，becausetheywillbenefitalotinmanyways.Additionally，thewritersuggeststhatschoolshouldencouragestudentstotakesomeexerciseeveryday.,答案,
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