2019-2020年中考英语复习讲义 第14章 句子成分.doc

2019-2020年中考英语复习讲义 第14章 句子成分 句子是构成文章的墓本单位，而每个句子又是由词或短语组成，这些词或短语便是句子的成分。不同的内容运用不同类型的句式结构，这些句式结构构成了英语中不同的句子种类。对于句子成分的考查体现出了多样性，单选、完形填空、书面表达等题型都会有所涉及，在学习过程中，正确分析词或短语所充当的句子成分是很重要的。内容导视知识点1主语知识点2谓语知识点3表语知识点4宾语知识点5定语知识点6状语知识点7宾语补足语知识点8同位语知识详单组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分，句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语等。知识点1主语功能与位置由充当例句主语是一个句子的主体，表示所说的是谁或是什么。主语一般放在句首，有时在特殊句型中主语放在句中或句末名词或名词短语Some students dont like doing homework.一些学生不喜欢做作业代词He is a doctor.他是一名医生。数次Three and five is eight.三加五等于八。the+形容词/过去分词The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。动词不定式To see is to believe.眼见为实。动名词Eating more vegetables is good for your health.多吃蔬菜对你的健康有好处。从句What he said is not true.他说的不是实话。知识点2谓语功能与位置由.充当例句谓语表述主语的行为动作或所处的状态，常位于主语之后，有人称、时态、语态、数的变化动词She practices playing the piano every day.她每天练习弹钢琴。动词短语When did the Gulf War break out?海湾战争是何时爆发的?情态动词+动词原形You should e here in person tomorrow.明天你应该亲自来。知识点3表语功能与位置由.充当例句表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，位于系动词之后名词He is my friend.他是我的朋友。代词This book isnt mine。这本书不是我的。数词He was the first to e to school every day.他每天都是第一个到校的。形容词The man look. worried.那个人看上去很着急。现在分词Seeing is believing.眼见为实。过去分词He was praised for his good marks.他由于成绩优良受到表扬。动词不定式His job is to answer the phone.他的工作是接电话。介词短语My house is between the school and the post office.我的房子在学校和邮局中间。从句This is where I first met her.这就是我第一次见到她的地方。知识点4宾语功能与位置由.充当例句宾语表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容，是动作的承受者，一般放在及物动词或介词后面名词或名词短语I ride a bike to school.我骑车上学。代词You should take care of him.你应该照顾他。数词-How many pens do you have?你有几支钢笔?-I have six.我有六支。the+形容词/过去分词They are ready to help the poor.他们愿意帮助穷人。不定式或不定式短语Does anyone else want to e?还有人想来吗?“疑问词+不定式”Could you tell me how to use the dictionary?你能告诉我怎么使用字典吗?动名词He enjoys playing basketball.他喜欢打篮球。从句I think he is right.我想他是对的。【知识拓展1.双宾语:指的是“动词十间接宾语(往往指人)+直接宾语(往往指物)”。例如:Could you lend me your bicycle? （= Could you lend your bicycle to me?)你能把你的自行车借给我吗?He bought his mother a handbag. (=He bought a hand bag for his mother. )他给他妈妈买了一个手提包。2.复合宾语:指的是“动词十宾语+宾补”(详见下面的“宾语补足语”栏目)知识点5定语功能与位置由.充当例句定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分。形容词作定语时，一般放在名词前面;副词或副词短语作定语时，放在名词后面名词Jack and Susan work in a shoe store.杰克和苏珊在一家鞋店工作。代词My aunt lives in Canada.我的姑母住在加拿大。数词She spent seven days on the beach.她在海滩上度过了七天。形容词What a good idea it is!多好的主意!副词People there are very friendly.那里的人们很友好。介词短语The boy under the tree is John.在树下的那个男孩是约翰。动名词He has a lot of work to do today.今天他有大量的工作要做。动词不定式He has a lot of work to do today.今天他有大量的工作要做。分词The sleeping boy is only three years old.正在睡觉的那个男孩只有三岁。This university，founded in 1911，is very famous.建于1911年的这所大学很有名。从句The man who is speaking there is his father.正在那儿说话的那个人是他的父亲。知识点6状语功能与位置由充当例句状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分，说明时间、地点、目的、结果、条件、原因、方式、程度等，其位置不固定介词短语They have lived in the city for ten years.他们已在这个城市生活了十年。副词Light travels faster than sound.光比声音传播得快。形容词They went home, cold and hungry.他们回家T，饥寒交迫。动词不定式He turned his head around to look at her.他转过头去看她。现在分词Leaving the office, I met him.离开办公室时，我遇见了他。过去分词Seen from here，the school is very beautiful.从这儿看，学校非常漂亮。从句Once you begin, you must continue一旦开始，你就得继续。知识点7宾语补足语功能与位置由充当例句简称宾补，是对宾语进行补充说明的成分，位置一般在宾语之后名词Her father named her Li Yan.她的父亲给她取名李燕。形容词They painted their room orange.她们把房间漆成了橙色。副词Let the fresh air in.让新鲜的空气进来。介词短语He found everything in good order.他发现一切井然有序。动词不定式I saw him go into the shop.我看到他走进了商店。（省去to的不定式）We asked him to e，but he refused.我我们叫他来，可是他拒绝了。现在分词She noticed Tom teaching them patiently.她注意到汤姆正在耐心地教他们。过去分词I need to have my car repaired.我需要把我的汽车修理一下。从句We will make our city what your city is now. 我们要把我们的城市变成你们城市目前的样子。知识点8同位语功能与位置由.充当例句对名词或代词进行进一步解释、说明，且与之前的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位，位置常在名词或代词之后名词The young man, my brother, works in a supermarket.这个年轻人是我的哥哥，他在一家超市工作。名词短语They, some railway workers, are busy working.他们是一些铁路工人，他们正忙于工作。数词Do you three want to begin at once?你们三个想马上就开始吗?代词We each have different needs.我们每个人都有不同的需求。从句He doesnt know the news that I will go abroad.他不知道我要出国的消息。考点突破考点1考查句子主语1.(济宁中考)-Is that car Mrs. Blacks?-No, _ is a white one.A. she B. her C. hers D. his【解析】选C，答语缺少主语，名词性物主代词在句中作主语。故选C,2.(苏州中考)This work needs close teamwork._ will be achieved unless we work well together. A. Nothing B.Anything C. Something D. Everything【解析】选A, 第二句句意为:“除非我们一起好好工作，否则将一事无成。所填词作句子的主语，且表示 否定含义，故用Nothing。故选Ao考点2 考查句子谓语3.(幸感中考)My brother_ to move the heavy box, but I didnt give up.A. reminded B. refused C. agreed D. considered【解析】选B。后半句指自己没有放弃，故前半句中应是表示拒绝。remind使想起; refuse拒绝; agree同意；consider考虑。故选B,4.(东营中考)一Are you going to Brazil to watch xx FIFA World Cup(xx年世界杯足球赛) this summer?一Im not sure. It _ time.A. depends on B. cares about C. agrees to D. finds out【解析】选A, 答语表示不能确定，同时表示由时间决定。depend on意为“依靠，依赖，由决定”，符合句意。考点3考查句子表语5.(龙东中考)-Excuse me, Mr Li, where is the Fishing Island?-Let me show you on the map. Its _the east of China.A. in B. on C. to【解析】选A。钓鱼岛是属于中国的一部分，故要用in.6.(宁渡中考-Mum，I want to buy an iPhone 5s 30 for a change.-Well, I think there is no_ . Its almost the same as an iPhone 4s.A. reason B.need C. answer D.way【解析】选择B，由答语后半句可知，妈妈认为iPhone 5s与iPhone 4 差不多，没有必要买，故用no need.考点4考查句子宾语7.(嘉兴中考)Im looking for a bank，but I cant find_.A. it B.one C. this【解析】选B.。one是代词,指代前面提到的同类事物。此处指的是任意一家银行。故选B,8.(xx菏泽)-Which of the two pairs of shoes will you take?-Ill take_. They are too small for me.A.both B. all C. either D. neither【解析】 选D。答语后半句表示两双鞋都太小了，故都不买，“两者都不”要用neither考点5考查句子定语9.(凉山中考) When you move somewhere new，the first thing for you is to find a place_A. to live B. living in C. to live in 【解析】选C，句中用动词不定式作定语修饰名词，构成不定式的动词和所修饰的名词存在动宾关系，可先排除B；当动词不定式作定语修饰名词时，动词若是不及物动词，需要在动词后加上相应的介词。故选C.10.(潍坊中考)-What can I do for you ?- I hope I have a nice house _ a nice garden.A. of B. with C. from D. about【解析】选 B。with a big garden，在句中作定讲。故选B,考点6考查句子状语11.(天津中考)Cambridge is a small city_ the east of England. A. between B. with C. in D. under【解析】选C, 剑桥市属于英国, 故用in, in the east of指“在东边”。故选C考点7考查句子宾语补足语12.(安顺中考) I saw some boy students _basketball when I passed the playground. A. played B. plays C. playing D. to play【解析】选C, 此处指当我经过的时候看到的事情，是当时正在发生的事情，用现在分词作宾语补足语。故选C