资源描述
十一、主旨大意文章/段落大意题,专题三第二节分类突破,真题感悟,名师点津,内容索引,随堂限时练,真题感悟,(2018江苏，B)Inthe1760s，MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsomm.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup，Rozeschainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout，whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.,Today，scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat：dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone，customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.Lightingmatters，too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldnttellhowmuchtheydhad：thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.,Timeismoney，butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces，finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround：putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect：dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon，ornoscent.,Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending“bad”tables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily.Dinersatbadtablesnexttothekitchendoor，sayspentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedaboutbadtables”，giventhattheyreprofitable.Asforcrowds，aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurantsreputation，suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffetspriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.,语篇解读,语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。它主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光)、听觉要素(音乐)、嗅觉要素(气味)、其他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。素材旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。,58.Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoodqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided,解析词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“.thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller.”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没有饱腹感，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并没有意识到自己比平时吃得多，所以nonethewiser意为“不清楚，不知道”。故选A项。,答案,解析,59.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?A.Playingclassicalmusic.B.Introducinglemonscent.C.Makingthelightbrighter.D.Usingplatesoflargersize.,解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Whenclassical，ratherthanpop，musicwasplaying，dinersspentmore.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spentmore就是对题干中makemoreprofit的语义转化。故选A项。,答案,解析,60.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaurantsreputation.D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.,答案,解析,解析段落大意题。根据最后一段首句“Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespendingbadtables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily.”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选D项。,名师点津,一、文章大意题的题型解读说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，多会考查文章大意类题。设问形式常有：(1)Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthispassage?(2)Thepassageismainlyabout.(3)Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageis.(4)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.,二、文章大意题的解题技巧“主题句定位”寻主旨文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。,主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。,以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1.段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，infact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2.首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，conclusion等词。,三、段落大意题的题型解读段落大意类题型多在说明文和议论文中所涉及的各类话题如社会文化类、科普说明类等进行考查。设问形式常有：(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis.(2)Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?(3)Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout.,四、段落大意题的解题技巧,首尾兼顾知段意,(1)段首：说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首句,(2)段尾：先表述细节，后归纳概括，段落中心在段尾,关键点：抓住段落的主题句,(3)段中间：先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，再陈述主题，再论述细节，即引出主题段落中心再论述,(4)没有明显段落中心时，需概括段落内容，总结段落中心,例如：真题感悟中第60题，根据文章最后一段首句“Meanwhile，thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespendingbadtables，crowding，highpricesdontnecessarily.”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选D项。,随堂限时练,A(2018贵州安顺质检)Mostofushavelostourwalletatsomestageinourlives.Butfewwouldimaginehavingitreturnedafteranearlyseven-decadegap.EdwardParkerdroppedhiswalletin1950intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf，whileworkingasanelectrician，repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace.Thewalletstayedthereuntilthisyearwhenabuilder，doingsome1restorationwork，finallyfoundit.,Thewalletisatimecapsule.Itsleatherandwebbinghaslongagostartedtodisintegrate.Butitcontainsnumerouspicturesoffamily，invoices(发票)，receipts，oldunioncards，resultsofachestX-ray(senttohimin1948，thesameyearastheNHSwasfounded)，anationalservicecarddated9December1944andamedicalinsurancecard.HisbusinesscardsEParker，ElectricalContractorseemalmostoriginal.Reflectingthetypicalmethodsofcontactofthetime，theyhaveanaddressbutnotelephonenumber.,AmonthagoIwasspeakingtoa8pressofficeratLambethPalaceandhementionedthatthewallethadjustbeenhandedin.Wethoughtitmightbenicetotryandworkoutwhoseitwasandgiveitbacktothefamily.EdwardParkerisaprettymonname，buthismedicalcardcontainedtwoplacesofresidencePoetsRoadandSpringdaleRoadinnorthLondon.Fromthis，IslingtonCouncilwereabletofinddetailsofamarriagebetweenEdwardParkerandConstanceButlerin1947.,ThatinformationwasenoughtoworkoutthathewasstillaliveandinacarehomeinEssex，soIwenttovisithim.Now89，Edwardhasdementia(痴呆)，buthewasclearlyhappytogetthewalletandinparticular，thephotographsback.Hepointedoutpicturesofhismotherandfather，hisbrother，hiscousinsandhiswifeConstance，whowaswithhimwhenIvisited.“Hehadntseenapictureofhisfathersincehelostthewallet，”Constance,90，says.,语篇解读本文是一篇新闻报道，介绍了一个物归原主的故事。爱德华帕克曾是一名电工，他于1950年维修因二战受损的宫廷时，不慎将钱包丢失。直到今年，钱包被一名宫廷修复工人发现。钱包里的物品充满了那个年代的回忆，89岁的爱德华帕克重新拿到钱包，非常开心。,语篇解读,1.WecanpossiblyinferthatEdwardParker.A.onceworkedasanelectricaltechnicianB.alwayslosthiswalletC.onceparticipatedinWorldWarD.onceworkedasarestorationbuilder,解析推理判断题。根据第一段第二句可知，EdwardParker曾是一名electrician(电工)，因此A项正确。,答案,解析,2.Whatsthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?A.Thematerialofthewallet.B.Theproducerofthewallet.C.The9contentsofthewallet.D.Theshapeofthewallet.,答案,解析,解析段落大意题。本题适合用排除法。A项钱包的材质；B项钱包的制造商；C项钱包里的东西；D项钱包的外形。根据文章第二段，其中提到了钱包的外皮及边线已破损，钱包里有picturesoffamily(家人照片)，invoices(发票)，receipts(收据)，oldunioncards(工会卡)，resultsofachestX-ray(胸片报告)，anationalservicecard(服务卡)，amedicalinsurancecard(医保卡)，businesscards(名片)等物品，可知A项表述片面，B、D项未提及，仅C项符合题意。故选C。,解析词义猜测题。根据第二段第二句“Butitcontains.(但是，钱包里有)”可知，钱包外皮还在，排除C、D项，A项“维护”，不符合文意；B项“损坏”，根据第二段前两句可知，“虽然钱包的外皮及边线已破损，但里面有”，符合题意。故选B。,3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disintegrate”inthesecondparagraphmean?A.2Maintain.B.Damage.C.Disappear.D.Destroy.,答案,解析,解析推理判断题。根据第三段第三句中的“buthismedicalcardcontainedtwoplacesofresidence”可知，他的医保卡上有两个住址，此处明确了医保卡是找到主人的关键物品。故选D。,4.Whatplaysakeyroleinreturningthewallettoitsowner?A.Businesscard.B.Nationalservicecard.C.Oldunioncard.D.Medicalcard.,答案,解析,BInthird-worldcountriessuchasSwazilandandHaiti，a$15-dollarinventionismakingaworldofdifference.Nokero，apanystartedbyBrianRants，sellslampsthatdonotrequirekerosene(煤油).Thesesolarlampshavebeeastaple(主流产品)incountriesinAfrica，toprovidelightforreadingandsafetyatnight.Nokerohassoldover500,000lampsinover120countriessinceitwasfirstfoundedin2010andRantsthinksthedemandforhisproductwillonlycontinuetoincrease.Mostlampsfoundinthird-worldcountries3currentlyrequirekerosenetorun，butkerosenecausesindoorpollutionandhasbeenlinkedtofiresthathavecausedoveramilliondeaths.,Insteadofexperiencingtheeffectsofsmoking40cigarettesadayfromkerosenelamps，Rantsthinkshissolarlampscouldbetheanswerforthird-worldcountries.TheEconomistagrees，callingsolarlights“thenextbig4innovationfortheworldspoor”.Nokerossolarlampsarehigherinqualityandlessexpensivethanalotofsolartechnology，makingthemapractical6optionformanypeopleinthird-worldcountries.,Ratherthangivingsolarlampstoindividualsinneed，Nokeros7missionistomakethem5affordable.ThroughresearchRantshasrealizedthatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree.FamilieswhobuyNokerossolarlampsmakeupthecostinjustafewmonthsofnothavingtobuykeroseneorpayforoff-the-gridelectricity.,语篇解读本文主要介绍了由Nokero公司发明的不需要煤油的太阳能灯具，这些太阳能灯已经成为非洲国家的主流产品，为夜间的阅读和安全提供照明。,SomeactivistshaveattackedpaniessuchasNokeroforsellingproductstothepoorratherthansimplygivingthemoutforfree.Theyarguethatthesepaniesunfairlyprofitfromthepoor.However，Rantsdisagrees.Familiesreceiveaproductthatismuchhigherinqualitythanwhattheymightreceiveforfreeandfeelasenseofownershiphavingpurchaseditforthemselves.,语篇解读,5.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarlampsinthepassage?A.Theysaveenergyandcausenopollution.B.Theyequaltheeffectof40cigarettesaday.C.Theyaregiventotheindividualsfreeofcharge.D.Theyhelptosavekeroseneinthird-worldcountries.,解析细节理解题。根据第二段末句可知，这种太阳能灯既节约能源，又没有污染。故选A。,答案,解析,6.AccordingtoRants，ifthepooraregiventhelampsforfree，they.A.willhavetopayforkeroseneorelectricityB.wonttakegoodcareoforvaluethelampsC.willfeelasenseofownershipofthelampsD.wonthelptoincreasethesalesofthelamps,解析细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知，如果免费送给穷人这种灯，他们就不会好好珍惜它们了。故选B。,答案,解析,7.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Aninnovationoftheworld.B.Advantagesofthesolarlights.C.Solutiontoworldspovertyproblems.D.Heavypollutioncausedbykerosenelamps.,解析段落大意题。根据第三段所说Nokero的太阳能灯质量更好，价格也比很多太阳能技术的灯便宜，适合发展中国家的人们使用，所以可知该段主要介绍了这种太阳能灯的优点。故选B。,答案,解析,素材提炼再拓展,做完以上两篇阅读后，巧妙运用语境，解决障碍词和长难句,.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1.Wedbetterdosomerestorationworktosomethingsuchasanoldbuildingorapieceoffurniture，sothatitlooksthesameasitoriginallywas._2.CareersOfficersstillmaintaincontactwithyoungpeoplewhentheyhaveleftschool._,恢复，复原,维持；保持,3.Thematterwhichhasbeenconfusingusiscurrentlybeingdiscussedamongmanyexpertsinthemeetingroom.4.Wemustpromoteoriginality，inspirecreativityandencourageinnovation.5.Wethushavefullbeliefinpersonalgenomicsandpersonalisedmedicinethattheywillcertainlybeaffordabletomostpeopleindevelopingcountries.,目前，现在,改革，革新,支付得起,(二)同义词语替换6.Criminalsaregiventheoptionofgoingtojailorfacingpublichumiliation._7.Hewassentonover200missionsbeforebeingkilledinaction.(三)一词多义8.pressvt.压，按；逼迫；vi.重压；n.压，按；报刊；印刷媒体；报道；评论；记者；新闻工作者；出版社；印刷机(1)Dontpressyouropinionsuponher._(2)Pressthisbuttontostarttheengine.,choice,assignments,逼迫,压，按,(3)Tojudgefromthepress，theconcertwasagreatsuccess._(4)Christielookedrelaxedandcalmasshefacedthepressafterwards._(5)Apressoraprintingpressisamachineusedforprintingthingssuchasbooksandnewspapers._9.contentn.内容；目录；容量，含量；满足；满意；adj.满意的；vt.使满足(1)Imperfectlycontentwiththewaythecampaignhasgone._(2)Sunflowermargarinehasthesamefatcontentasbutter._(3)Sheisreluctanttodiscussthecontentsoftheplay._(4)Youhavetocontentyourselfwithwhatyouhave._,报道；评论,记者,印刷机,满意的,含量，容量,内容,使满足,.长难句理解1.EdwardParkerdroppedhiswalletin1950intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf，whileworkingasanelectrician，repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace.句式分析本句是一个复合句，句子的主干部分是EdwardParkerdroppedhiswallet；in1950作状语；intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf作状语；whileworkingasanelectrician，repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace为while引导的从句。,时间,地点,时间状语,精美译文,爱德华帕克在1950年作为电工维修王宫中二战中炸弹炸毁处时，把钱包掉在了书橱后面很难发现的地方。,2.ThroughresearchRantshasrealizedthatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree.句式分析本句是一个复合句，thatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree为从句，其中又含有一个who引导的从句。精美译文_,宾语,定语,通过调查研究，兰特意识到那些个体购买太阳能产品比免费得到这些产品，能更好地照顾和珍惜这些东西。,
展开阅读全文