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2019-2020年中考英语复习讲义 第3章 各种代词的用法 代词是代替名词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用可分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词等。其中,反身代词、物主代词、不定代词和疑问代词是中考的高频考点。比如名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的区别,疑问代词含义区分,不定代词的正确选用,都是考查的重点。对于不同类型代词的相关知识的学习,既要全面又要有重点。内容导视知识点1 人称代词知识点2 物主代词知识点3 反身代词知识点4 指示代词知识点5 不定代词知识点6 相互代词知识点7 疑问代词知识详单知识点1 人称代词人称代词起代表人和事物的作用,有人称、数和格的变化。1. 人称代词的形式人称格第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单复数单数复数主格I我We我们You你he,他 she, 她it它they他们宾格Me我Us我们You你Him他, her她, it它them他们2. 人称代词的用法成分说明例句作主语人称代词主格在句中作主语,通常放在句子的句首,代替上文提到的人、物或事。Tom is my classmate. He likes watching TV. (He主格作主语替代Tom)作宾语人称代词宾格在句中作谓语动词或介词宾语。My mother loves me. (me宾格作动词love的宾语) Give them some books. (them宾格作动词give的宾语)作表语【知识拓展】1. 人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以。例如:He is taller that I/me.他比我高。2.人称代词在句中并列使用时,单数单数情况的顺序为:“二,三,一人称”,即you, he and I;复数情况的顺序为“一,二,三人称”,即we,you and they。如果要承担责任,说话者则把第一人称(I或we)放在最前面。例如: You, she and I can answer the question. 你,她和我能回答这个问题-Who broke the window?谁打破了窗户?-I and Tom.我和汤姆。3. she常可以代表国家、大地、月亮、太阳、船只等。例如:China will always do what she promised to do.中国总是言出必行。4, it的特殊用法:常用来代替不明性别的小孩。例如:It is a lovely child.那真是个可爱的孩子。指代this或that。例如:That must be a cat, isnt it?那一定是只猫,不是吗?指代时问、距离、天气、环境等。例如:-Whats the weather like today?今天天气怎么样?-Its windy.刮风了。Its about five minutes walk from my home to school.从我家到学校步行大约五分钟。If it snows tomorrow, we will stay at home.如果明天下雪我们就待在家里。用来确指某人,特别是身份不明的人。例如:-Who is it?他是谁?-Its the postman.邮递员。指代前文提过的一件事情。例如:A woman saw it happen一位妇女看到了它的发生。作形式主语或形式宾语代替不定式、动名词短语或主语从句。例如:Its nice of you to give me so much help.你给我这么多的帮助真是太好了。知识点2 物主代词表示人和物之间的所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。1. 物主代词的形式人称意义数量物主代词形容词性名词性第一人称我单数mymine我们复数ourours第二人称你单数youryours你们复数youryours第三人称他单数hishis她herhers它itsits他/她/它们复数theirtheirs2. 物主代词的用法分类作用例句形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词其后必须跟名词,不能单独使用,后面必接名词,表示所有. 形容词性物主代词相当于一个形容词,在句中作定语用 。my pen我的钢笔 your bag你的书包 his bike他的自行车 her desk她的书桌Is that your bike? 那是你的自行车吗?Those are our books. 那些是我们的书。名词性物主代词名词性物主代词可以单独使用,在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语使用。名词性的物主代词相当于一个名词。举例:my pen=mineMy bag is red=mine is re【知识拓展】1.形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词都译成“的”,但形容词性物主代词只能作定语,后面需有名词;名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词”。例如:May I use your ruler? I have lost mine ( = my ruler).我可以用一下你的尺子吗?我的丢了。2.在“打/拉+某人+身体某部位”的结构中,虽然汉语中有“我的,你的,他/她的,等之意,但英语中都不用物主代词,要用the。例如:hit sb. in the face打某人的脸;by the hand拉某人的手hit sb. on the nose。打某人的鼻子; catch sb. by the arm抓某人的胳膊;take sb. by the hand拉某人的手【助学记忆】物主代词用法歌诀。物主代词两类型,形容词与名词性。形容词性作定语,后面定把名词用。名词性要独立用,主宾表语它都充。知识点3 反身代词表示动作回到执行者本身,用以加强语气,意为“(某人)自己”的代词叫反身代词。反身代词与它所指代的名称或代词在人称、数上保持一致,反身代词有人称和数的变化。1. 反身代词的分类2. 反身代词的用法成分说明例句作宾语反身代词最主要的功能就是作宾语The child cried himself to sleep. 孩子哭着哭着睡着了。She convinced herself that it was so. 她说服自己情况是这样的。作表语The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。做同位语和主语同位I myself washed the clothes.和宾语同位Youd better ask the doctor herself.【知识拓展】常见的含有反身代词的短语有:enjoy oneself=have a good time(过得愉快),by oneself=alone(单独,独自地),help oneself(随便吃/喝些),learn sth from oneself=teach oneself sth(自学),e to oneself(苏醒),say to oneself(自言自语),for oneself(亲自),among oneself(他们之间)知识点4 指示代词用来指示人或事物的代词叫指示代词。指示代词与冠词和人称代词一样都具有指定的含义。指示代词有:this, that, these, those, such等。指示代词的用法详见下表。用法例句在句中起名词作用,作主语、宾语、表语;也可起形容词作用,作定语Thats a good idea那是个好主意。Will you tell me all about that?你能告诉我关于那事的所有吗?These bags are very heavy.这些包很重。this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人;that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人This is a pen and that is a pencil.这是支钢笔,那是支铅笔。有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物;this和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物He was ill yesterday. Im sorry to hear that.他昨天病了。我很抱歉听到这个消息。(that承上)What I want to tell you is this.我想告诉你的就是这件事。( this启下)有时为了避免重复,常可用that指代前文同类的不可数名词;those指代前文同类的复数可数名词;用the one指代与前文同类的单数可数名词Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.北京制造的电视和上海制造的电视一样好。that和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和these不能;同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。this在电话用语中代表自己,that则代表对方Hello ! This is Mary.喂,我是玛丽。Is that lack speaking?你是杰克吗?【知识拓展】1.指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。例如:That is my teacher.那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)I bought this.我买了这个。( this指物,可作宾语)2. such表示“这样,如此的”,在句中可作主语、定语。例如:Such are the problems.就是这些问题。(主语)I have met many such people.我遇见过很多这样的人。(定语)【易错提示】such作定语时,如果名词前有不定冠词,则such放在不定冠词前面。例如:I have never seen such a beautiful place before.我以前从来没有见过这么漂亮的地方。知识点5不定代词不明确指代某个人、某个事物、某些人、某些事物的代词叫不定代词。不定代词可以代替名称和形容词,表示不同的数量概念。不定代词没有主格和宾格之分,在句中可做主语、表语、宾语和定语等。1. 不定代词的句法功能不定代词成分all, both,each, neither, either, much, little, many, few, other, some, any,one在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语everyone, everybody, everything, someone,somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody,nothing, none在句中可作主语、宾语和表语every,no在句中只能作定语2. 不定代词的基本语法(1) some、any的用法用法例句some, any作定语时既可以修饰可数名词,又可以修饰不可数名词Some rice in the bag has been sold out.袋子里的一些大米已经卖出去了。(修饰不可数名词)Do you have any brothers or sisters?你有兄弟姐妹吗?(修饰可数名词)some多用于肯定句;在表示请求、劝告、邀请、或不希望对方拒绝的疑问句中用some而不用anySome of the boys are good at swimming.一些男孩擅长游泳。Will you give me some water?请给我一些水好吗?any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中;用于肯定句中,表示“任何”Are there any stamps in your drawer?你的抽屉里有一些邮票吗?If you have any questions, please ask me.如果你有问题,可以问我。Any child needs love.任何一个孩子都需要爱。some和any可以用来修饰单数名词,some表示“某一”.any表示“任何的”Any student can answer this question. 任何学生都可以回答这个问题。 Some day Chinese people will fly to the moon.某天中国人将会飞上月球。(2) few,a few,little,a little的用法用法用于可数名词用于不可数名词表示肯定概念a few虽少,但有几个a little虽少,但有一点表示否定概念few不多,几乎没有little不多,没有什么【知识拓展】1.这四个词或词组在句中都可作主语、宾语和定语。例如:Few of us have been to Beijing.我们中几乎没有人去过北京。(主语)I know little about the book.我几乎不知道这本书的内容。(宾语)There is a little water in the bottle.瓶子里有一些牛奶。(定语)He has a few friends.他有一些朋友。(定语)2. a little和little。也可以用作副词,a little表示“有点,稍徽 ,little表示“很少”。例如:Im a little hungry.我有点俄。(修饰形容词hungry)Let him sleep a little.让他睡一会儿。(修饰动词sleep)Mary, go a little faster, please.玛丽,请走快一点儿。(修饰副词比较级)(3) other,the other,others,the others,another的用法用法例句other某一个,另一些,其他的。不能单独使用,后面需跟单数名词或复数名词,泛指别的Where are his other books?他的另一些书在哪里?others其他。必须单独使用,泛指别人或别的东西,常用于“someothers”结构Some are red, and others are black一些是红的,另一些是黑的。the other两个中的另一个,剩下的一个。特指,常用于“onethe other”结构She has two sisters一one is a nurse, and the other is a teacher.她有两个姐姐,一个是护士,另一个是老师。the others其他全部,其余的。表示在一个范围内的其他全部In our class only Tommy is English, and the others are Chinese.我们班除了汤米是英国人外,其他都是中国人。another另一个(指多个中的任何一个),可单独用,也可接单数名词或名词复数,表示另几个.再几个You can see another ship in the sea, cant you?你能看见另一艘船在海里,不是吗?(4) every,each的用法用法例句each表示“每一个”,强调个别情况。可以作主语、宾语、定语等,表示两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物,可与of搭配The teacher gave a toy to each child.老师给每个孩子一个玩具。Each of the gadgets costs a dollar.这些小玩意儿每件值一美元。every【知识拓展each和every的常见短语:each and all每个人,人人;each and every每个(都);every bit每一点,完全;every few days每隔几天;every here and there到处;every moment每时每刻;every now and then时常;every once in a while偶尔;every time每次,每当(5) all,both,none,either,neither的用法用法例句all侧重指三者或三者以上“都,全部,一切”,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语;all于否定句时,表示部分否定;表示全部否定使用none.(I) All the students are on the playground.所有的学生都在操场上。(2)Not all books are good.(= All books are notgood.不是所有的书都是好书。【知识拓展】all作主语,指代人时,谓语动词使用复数形式,指代事情时,谓语动词一般使用单数;作同位语时,all在句中的位置与both相同。例如:All goes very well,一切进展非常顺利。both表示“两者都”,可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语;用于否定句表示部分否定,全部否定使用neither;(3)both. . and“两者都,既又”。Both seats are taken.两个座位都被占了。They both are not workers.他们两个不都是工人。 Both Carl and Jeff are good at playing football.卡尔和杰夫都擅长踢足球【知识拓展】both作主语时,谓语动词使用复数形式;做主语的同位语时,位于be动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前。Both of them have been to Beijing.他们两人都去过北京。They all enjoyed it.他们都喜欢它。none(1)意为“没有人,没有一个,一点儿也没有,作主语和宾语,不作定语;none指代可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数或复数形式均可.,而指代不可数名词时,谓语动词须使用单数形式。None of the books are mine. 这些书都不是我的。None of the rubbish has been removed垃圾一点也没运走。【易错警示】none与no one的区别:none既可指人,又可指物,而no one意为没有人”,只能用于指人.作主语时,谓语用单数;none可以与of搭配,而no one无此用法;none用于回答how many或者城how much引出的特殊疑问句,而no one用于回答who引出的特殊贬问句。例如:-How many students are there in the classroom now?现在教室里有多少学生?-None. 没有一个人。一Who is in the classroom now?现在谁在教室呢?-No one.没人。either表示“两者中任何一个”,可作主语、宾语和定语;either作主语时.谓语动词应使用单数形式;作定语时,修饰单数名词。(I)You can park on either side of the street你在街道的哪边停车都可以。The two guests have arrived and either is wele.两个客人都到了,而且都受欢迎。【知识拓展】1. either可用于搭配“either. or. . . ,愈为“或者或者;要么要么”。例如:Either he or I am to blame.或者他或者我将受到责备。2. either可作为副词,意为“也”,用于否定句的句末。例如:He wont go and I wont go either.他不去,我也不去。neither(1)意为“两者都不”,可作主语、宾语和定语;(2)neither. nor. .“既不也不,。Neither answer is correct.两个答案都不对。(2)Neither he norI am a doctor.他和我都不是医生。【易错警示】 neither作主语时,谓语动词使用单数形式;作定语时,修饰单数名词。(6) much,many的用法用法例句much意为“许多,大量”,修饰或替代不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词使用单数形式I have much homework to do tonight.我今晚有很多作业要做。many意为“许多,大量”,修饰或替代可数名词,作主语时谓语动词使用复数形式Many hands make light work.人多好办事。【知识拓展】1. more, most分别是much, many的比较级和最高级,因此,more ,most既可单独使用,指代不可数名词或可数名词的复数,也可修饰不可数名词或可数名词的复数。例如:As the land is being built on, we wont have more left. 由于土地上正在搞建设,我们剩下的土地不多了。I usually spend most of my spare time watching TV.我通常话费大部分时间看电视。2.many和 much 之前可用 as, so, too, how, that (那么)等词修饰。例如:Im not used to eating so much at lunchtime. 我不习惯午饭吃太多。There wont be too many people in the park. 公园里的人不会太多。(7) one,ones的用法用法例句one指代可数名词单数,既可指人,也可指物。所有格为ones,反身代词为oneself,复数形式为ones.Chinese is one of the most useful language in the world汉语是世界最有有用语言之一。one前有形容词或序数词修饰时,形容词前词或物主代词As a result, the bad thing has been turned into a good thing.结果,坏事变成了好事。指代文中已出现过的事物,避免重复。单数用one,复数用onesHe bought a new pen yesterday.His old one is broken.昨天他买了一只新钢笔。他的那只旧的坏了。【易错警示】it, one与that的区别:(1)it特指上下文提到的同一事物。例如:.The coat is hers. Its very beautiful.这件外套是她的,它非常漂亮。one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个。例如:I lost my pen. I must buy one.我丢了我的钢笔,我必须买一支。that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复。例如:The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Nanjing.北京的天气比南京冷。(8) 复合不定代词的用法由some,any,every,no与one,body,thing一起构成的代词叫复合不定代词,如something,everybody,anyone,nothing等。由one和body构成的复合不定代词可相互换用。用法例句复合不定代词一般川作单数,在句中作主语、宾语或表语Nobody is aliment.没有人缺席。(主语)Do you need anything?你需要点什么吗?(宾语)Grammer is not everything.语法不是全部。(表语)复合不定代词被定语修饰时,定语须放在它们后面There is nothing wrong with the radio. 收音机没有什么问题。由some构成的复合不定代词用法与some类似,而由any构成的复合不定代词用法与any类似。当any构成的复合不定代词用于肯定句时,常表示“无论什么东西,随便什么东西/事情”Theres always somebody at home in the evenings.晚上总有人在家。Is there anything interesting in the newspaper?报纸上有什么有趣的东西吗?【易错警示】every day与everyday的区别:1.every day是名词短语,在句中充当状语,修饰整个句子。例如:I finish my homework before 9 every day.我每天九点前完成作业。2.everyday是形容词,在句中充当定语,修饰名词。例如:Everyday work makes me bored. 每天的工作让我很烦。知识点6 相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词。相互代词有each other和one another两种形式。成分说明例句作宾语使用each other和one anotherThe students often help each other. 学生们经常互相帮助。We havent seen one another for along time.我们很久没有见到彼此作定语使用each others和one anothersWe often correct each others mistakes.我们经常纠正彼此的错误。They are interested in one anonthers secret.他们对彼此的秘密感兴趣。【知识拓展】相互代词是用于表示相互关系的代词,each other多用于两者之间,而one another 多用于两者以上的人或物之间。知识点7疑问代词用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。它们一般位于句首。1. 疑问代词的分类2. 疑问代词的用法代词用法例句Who表示“谁”,可以指代单数和复数名词,在句中作主语、宾语或表语Who is on duty today?今天谁值日?Whom表示“谁”,可以指代单数和复数。whom只能作动词的宾语或介词的宾语,不直接跟在介词后时可用who替换,位于介词后作介词宾语时只能用whomTo whom you were talking just now?你刚才和谁说话呢?Whom/Who did you often play with when you were a child?小时候你经常和谁玩?Whose表示“谁的”,既可置于名词前作定语,也可单独使用,在句中常作主语、宾语、定语或表语Whose iPad is this?这是谁的iPad?(定语)Whose is this iPad?这个iPad是谁的?(表语)Which表示“哪一个(些)”,既可指人也可指物,可指可数名词单、复数,也可指不可数名词在句中常作主语、宾语或定语Which animal do you like best?你最喜欢哪种动物?Which is cheaper, this printer or that one?这台打印机和那台打印机,哪台更便宜?what表示“什么”,可单独使用,也可放在名词前,既可以指代或修饰不可数名词,也可以指代或修饰可数名词的单、复数。在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语What are you looking for?你在找什么?What makes you love your hometown so much?是什么使你这么热爱你的家乡?【易错警示】which和what的用法辨析:用which提问,指在相当数目的人或物中进行选择,限制在一定的范围内;用what提问,不限制范围。例如:Which do you like, rice or meat?你喜欢什么,米饭还是肉?What do you like?你喜欢什么?【知识拓展】 what的常见用法1.用于询问职业:What be+主语?或What do/does/did+主语+ do?例如:What does your father do?=What is your father?你父亲是干什么的?用于询问天气或品行:What be+主语+like?例如:Whats the weather like?天气怎么样?用于询问外貌、长相:What do/does/did+主语+look like?例如:What does she look like?她长什么样?征求对方的意见:What about .?例如:What about going out for a movie?出去看电影怎么样?【温馨提示】关系代词的用法详见定语从句专题。考点突破考点1 考查人称代词的用法I. (聊城中考)My friend showed_ some old photos of his family. A. my B. I C. me D. mine 【解析】选C. showed后面缺宾语,要用人称代词的宾格形式。故选C2.(苏州中考)-Ill do the washing-up. Jack, would you please do the floors? -Why_ ? Susan is sitting there doing nothing. A. her B. she C. I D. me 【解析】选D。该句为省略句,补充完整为why is it me,故选Do考点2考查物主代词的用法3.(龙东中考)-Is this_ iPhone5?-No, it isnt_. It belongs to Alex. A. yours; mine B. your; C. your; my【解析】选B。第一空后有名词,用形容词性物主代词修饰名词;第二空后无名词,单独使用应用名词性物 主代词。故选B,4.(巴中中考)Mr. Han is_ teacher. He teaches_ math.A. our: us B. our; our C. ours; us【解析】选A。第一空所填词作定语,用形容词性物主代词;第二空所填词作宾语,用宾格形式。考点3 考查反身代词的用法5.(矜南中考)The boy called his teacher for help because he couldnt solve the problem by_. A. herself B. himself C. yourself D. themselves【解析】选B。主语为he(指The boy),反身代词用himself。故选B6.(来宾中考)-Hi,boys. How was your party yesterday? -Wonderful! We had a big meal and enjoyed _. A. themselves B. myself C. yourselves D. ourselves【解析】选D。主语为We,反身代词用ourselves。故选D考点4 考查指示代词的用法7.(绥化中考)The cars made in China are cheaper than _ made in Japan. A. those B. that C. them【解析】选A。用those指代前面的The cars,是复数形式。故选A.8.(广东中考)-Hello, Linda speaking. Whos_ ? -Hello, this is Martin. A. he B. one C. that D. this【解析】选C。由对话内容可知,是打电话用语。询问对方是谁时,要用that.考点5考查不定代词的用法9.(长沙中考)_of us wants to go to the park today, because we have to finish so much homework. A. Either B. Both C. Neither 【解析】选C。由后半句可知,此处表示都不想去,故选Neither.10.(黄69中考)-Which of the two magazines will you take?-Ill take_ though I find _ of them are very useful to me.A. all ; both B. either, either C. either; neither D. either; both【解析】选D。句意为:我将会拿任何一个,尽管我发现这两本(杂志)对我都非常有用。第一空用either,第二空用both.考点6考查疑问代词的用法11.(佛山中考)一_can we learn from the film Frozen?-True love. I think.A. Who B. What C. Which【解析】选B。由答语可知疑问句中的疑问词表示“什么”,用What在句中作主语。故选B12.(德州中考)一_ are you going to buy for your father for Fathers Day?-A T-shirt.A. What B. When C. Where D. How【解析】选A。由答语可知,问句中的疑问词作动词buy的宾语,选项中只有A项可以作宾语。
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