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2019年高考英语一轮总复习 语法专项突破 考点精讲 第五节 动词的时态和语态考点一主要时态的考查1一般现在时(1)表示现在的状态以及经常性或习惯性的动作。He often gets up at six in the morning.他经常早上6点起床。(2)表示客观事实或普遍真理。As we know, light travels faster than sound.众所周知,光比声音传播得快。(3)在时间、条件或让步状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来。As long as it doesnt rain tomorrow, well have a trip on schedule.只要明天不下雨,我们就按原计划旅行。(4)常用来表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,只限于表示起止的动词如go,e,arrive, leave,start,fly,return等。The live football match starts at 9 oclock this evening.足球实况转播今晚9点钟开始。2一般过去时(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用。Long long ago, there was a war between birds and beasts.很久很久以前,鸟类和兽类发生过一场战争。(2)表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。I didnt know you were here. How long have you been here?我不知道你在这里,你来了多久了?3一般将来时(1)表示将来的动作或状态常用will/shall 动词原形,will还表示临时做出的决定。The light is still on. 灯还亮着。Sorry,Ill go and turn it off. 很抱歉,我这就去关掉。(2)be going to表示按计划、打算要做某事,此外,还可以表示根据现在的迹象对未来做出判断。We are going to buy a new car.我们打算买辆新车。(3)be about to do表示即将发生的将来动作,不与时间状语连用。I was about to leave when it began to rain. 我正要动身,这时天开始下雨了。(4)be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、职责、可能性等。You are to report it to the police. 你应该报警。4过去将来时表示从过去的观点看将来发生的行为或存在的状态,常用在宾语从句或间接引语中。Last week he promised that he would be back, but he hasnt arrived until now.上周他答应要回来,但是到现在还未到。5现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作。We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。(2)表示说话人对主语的行为表赞叹或厌恶等,常与always,constantly,continually等副词连用。He is always asking the same question.他老是问同一个问题。(3)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,常限于go,e,leave,start,arrive,take,meet等表示趋向的动词。He is leaving for Beijing to attend an important meeting tomorrow.明天他要去北京参加一个重要会议。6过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。We were discussing the plan the whole morning yesterday.昨天整个上午我们正在讨论这个计划。(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行,其中一个动作一般存在于由when或while引导的时间状语从句中,持续性动作用过去进行时,短暂性动作用一般过去时。He fell asleep when he was reading a book.他看书时睡着了。7现在完成时(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时已经完成或结束。The prices have gone down, but I wonder whether they will remain so.价格已降下来了,但我不知道是否会继续这样。(2)在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可代替将来。I wont believe it until I have seen it with my own eyes.直到我亲眼见到才相信。(3)This/It is the first/second.time that从句,that从句一般用现在完成时。This is the first time that I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。8过去完成时(1)表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去某一时间或某一动作之前,即“过去的过去”。By the end of last month, we had finished all the work.截止到上月底,我们已经完成了所有的工作。(2)表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划,常见的有had hoped/wanted/ expected /meant /intended等。I had hoped to send him a Christmas card , but I forgot to do so.我本来想送他一张圣诞节贺卡,但把这事给忘了。(3)在hardly . when .,no sooner. than .句式中hardly,no sooner所在句子用过去完成时,when和than所在的句子用一般过去时,表示“一就”。No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.他刚冲出去房子就塌了。考点二易混时态辨析1一般现在时与现在进行时(1)一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或不以时间的变化而发生改变的动作。(2)现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,或现阶段一直进行的动作。Teenagers are damaging their health because they play puter games too much.青少年正在损害自己的健康,因为他们玩的电脑游戏太多了。2一般过去时与过去进行时(1)一般过去时表示动作的完成,即动作发生过且已结束,着眼于结果。(2)过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性、着眼于过程。He wrote a letter last night. 昨天他写了一封信。(暗指已写完)He was writing a letter at 9 oclock last night.昨晚9点他正在写信。(不一定写完)3一般过去时与现在完成时(1)一般过去时所表示的动作时间是具体确定的,与其他时间没有牵连。(2)现在完成时表示的动作与现在有关系,对现在造成影响。I came to Beijing last year and have been here ever since.我去年来到北京,然后一直住在这里。4一般过去时与过去完成时(1)一般过去时侧重发生在过去的客观事实。(2)过去完成时强调动作发生在“过去的过去”,一定有一个表示过去的参照点。When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.当杰克到时,玛丽已离开接近一个小时了。5一般将来时与将来进行时(1)一般将来时表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。(2)将来进行时强调将来某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。Tomorrow I will tell you some of the work I have done.明天我将告诉你关于我已经完成的一些工作。I cant e tomorrow. I will be having a meeting this time tomorrow.明天我不能来,因为明天这个时候我将正在开会。6现在完成时与现在完成进行时(1)现在完成时强调过去某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。(2)现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某些活动的持续性,强调的是动作本身。I have thought it over.我已经仔细考虑过这件事了。I have been thinking it over.我一直在仔细考虑这件事。考点三被动语态的考查1常见被动语态的构成(以do为例):一般现在时:am/is/are done一般过去时:was/were done一般将来时:shall/will be done过去将来时:should/would be done现在进行时:am/is/are being done过去进行时:was/were being done现在完成时:have/has been done过去完成时:had been doneThe book was written by a young writer.这本书是由一位年轻作家写的。The hall is being built.I wonder when it will be finished.大厅正在修建,我想知道何时完成。【点津】不及物动词及短语不能用于被动语态。常见的有:rise,break out,take place,run out,give out(用完,耗尽)等。My money has run out.Can you lend me some?我的钱用完了,你能借给我一些吗?(不能用has been run out)2被动语态的特殊形式:get/bee done,此结构比较口语化。His car got damaged in a road accident.他的车在一次交通事故中被毁了。3主动结构表示被动含义(1)表示状态、特征的系动词如look,sound,smell,taste,feel,prove等。The soup smells good but tastes terrible.这种汤闻起来不错,但太难喝了。(2)表示主语某种属性、特征的动词如read,sell,write,wash,wear等。This kind of book sells well. 这种书很畅销。(3)表示开始、结束、运动的动词如begin,start,finish,stop,open,close等。The shop closes at 6 pm. every day.商店每天下午6点关门。 4被动结构表示主动含义,常见的有be married, be seated,be dressed in,be devoted to,be lost in,be addicted to等。The boy was lost in thought. 这个男孩正在深思。(对应学生用书第245页).用所给动词的适当时态语态完成下列句子1A new approach to the traffic problem _ (adopt)at the meeting the other day.【解析】句意:前几天关于解决交通问题的一种新方法在会议上被采用。分析句子成分可知,adopt与A new approach之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,同时根据时间状语the other day可知应用一般过去时的被动语态。【答案】was adopted2If I e back in an hour,do you think the manager will see me?Im very sorry,sir,but he _(have)a meeting.【解析】根据句意可知,此处表示那时他将正在开会,have a meeting这一动作在将来的某一时间正在进行,故用将来进行时。【答案】will be having3When she returned home,Rose found her puter _(remove)and she was very confused.【解析】分析句子成分可知,remove与puter构成逻辑上的动宾关系,应用被动语态,根据句意可知,remove这一动作发生在returned之前,故此处应用过去完成时。【答案】had been removed4Before her first Harry Potter came out in 1997,J.K.Rowling _(teach)English for a living in Portugal.【解析】句意:在J.K.Rowling的第一部哈利波特于1997年出版之前,她一直在葡萄牙靠教英语谋生。根据句意可知,教英语这一动作发生在1997年之前,表示过去的过去,所以用过去完成时。【答案】had taught5In general,most tennis _ (play)on hard courts or on clay.【解析】play和tennis之间是动宾关系,应用被动语态;且根据句中的In general可知,这里表示一个客观事实,应用一般现在时。【答案】is played6Siberian Tigers _(hunt) and killed at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.【解析】句意:以这种速度猎杀西伯利亚虎,它们在不远的将来就会从地球上消失。此处叙述的是现在正在发生的事情,而且hunt与Siberian Tigers之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用现在进行时的被动语态。【答案】are being hunted7A lot of attention _ (pay)to greenhouse gas emission.Look at those posters for environmental protection.【解析】句意:温室气体的排放得到了很多关注。看那些关于环境保护的海报。根据“Look at”可知此处指的是现在的情况,且pay与attention之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,故用现在进行时的被动语态。【答案】is being paid8My wife _ (work) the night shift when my plane _ (arrive)Thats why no one is to meet me at the airport today.【解析】根据“is to meet”可知,此处表示将来的情况,没人接机的原因是“当飞机抵达时,我的妻子将正在上夜班”,所以主句用将来进行时,而时间状语从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。【答案】will be working;arrives9The rocket designer has died.For many years,he _ (serve) as an important assistant.【解析】句意:那位火箭设计师去世了,在很多年里,他曾是一名重要助手。此处谈论的是发生在过去的事情,故用一般过去时。【答案】served10Oh,God!Somebody _(break)the cup.It wasnt me.I didnt do it.【解析】句意:啊,天呀!有人把杯子打碎了。不是我,我没有打碎它。根据答语可知,杯子被人打碎发生在过去,且对现在造成了一定的影响,故应用现在完成时。【答案】has broken11Was Tom there when you arrived?Yes,but he _ (go)home soon afterwards.【解析】结合问句中的时态可知,此处叙述的是发生在过去的事情,所以用一般过去时。另外,答句句末的时间状语soon afterwards也是线索提示。【答案】went12Lucy has changed a lot since she got her new job.Recently she _ (do)her work quite well.【解析】句意:自从露茜获得了她的新工作后,她变了很多。最近她一直都很出色地完成她的工作。根据Recently可知,此处应用现在完成进行时,表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在且现在还在进行。【答案】has been doing13The car pany _ (promise)to recall the vehicle for ages,but so far nothing has happened yet.【解析】句意:汽车公司已经承诺召回车辆很长时间了,但到目前为止也没什么动静。根据句中的“for ages”和“nothing has happened”可知,promise这一动作从过去一直持续到现在,并将有可能继续下去,故用现在完成进行时。【答案】has been promising14In the past several weeks,many cities in Northern China _ (suffer) from heavy fogs,causing great inconvenience to people.【解析】句意:在过去的几个星期里,中国北方的许多城市一直遭受着浓雾天气,给人们带来了极大的不便。由“In the past several weeks”可知,此处应用现在完成进行时,表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去,且many cities与suffer之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。故要用现在完成进行时。【答案】have been suffering15When Lily came to herself,she did not know how long she _ (lie)in the cave.【解析】句意:当莉莉苏醒时,她不知道自己躺在洞穴里多长时间了。根据句意可知lie这一动作发生在came之前,且一直在持续,所以用过去完成进行时。【答案】had been lying.语法填空用括号中所给动词的正确时态或语态完成短文。My job as a pilotMy name is Robert Arthur.I work as a pilot for a major mercial airline.I _1_(work)as a pilot for over 30 years.After college I went into the US.Air Force,where I _2_(serve)for ten years.After I left the Air Force,I got a job with a major mercial airline and _3_(fly)mercially ever since.Lately I have been thinking about retirement because pilots have to _4_(retire)at the age of 60.People have often asked me how I _5_(bee) interested in flying.Like most pilots,my interest in aviation(航空) _6_(go)back to my childhood,when I _7_(watch)birds and airplanes fly through the sky.My job has taken me away from my home and my family much of the time.Ive lived in many locations.For the past few years,however,I _8_(live)in Pittsburgh.To be a pilot,I have had to make many sacrifices.But there is nothing else Id rather _9_(do)For me,flying _10_(present)a perspective of how one fits in with the rest of the world.【答案】1have been working根据后面的over 30 years可知此处表示从过去到现在一直进行的动作,而且以后也可能继续下去,故用现在完成进行时。2served此处表示过去的动作,故用一般过去时。3have been flying根据后面的时间状语ever since可知此处表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作根据首句可知,“我”现在仍是一名飞行员。故用现在完成进行时。4retirehave to do sth.“不得不做某事”为固定句式。5became根据上下文可知“我”对“飞行”感兴趣是过去的动作。故用一般过去时became。6goes此处指现在的动作“对航空的兴趣要追溯到童年”。7watched此处指童年时期的动作,故用一般过去时。8have been living根据时间状语“the past few years”可知,此处表示从过去持续到现在的动作,故用现在完成进行时。9do此处为固定句式would rather do“宁愿做某事”。10presents根据下文的“fits”可知此处表示现在的动作。故用一般现在时。
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