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2019-2020年高考英语 语法专项定语从句一.定语从句及相关术语 1. 定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,定语从句在句中做定语。被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在它所修饰的先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等; 关系副词有where,when,why等。 关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。 二.关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1.who指人,在从句中做主语 TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne. 2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。 Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus. 注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。 (3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend. 3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略 (1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys. (2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday. 4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。 (3)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whoetovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion. (4)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning? 5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语 (1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor. (2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin. whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替 Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow? =Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow? 三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导 (1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous. (2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.(3)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor. (4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked. (5)Wellgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout. (6)Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked. 注意:1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等 (1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T) (2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F) 2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose (1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T) (2)Themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.(F) (3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisveryfortable.(T) (4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisveryfortable.(F) 3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词 (1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim. (2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad. 四关系副词引导的定语从句 1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语 (1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool. (2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame. 2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语 (1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn. (2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown. 3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语 (1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane. (2)Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday. 注意:关系副词when, where, why引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换。(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear, (2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup. (3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn. 五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 (1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) (2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。 (3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。 注意:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 难点分析 (一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1. 先行词是all, anything, everything, nothing, much, little, few等,关系代词应用that。(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid? (2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld. (3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone. (4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou. 注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who (4)Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing. 2.当先行词被序数词修饰 (1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen. 3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen. 4.当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时 (1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy, (2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned. 当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who (3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/ 5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时 (1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere? (2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost? 6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时 (1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned? (二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是: 1As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。 Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee. 2.as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。如:It rained hard yesterday, _C_ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. as D. it 另外,as有“正如,正像”的意思 (1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry. (2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent. (3)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdontbelieve. 注意:当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which (5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry. 3.当先行次受such,thesame修饰时,常用as (1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells. (2)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek. 注意:当先行次由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding. 她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 (5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。 (三)以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导,而且通常可以省略。 (1)Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising. 【专项练习】1We are living in an age _ many things are done on puter.AwhichBthat CwhoseDwhen2_ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month.AThatBAs CItDWhat3We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, _ other visitors seldom go.Awhat Bwhich CwhereDwhen4Alec asked the policeman _ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.Awith him Bwho Cwith whomDwhom5The famous basketball star, _ tried to make a e back, attracted a lot of attention.AwhereBwhen CwhichDwho6The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.AuntilBthat Cwhen Dwhere7Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _ leading actor is world famous? AitsBits CwhoseDwhich8Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy.AwhoBwhich CthisDwhat9Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable.Awhich priceBthe price of which Cits priceDthe price of whose10The result of the experiment was very good, _ we hadnt expect.Awhen Bthat CwhichDwhat11_ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior schools is increasing.AWhichBAs CThat DIt12He was very rude to the Customs officer, _ of course made things even worse.AwhoBwhom CwhatDwhich13All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest.Aonce that grewBthat grew once Cthat once grewDonce grew14After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.AwhichBthat CwhereDwhen15I dont like _ you speak to her.Athe wayBthe way in that Cthe way whichDthe way of which16In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _ many people have got home.Awhose timeBthat Con whichDby which17I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life.Athat; whichBwhen; which Cwhich; thatDwhen; who18_ is known to all, China will be an _ powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.AThat; advancingBThis; advanced CAs; advancedDIt; advancing19York, _ last year, is a nice old city.Athat I visitedBwhich I visited Cwhere I visitedDin which I visited20Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?Ahe explained Bwhat he explained Chow he explainedDwhy he explained21Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _he is likely to lose control over the plane.AwhereBwhich CwhileDwhy22_ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.AItBAs CThatDWhat23Can you think out a situation _ this idiom can be used?AwhichBthat CwhereDwith which24There is a mountain _ the top is always covered with snow.Aof thatBof which CwhoseDthat25He is the man of rich experience, _ much can be learned.AwhoBit Cfrom whom Dfrom which26Albert Einstein, _ life had once been very hard, was given the Nobel Prize for physics in 1921.Ain whichBfor whose Cin whomDfor whom27I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place _ you may spend your weekend.AwhichBthat CwhenDwhere28The stories about this secret person, _ this is one example, are widely spread among people.Aabout which Bof which CwhichDfrom which29His glasses, _ he was like a blind man, were missing.Awith whichBwith it Cwithout whichDwithout it30Ill show you astore _ you may buy all _ you need.Ain which; thatBwhere; which Cwhich; thatDthat; that31It was in the lib _ was taken charge of by Professor Zhang _ they did the experiment.Awhere; thatBwhich; which Cthat; whereDwhich; that32He arrived in New York, _, some time later, he became a writer.AwhenBwhere CthatDwhich33It was a newspaper of a new type, _had never before existed in the history of the lab.AwhatBsuch as Cthat Dit34The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,_ is often the case in other countries.Aas Bthat CsoDit35I shall never forget those days _ I lived in the army with the soldiers, _ has a great effect on my life.Athat; whichBwhen; which Cwhen; thatDwhich; that36She was very kind towards the children, _her husband seldom was.Athat Bwhich CwhoDand37Lets put off the picnic until next week, _ the weather may be better.AasBthen Cif Dwhen38No bread eaten by man is so sweet as _ earned by his own labor.AwhatBthat CsuchDthe one39The reason _ she gives for not ing to the party is that her mother wont let her.AwhatBwhy CasDwhich40The artist _ the judge gave a prize is the teacher _ I have been taught painting for two years.Afrom whom; by whomBto whom; who Cfrom whom; whoDto whom; by whom41.The new dictionary contains 16,000 new words and expressions, _ reflect recent research in science and technology.A. many of them B. many of which Cmany of that D. many of whose42. Such electronic tubes _ in a radio set are also found in a TV set.A. that we use B. as we use them Cas we use D. that we use them43. Hes the man _ I supposed was capable of doing such a thing.A. to whom B. of whom Cwho D. whom44. This is the washing machine _ we have had so much trouble.A. at which B. with which Cof which D. to which【高考模拟】1. Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet_ life has developed gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose2. Ive bee good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which3.The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour. A. where B. who C. which D. what4. Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen. A. that B. which C. whose D. What5. Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which6. Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?You should try the barbers _ I go. Its only 15. A. as B. which C. where D. that7. As a child, Jack studied in a village school,_ is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. that 8. Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what B. whose C. which D. that 9. In china, the number of cities is increasing _development is recognized across the world. A. where B. which C. whose D. that10. The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. A. whomB. which C. them D. those
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